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Epidemiology Commons™

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2017

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Articles 301 - 330 of 346

Full-Text Articles in Epidemiology

The Effect Of Breastfeeding On The Cognitive And Language Development Of Children Under 3 Years Of Age: Results Of Balochistan-Early Childhood Development Project, Meesha Iqbal Iqbal, Ghazala Rafique, Sumera Aziz Ali Jan 2017

The Effect Of Breastfeeding On The Cognitive And Language Development Of Children Under 3 Years Of Age: Results Of Balochistan-Early Childhood Development Project, Meesha Iqbal Iqbal, Ghazala Rafique, Sumera Aziz Ali

Community Health Sciences

Background: Breastfeeding is known to be an important factor in the overall growth and development of children. Breastfeeding is thought to lead to enhance cognitive and language development of a child. However, this association has not yet been scientifically and statistically established. This study aimed to explore this association in children under 3 years of age.
Methods: This was a secondary data-analysis of the baseline data of “Balochistan – Early Childhood Development Project”. The final sample comprised of 604 children less than 3 years of age. The children were selected by three-stage stratified random sampling from three districts of Balochistan …

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Prospecting For An Hiv Vaccine, David Brett-Major, T. A. Crowell, N. L. Michael Jan 2017

Prospecting For An Hiv Vaccine, David Brett-Major, T. A. Crowell, N. L. Michael

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sets several challenges for the development of a preventative HIV vaccine. Predictable, protective natural immunity against HIV does not occur and so unlike most other diseases for which vaccines exist, there are few guideposts from natural infection. Nonetheless, six vaccine efficacy trials have occurred. One in particular, the Thai trial called RV144, showed partial protective efficacy and potential ways ahead to a better vaccine approach. This coupled with other lessons from studies of acute infections as well as an increasingly complex knowledge of HIV-related vaccine immunology bring hope that a vaccine solution might be reached for …

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Mosquitoes Transmit Unique West Nile Virus Populations During Each Feeding Episode, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Joseph R. Fauver, Claudia Rückert, James Weger-Lucarelli, Selene Garcia-Luna, Reyes A. Murrieta, Alex Gendernalik, Darci R. Smith, Doug E. Brackney, Gregory D. Ebel Jan 2017

Mosquitoes Transmit Unique West Nile Virus Populations During Each Feeding Episode, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Joseph R. Fauver, Claudia Rückert, James Weger-Lucarelli, Selene Garcia-Luna, Reyes A. Murrieta, Alex Gendernalik, Darci R. Smith, Doug E. Brackney, Gregory D. Ebel

Journal Articles: Epidemiology

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as Zika virus, chikungunya virus, and West Nile virus (WNV), pose continuous threats to emerge and cause large epidemics. Often, these events are associated with novel virus variants optimized for local transmission that first arise as minorities within a host. Thus, the conditions that regulate the frequency of intrahost variants are important determinants of emergence. Here, we describe the dynamics of WNV genetic diversity during its transmission cycle. By temporally sampling saliva from individual mosquitoes, we demonstrate that virus populations expectorated by mosquitoes are highly diverse and unique to each feeding episode. After transmission to birds, …

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Assessing Effective Interventions In Pregnant And Postpartum American Indian And Alaska Native Women, Hope Thompson Jan 2017

Assessing Effective Interventions In Pregnant And Postpartum American Indian And Alaska Native Women, Hope Thompson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Through the creation of the Indian Health Service in 1955, the health status of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) has improved; however, AI/AN women of reproductive age still have some of the poorest health outcomes of all populations. This study aimed to examine effective interventions that seek to improve the health of AI/AN women during pregnancy, and immediately postpartum (up to 12 months post delivery). This study addressed the research question: What effect does parental competence have on early parenting and/or infant/toddler outcomes? The life course conceptual framework was used to demonstrate how life experiences impact current health. The …

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Impact Of The Affordable Care Act On The Hiv Care Continuum, Ebere Erugo Jan 2017

Impact Of The Affordable Care Act On The Hiv Care Continuum, Ebere Erugo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS; PLWHA) are at increased risk of insufficient medical care due to lack of insurance. Inadequate medical care for PLWHA contributes to increases in HIV transmission rates. The U.S. Surveillance Report noted that in 2015, over 1.2 million people were living with HIV infection, and there were approximately 50,000 new infections every year. The report further stated that about 675,000 people have died from HIV-related illnesses since its discovery in 1981. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2014 was intended to provide Americans, including people at …

