Public Health Commons^™

High Burden Of Prevalent And Recently Acquired Hiv Among Female Sex Workers And Female Hiv Voluntary Testing Center Clients In Kigali, Rwanda, Sarah L. Braunstein, Chantal M. Ingabire, Eveline Geubbels, Joseph Vyankandondera, Marie-Michele Umulisa, Elysee Gahiro, Mireille Uwineza, Coosje J. Tuijn, Denis Nash, Janneke H. H. M. Va De Wijgert

Publications and Research

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 800 FSW and 1,250 female VCT clients in Rwanda, which included interviewing and testing for HIV-1/2, HSV-2 and pregnancy, and BED-CEIA and Avidity Index (AI) to identify recent infections among HIV-infected women.

Results: Prevalence of HIV-1, HSV-2, and pregnancy were 24% (95% CI: 21.0–27.0), 59.8% (56.4–63.2), and 7.6% (5.8–9.5) among FSW, and 12.8% (10.9–14.6), 43.2% (40.4–46.0), and 11.4% (9.7–13.3) among VCT clients, respectively. Thirty-five percent of FSW and 25% of VCT clients had never been HIV tested. Per national guidelines, 33% of newly HIV-diagnosed FSW and 36% of VCT clients were already eligible …

Stimulant Reduction Intervention Using Dosed Exercise (Stride) - Ctn 0037: Study Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial, Madhukar H. Trivedi, Tracy L. Greer, Bruce D. Grannemann, Timothy S. Church, Eugene Somoza, Steven N. Blair, Jose Szapocznik, Mark Stoutenberg, Chad Rethorst, Diane Warden, Kolette M. Ring, Robrina Walker, David W. Morris, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Tiffany Kyle, Bess H. Marcus, Becca Crowell, Neal Oden, Edward Nunes

Faculty Publications

Background: There is a need for novel approaches to the treatment of stimulant abuse and dependence. Clinical data examining the use of exercise as a treatment for the abuse of nicotine, alcohol, and other substances suggest that exercise may be a beneficial treatment for stimulant abuse, with direct effects on decreased use and craving. In addition, exercise has the potential to improve other health domains that may be adversely affected by stimulant use or its treatment, such as sleep disturbance, cognitive function, mood, weight gain, quality of life, and anhedonia, since it has been shown to improve many of these …

Relationships Between Self-Reported Smoking, Household Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure And Depressive Symptoms In A Pregnant Minority Population, Sylvia Tan, Lauren P. Courtney, Ayman El-Mohandes, Susan M. Blake, Marie G. Gantz, Jutta Thornberry, M. Nabil El-Khorazaty, David Perry, Michele Kiely

Publications and Research

This study sought to examine relationships between depressive symptoms and prenatal smoking and/or household environmental tobacco smoke exposure (HHETSE) among urban minority women. We analyzed private, audio computer-assisted self interview data from a clinic-based sample of 929 minority pregnant women in Washington, DC. Depressive symptoms were assessed via the Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen. HH-ETSE, current smoking, and former smoking were assessed via self-report. Depression levels and demographic characteristics were compared: (1) among nonsmokers, for those reporting HH-ETSE versus no HH-ETSE; and (2) among smokers, for those reporting current smoking (in last 7 days) versus former smokers. Measures associated with …

Indigenous Beliefs About Biomedical And Bush Medicine Treatment Efficacy For Indigenous Cancer Patients: A Review Of The Literature, K. D. Schaik, S. C. Thompson

Aboriginal Policy Research Consortium International (APRCi)

Background: Australia’s Indigenous people suffer from higher cancer mortality than non-Indigenous Australians, a discrepancy partly caused by differences in beliefs about treatment efficacy between Indigenous patients and their non-Indigenous healthcare providers. This paper critically reviews the literature associated with Indigenous beliefs about cancer treatment, both ‘bush medicine’ and biomedical, in order to provide recommendations to healthcare providers about accommodating Indigenous beliefs when treating cancer.