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The Association Between Child Abuse And Attempted Suicide In Hong Kong, Hing Sang Wilfred Wong Jan 2017

The Association Between Child Abuse And Attempted Suicide In Hong Kong, Hing Sang Wilfred Wong

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Children are the cornerstone of the community as well as the future of society. Child abuse and suicide among the young population is a serious and prevalent problem. Through a number of survey studies undertaken in other countries including Canada, United States, and Australia, researchers demonstrated that child abuse was related to suicidal behavior. However, this association had not been examined in Hong Kong. However, the number of hospital admissions for child abuse in Hong Kong had increased from 15.6 to 61.9 per 100,000 between 1995 and 2015 and 3.7% of child abuse cases had previously recorded suicide attempts. This …

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Association Between Age-Related Macular Degeneration And Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Jeffrey A. Nau Jan 2017

Association Between Age-Related Macular Degeneration And Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Jeffrey A. Nau

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, irreversible disease that robs individuals of vision, quality of life, and independence. It is the leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a condition characterized by repeated episodes of apnea and/or hypopnea, insomnia, short sleep duration, and/or sleep disturbances (snoring, gasping, etc.). Because SDB has been shown to cause chronic hypoxia resulting in oxidative stress on the retina, it has been proposed that SDB may be associated with AMD. Based on the life course theory of chronic disease, this quantitative, cross-sectional study used data from the 2005-2008 National Health …

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How Parenting Behaviors Influence Weight And Health Status Of African American Adolescents, Natasha T. Hourel Jan 2017

How Parenting Behaviors Influence Weight And Health Status Of African American Adolescents, Natasha T. Hourel

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There has been an upward trend in obesity among African American (AA) adolescents over the last 2 decades. While parenting characteristics (e.g., styles and practices) are linked to adolescent eating habits and weight status, related research has focused on European American children from 2-parent middle-class households or economically disadvantaged AA children from single mother households. The purpose of this quantitative secondary data analysis was to investigate the relationship between parenting characteristics on the weight status of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 325) among a broader population of AA mothers and fathers residing both inside and outside of …

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The Association Between Medical Marijuana Laws And Maternal Marijuana Use, Joseph Timothy Jones Jan 2017

The Association Between Medical Marijuana Laws And Maternal Marijuana Use, Joseph Timothy Jones

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Marijuana is the most common illicit drug that is abused by pregnant women, and recently many states have adopted various levels of relaxed marijuana policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential association between residing in a state that allows medical marijuana use and maternal marijuana usage. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior, this study evaluated the prevalence and extent of maternal marijuana use in states that allow and states that do not allow medical marijuana use using the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). It was anticipated that more lenient subjective norms toward …

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Possible Risk Factors For Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Infection In The Philippines, Molovon Jr Pasagui Azores Jan 2017

Possible Risk Factors For Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Infection In The Philippines, Molovon Jr Pasagui Azores

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge about the relationship between potential risk factors and MDR-TB. Risk factors (the independent variables) for MDR-TB (the dependent variable) include previous TB treatment, infection with HIV, exposure to patients with drug-susceptible TB/MDR-TB, delays in diagnosis and treatment, employment status, smoking, imprisonment, alcohol abuse, and poor compliance with TB treatment regimens. The study was based on the epidemiological approach to causal inference work. A case-control study design was used wherein a quantitative method was applied in data …

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Patient Characteristics And Treatment Outcomes Among Tuberculosis Patients In Sierra Leone, Mohamed Lamin Sesay Jan 2017

Patient Characteristics And Treatment Outcomes Among Tuberculosis Patients In Sierra Leone, Mohamed Lamin Sesay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite decades of the implementation of the directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS), Sierra Leone is ranked among the 30 highest TB-burdened countries. Several factors account for unfavorable treatment outcomes, among which are patient characteristics. Previous studies have only focused on treatment compliance without any consideration for the factors that lead to noncompliance to treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate patient characteristics that are associated with treatment noncompliance (treatment not completed) among TB patients undergoing the DOTS program in Sierra Leone. A retrospective longitudinal quantitative design was used to analyze secondary data from the completed records of 1,633 …

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Gender Inequality In Women's Knowledge And Awareness Of Hiv/Aids In Port Harcourt, Maureen A. Wagbara Jan 2017

Gender Inequality In Women's Knowledge And Awareness Of Hiv/Aids In Port Harcourt, Maureen A. Wagbara

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In Nigeria, gender inequality significantly impacts women's knowledge and awareness of the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the proliferation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Early marriage, traditional beliefs, religion, and polygamy all contribute to gender inequality. This study explored the role of these and other sociocultural practices in the gender inequalities that increase vulnerability of contracting HIV/AIDS among women in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The study employed a phenomenological design, collected data through a semistructured interview approach, which was managed using NVivo software. The purposive sample comprised 20 female students from a college in Port Harcourt. …

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Serum Iron Concentration And Prostate Cancer In The United States, Aleeshaia Danner Raymonvil Jan 2017

Serum Iron Concentration And Prostate Cancer In The United States, Aleeshaia Danner Raymonvil

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Over 2 million adult men in the United States have been diagnosed with prostate cancer, with nearly 200,000 new diagnoses each year. This type of cancer is the leading cause of mortality in U.S. men. One possible risk factor for prostate cancer is a high level of iron in the body, but the association has yet to be confirmed. This study was an investigation of the relationship between serum iron concentration and prostate cancer using data obtained from the 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. This quantitative study involved 1,850 men in the U.S. aged 51 to 70 years. …

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Using Administrative Healthcare Records To Identify Determinants Of Amputee Residuum Outcomes, Judith Gail Walden Jan 2017

Using Administrative Healthcare Records To Identify Determinants Of Amputee Residuum Outcomes, Judith Gail Walden

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In the United States, the number of major limb amputees is predicted to exceed several million in the coming decades. For those amputees using a prosthesis, their quality of life (QoL) is often modulated by residuum limb problems resultant from its use. Multiple factors preclude quality evidence-based medicine (EBM) research in the field of prosthetics, leading to greater health risk from prosthetic prescription ambiguity. Positive social change is integral to good QoL; studies support administrative healthcare (AHc) as useful to support such, especially in the absence of EBM. This study utilized Veterans Healthcare Administration (VHA) AHc data to discriminate determinants …

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The Impact Of Palliative Care On Health Status In Hiv-Positive Children, Aabid Abdulmajid Ahmed Jan 2017

The Impact Of Palliative Care On Health Status In Hiv-Positive Children, Aabid Abdulmajid Ahmed

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

HIV-positive children in sub-Saharan Africa have numerous challenges to overcome. These challenges increase psychosocial stress as well as symptom burden including fatigue, weight loss, pain, and mental changes. The symptoms may persist even after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, so such children need additional care. Palliative care lays emphasis on holistic patient-centered care, including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual symptoms, alongside antiretroviral therapy. There is limited data on the impact of integrating palliative care with standard HIV care and treatment in children. The purpose of this study was to fill the gap in the literature by investigating the impact of palliative …

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Association Between Physician Characteristics And Surgical Errors In U.S. Hospitals, Obumneke A. Amadi Jan 2017

Association Between Physician Characteristics And Surgical Errors In U.S. Hospitals, Obumneke A. Amadi

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The high incidence of medical and surgical errors in U.S. hospitals and clinics affects patients' safety. Not enough is known about the relationship between physician characteristics and medical error rates. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between selected physician characteristics and surgical errors in U.S. hospitals. The ecological model was used to understand personal and systemic factors that might be related to the incidence of surgical errors. Archived data from the National Practitioner Data Bank database of physician surgical errors were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Independent variables included physicians' home …

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Relationship Between Quality Of Life For Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors And Novel Biomarkers, Stephanie L. Ford-Scheimer Jan 2017

Relationship Between Quality Of Life For Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors And Novel Biomarkers, Stephanie L. Ford-Scheimer

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Research in the field of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has increased over the last decade, including studies focused on biochemical markers (biomarkers) of the disease. There is also growing interest in how NETs impact patients' quality of life (QOL). Consequently, there is a paucity of information about whether the expression of the specific disease biomarkers affects QOL as well as whether the primary tumor site impacts QOL. Using the explanatory model of health promotion and quality of life in chronic disabling conditions as the theoretical framework and data collected with the Norfolk QOL-NET instrument, this study's purpose was to fill that …

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Exploring The Role Of Faith In Survival Of Breast Cancer, Franklin D. Lewis, Jr. Jan 2017

Exploring The Role Of Faith In Survival Of Breast Cancer, Franklin D. Lewis, Jr.