Methods: A search was undertaken of peer-reviewed journal papers using electronic databases and citation snowballing. Papers were selected for inclusion based upon relevance to themes that addressed the research questions. Results: Literature suggests that Indigenous beliefs …

Building A Sustainable Public Health Pbrn: Tips For Securing Ongoing Research Funding, Public Health Practice-Based Research Networks

Health Management and Policy Reports

Diversify your network’s research funding base. The Public Health PBRN Program funding made available by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation provides start-up resources and initial research support for networks, but networks will require larger and more sustainable sources of funding for public health research as they progress. The most ample sources can be found in federal funding agencies that operate competitive extramural research programs, include CDC, NIH, AHRQ, HRSA, USDA, and NSF. Public health research funding is also available from state and foundation sources, and even corporate sources (e.g. Pfizer’s Public Health Research Fellowship Program). For sustainability, networks should look …

Smoking In The United States Air Force: Trends, Most Prevalent Diseases And Their Association With Cost, Michail Gkoutouloudis

Theses and Dissertations

This research focuses on the smoking rates among the Active Duty Air Force (ADAF) personnel and the association of smoking and cost of hospitalization because of diseases related to smoking. Three types of analyses were used in this research. The Contingency Analysis was based on the data taken from the Air Force Web HA questionnaire. The Pivot Table Analysis and the Regression Analysis were based on a second data set associated with the cost of hospitalization. The Contingency Analysis showed that smoking in the U.S. Air Force is more prevalent among the enlisted, males, and the younger age groups. The …

Community Health Centers And The Economy: Assessing Centers' Role In Immediate Job Creation Efforts, Sara J. Rosenbaum, Peter Shin

Geiger Gibson/RCHN Community Health Foundation Research Collaborative

Federal investment in community health centers not only creates health care access but, based on previous studies, generates an estimated 8:1 return for medically underserved communities while creating thousands of jobs. Since our earlier 2008 economic impact study, Congress has made two major program investments: $2 billion under the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) of 2009; and $11 billion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This analysis measures the economic and jobs-creation benefits of this cumulative investment in health centers, as well as the impact of legislation enacted in April, 2011, which reduced the first year of new …

Aligning Graduate Medical Education With Public Policy, Rob Cunningham

National Health Policy Forum

In late May–early June 2011, the Forum sponsored a site visit to Denver, Colorado, to observe innovative efforts to improve the health of Coloradans and reduce the cost of health care. The three-day agenda was designed to convey the breadth and interconnectedness of the efforts underway in Denver and to highlight both successes and challenges. The exploration concentrated on how three themes of national interest are unfolding in Denver: building and sustaining a robust and effective safety net in an evolving health care market; improving the health of people and their communities to prevent and reduce the need for health …

Supplier-Induced Demand For Psychiatric Admissions In Northern New England, Bradley V. Watts, Brian Shiner, Gunnar Klauss, William B. Weeks

Dartmouth Scholarship

The development of hospital service areas (HSAs) using small area analysis has been useful in examining variation in medical and surgical care; however, the techniques of small area analysis are underdeveloped in understanding psychiatric admission rates. We sought to develop these techniques in order to understand the relationship between psychiatric bed supply and admission rates in Northern New England. Our primary hypotheses were that there would be substantial variation in psychiatric admission across geographic settings and that bed availability would be positively correlated with admission rates, reflecting a supplier-induced demand phenomenon. Our secondary hypothesis was that the construction of psychiatric …

On The Nondifferential Misclassification Of A Binary Confounder, Elizabeth L. Ogburn, Tyler J. Vanderweele

COBRA Preprint Series

Abstract Consider a study with binary exposure, outcome, and confounder, where the confounder is nondifferentially misclassified. Epidemiologists have long accepted the unproven but oft-cited result that, if the confounder is binary, odds ratios, risk ratios, and risk differences which control for the mismeasured confounder will lie between the crude and the true measures. In this paper the authors provide an analytic proof of the result in the absence of a qualitative interaction between treatment and confounder, and demonstrate via counterexample that the result need not hold when there is a qualitative interaction between treatment and confounder. They also present an …

College Of Public Health News, Georgia Southern University

College of Public Health: News & Publications

• Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health Receives Donation to Fund Addiction Recovery Research

Management Of Professional Boundaries In Rural Primary Care, Kathleen D. Brooks, Rebekah Pratt, Diann S. Eley, Therese M. Zink

Family Medicine Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Building Capacity In Physical Activity And Public Health, Russell R. Pate, Jennifer L. Gay, David R. Brown, Michael Pratt

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Thermal Properties Of Reflective Helmet Exposed To Infrared Radiation, Uwe Reischl, Ravindra S. Goonetilleke

Public and Population Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

The thermodynamic properties of a model infrared heat reflective helmet were evaluated using an advanced thermal manikin technology. The aluminized model helmet was tested for infrared (IR) radiation attenuation properties. Total manikin heat gain and changes in surface temperature were documented for controlled IR radiation exposure levels. The results illustrate the benefits offered by an aluminized reflective surface in attenuating IR radiation and the advantages of using a spacer harness system to minimize radiant heat transfer from the helmet to the head.