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In 2013, approximately 232,340 women were diagnosed with breast cancer, and an estimated 39,620 women would die as a result of breast cancer. Stage I breast cancer can often be treated, but Stage IV breast cancer presents more difficulties in treatment, as it spreads to the bones, liver, or other areas of the body. Consequently, women with Stage IV breast cancer have very low 18 month and 5-year survival rates. According to some statistics, 79.5% of the United States population claim to be Christian. Much of this segment of the population uses faith to guide most aspects of their lives, …

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Predicting Weight Management Advice Behavior Using Social Cognitive Theory Among Psychiatry Professionals, Chidi Chima Jan 2017

Predicting Weight Management Advice Behavior Using Social Cognitive Theory Among Psychiatry Professionals, Chidi Chima

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Obesity remains a public health concern among persons with mental illness resulting from the interaction of a combination of factors such as genetic, medication, effects of their symptoms, social, and environmental factors. Obesity complications account for increased mortality and morbidity, reduced life expectancy, and quality of life in persons with mental illness. The management of obesity is challenging and predicting the ability of mental health professionals to advise patients on weight management behavior is important to improve patients' overall well-being. The social cognitive theory constructs knowledge, expectations, situational perception, self-efficacy, and goal setting were utilized in predicting Weight Management Advice …

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Determinants Of Switching From Peritoneal To Hemodialysis In Preserving Residual Renal Function, Mohamed Katerji Jan 2017

Determinants Of Switching From Peritoneal To Hemodialysis In Preserving Residual Renal Function, Mohamed Katerji

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

There are more than 2 million end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the world. ESRD is becoming more manageable with the advent of competent therapies such as peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD). While recent evidence suggests that switching from PD to HD may preserve residual renal function longer than either PD or HD alone as an alternative approach, little is known about the optimal timing and the long-term efficacy of switching dialysis modes. The purpose of this quantitative retrospective study, based on the bio-psychosocial model, was to investigate the optimal timing and determinants of the effectiveness of switching …

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Impact Of Adverse Childhood Experiences On Maternal Health And Birth Weight In Appalachia, Kristen Baker Dickerson Jan 2017

Impact Of Adverse Childhood Experiences On Maternal Health And Birth Weight In Appalachia, Kristen Baker Dickerson

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Adverse birth outcomes and adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are concerns in the United States, with potential to impact health indices now and in the future. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively examine the association between maternal exposure to ACE, low birth weight, and county of residence in the Appalachian population using the Life Course Approach as the theoretical framework. A cross-sectional study design and clustering strategy was used to randomly select potential respondents from a data set that was provided by Ohio Department of Health. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to potential respondents to collect information about ACE in …

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Educational Intervention For Engaging Adolescents And Their Parents In Hpv Vaccination, Alvin Mena Cantero Jan 2017

Educational Intervention For Engaging Adolescents And Their Parents In Hpv Vaccination, Alvin Mena Cantero

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

In the United States, 79 million people are currently infected with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and it is estimated that an additional 14 to 20 million people will be infected with HPV every year. Infection with HPV increased to 52.7 % of preventable infections within the United States in 2012, and 39.6% of the infected population are adolescents engaged in sexual activities. The practice-focused question that this project addressed was: To what extent can an educational program influence the HPV vaccination rate in a small family practice clinic located in Texas? The main purpose of this project was to increase …

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The Impact Of Stigma On Hiv/Aids Testing Among Kenyan Diaspora Women, Phyllis Catherine Nyotta Jan 2017

The Impact Of Stigma On Hiv/Aids Testing Among Kenyan Diaspora Women, Phyllis Catherine Nyotta

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Researchers have considered HIV/AIDS in Kenya as the largest HIV pandemic in the world, with about 6.3 million individuals living with the disease as of 2013. About 25% of new HIV patients are adult women, aged 15 to 24 years old. Guided by the health belief model (HBM), the purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional survey research study was to explore the influence of various dimensions of HIV/AIDS stigma (public, self, enacted, and structural) on the uptake of HIV testing among Kenyan Diaspora women in United States. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to test if there was a correlation between …

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Quantifying The Quality Of Antimalarial Drugs In Ghana, Felix Boakye-Agyeman Jan 2017

Quantifying The Quality Of Antimalarial Drugs In Ghana, Felix Boakye-Agyeman

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Malaria is still an epidemic in many parts of the world-about 220 million people are still infected with malaria worldwide and about 700 thousand people die from this disease per year. Most of the drugs used to treat malaria work well if they are used as required and they contain the right amounts of the active ingredient; however, it is estimated that more than 10% of drugs traded worldwide are counterfeits including 38% to 53% of antimalarial tablets produced in China and India. Due to the lack of data covering the extent of counterfeit antimalarial drugs in Ghana, the purpose …

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Relationship Between Assisted Reproductive Technology And Risk Of Stillbirth, Jeani Chang Jan 2017

Relationship Between Assisted Reproductive Technology And Risk Of Stillbirth, Jeani Chang

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is an infertility treatment used to assist women to become pregnant. Although the procedure is safe, there are gaps in understanding the association between treatment and adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., stillbirth) in the United States. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stillbirth delivery and ART. The 2 research questions addressed the association between methods of conception (ART versus non-ART) and the delivery of a stillbirth, and the association between multiple gestation pregnancy and risk of stillbirths. Retrospective cohort data from the States Monitoring ART collaborative were analyzed using Pearson's chi squared …

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Hiv Testing Practices And Provider-Identified Barriers In The Acute Care Setting, Alex Ariri Jan 2017

Hiv Testing Practices And Provider-Identified Barriers In The Acute Care Setting, Alex Ariri

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Despite the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations to test patients ages 13 to 64 years for HIV at health care settings, routine HIV testing is lacking. As a result, many people are unaware of their HIV seropositive status. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to examine relationships between HIV testing and provider type, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV testing in the acute care setting. The study was informed by social cognitive theory. Using a convenient sampling method, a questionnaire derived from previous surveys (Society of General Internal Medicine and University of Washington) was sent to …

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Arizona's Mentally Ill And Their Use Of The Emergency Department, Charlalynn Harris Jan 2017

Arizona's Mentally Ill And Their Use Of The Emergency Department, Charlalynn Harris

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Emergency departments (ED) are an integral component of the United States' health care system. The underlying factors related to ED use among Arizona's mentally ill are not fully understood and the patterns necessary to classify patients as frequent users have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of frequent users and further examine the conditions by which they present to the ED. The theoretical foundation for this study was the fourth version of Andersen's behavioral model (1995) and this model's use to frame this study allowed for an objective analysis of ED use among …

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Differences In Survival Times, By Gender, Among Those Diagnosed With Necrotizing Fasciitis, Ashley Elizabeth Hill Jan 2017

Differences In Survival Times, By Gender, Among Those Diagnosed With Necrotizing Fasciitis, Ashley Elizabeth Hill

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Necrotizing fasciitis infections have high mortality rates especially when treatment is delayed. Despite the abundance of research in many areas of necrotizing fasciitis infection, there are limited and conflicting studies focusing on gender-related outcomes for those diagnosed and died with necrotizing fasciitis infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the association that gender plays on survival time of patients who have been diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis using a cross-sectional study design. Succeeding the conceptual design of the life course model, the research question tested whether there was a significant difference in survival time between the genders while in …

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Social Network And Health Seeking Behavior Of Men Of West African Descent, Opeyemi Odewale Jan 2017

Social Network And Health Seeking Behavior Of Men Of West African Descent, Opeyemi Odewale

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Men are less likely than women to seek help from health services providers regarding the health issues they face. In the United States, of the various race/ethnicity populations, Black American men are least likely to seek health related help, which is reflected in the substantially higher mortality and morbidity rates in Black American men compared to other populations. Guided by the social epidemiological framework, this study examined the relationship between social network measure and health help-seeking behavior among foreign-born and U.S.-born Black American men of West African descent residing in the state of Rhode Island. A cross-sectional study design with …

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Retired, Unmarried, Male Baby Boomer Attitudes And Behaviors Toward Disease Prevention, Irene Nyawira Ruminjo Jan 2017

Retired, Unmarried, Male Baby Boomer Attitudes And Behaviors Toward Disease Prevention, Irene Nyawira Ruminjo

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Preventive health care is effective in reducing both infectious diseases and chronic conditions among the elderly. Despite efforts to prevent or decrease the risk of illness, unmarried men are less likely to receive selected preventive services compared to married men. The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to describe disease prevention attitudes and behaviors of retired, unmarried, male baby boomers residing in Harlingen, Texas. Further, the study examined the effects of socioeconomic status on disease prevention attitudes and behaviors. The health belief theory framed the study. A validated questionnaire collected disease prevention attitudes, behaviors, and sociodemographic characteristics data. Data inquiry …

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