Public Health Pbrns: Generating Evidence For Policy & Practice, Public Health Practice-Based Research Networks Program

Health Management and Policy Reports

The Public Health Practice-Based Research Networks Program is a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation that supports the development of research networks for studying the comparative effectiveness, efficiency and equity of public health strategies deployed in real-world practice settings. A practice-based research network (PBRN) brings multiple public health agencies together with research partners to design and implement studies of population-based strategies that prevent disease and injury and promote health. Participating practitioners and researchers collaborate to identify pressing research questions of interest, design rigorous and relevant studies, execute research effectively, and translate findings rapidly into practice. As such, PBRNs …

Equating Accelerometer Estimates Of Moderate-To-Vigorous Physical Activity: In Search Of The Rosetta Stone, Daniel B. Bornstein, Michael W. Beets, Wonwoo Byun, Gregory J. Welk, Matteo Bottai, Marsha Dowda, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Purpose - No universally accepted ActiGraph accelerometer cutpoints for quantifying moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) exist. Estimates of MVPA from one set of cutpoints cannot be directly compared to MVPA estimates using different cutpoints, even when the same outcome units are reported (MVPA min•d^-1). The purpose of this study was to illustrate the utility of an equating system that translates reported MVPA estimates from one set of cutpoints into another, to better inform public health policy.

Design - Secondary data analysis.

Methods - ActiGraph data from a large preschool project (N=419, 3-6yr-olds, CHAMPS) was used to conduct the analyses. …

Hiv And Concurrent Sexual Partnerships: Modelling The Role Of Coital Dilution, Larry Sawers, Alan G. Isaac, Eileen Stillwaggon

Economics Faculty Publications

Background: The concurrency hypothesis asserts that high prevalence of overlapping sexual partnerships explains extraordinarily high HIV levels in sub-Saharan Africa. Earlier simulation models show that the network effect of concurrency can increase HIV incidence, but those models do not account for the coital dilution effect (nonprimary partnerships have lower coital frequency than primary partnerships).

Methods: We modify the model of Eaton et al (AIDS and Behavior, September 2010) to incorporate coital dilution by assigning lower coital frequencies to non-primary partnerships. We parameterize coital dilution based on the empirical work of Morris et al (PLoS ONE, December …

Civic Attitude And Activity Of Loma Linda University Dental Graduates, Gregory W. Olson

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Introduction: Dentistry is regarded as a profession and granted certain privileges, such as self-regulation. Associated with this status are stated and implied responsibilities which are widely debated. In recent years, dental professionalism seems to be on the decline. Evidence cited includes access-to-care issues and decreased public trust in dentists. In response, academia and professional organizations have developed curricula and statements intended to bolster professionalism. Meanwhile little is known about practicing dentists’ attitudes or participation in health-related civic matters. Objectives: This study seeks to examine the importance Loma Linda University (LLU) dental graduates place on public roles, their reported participation in …

An Occupational-Based Experimental Study Of Collective Vs. Personal Efficacy To Encourage Sun Protective Behaviors In Head Start Preschool Teachers, Elizabeth A. Holzhauser

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Background. Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in the United States. An analysis of literature shows that skin cancer can be partially mitigated through personal behavior changes (Glanz, Buller, & Saraiya; 2007, Canadian Centre of Occupational Health and Safety [CCOHS], 2010). Currently national sun-safety educational campaigns promote sun-protective behaviors to individuals who receive exposure due to their work environment (Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 2004). Preschool teachers employed with San Bernardino County Head Start are inadvertently exposed to sunlight during mandatory recess periods posing risks to their health.

Purpose. This study evaluated two instructional …

Elderly Patients And Their Health In Pakistan: Current Status, Issues, Challenges And Opportunities, Waris Qidwai, Tabinda Ashfaq

Department of Family Medicine

No abstract provided.

The Association Between The Food Environment And Weight Status Among Eastern North Carolina Youth, Stephanie B. Jilcott, Scott Wade, Jared T. Mcguirt, Qiang Wu, Suzanne Lazorick, Justin B. Moore

Faculty Publications

Objective: To examine associations between various measures of the food environment and BMI percentile among youth.

Design: Cross-sectional, observational.

Setting: Pitt County, eastern North Carolina.

Subjects:We extracted the electronic medical records for youth receiving well child check-ups from January 2007 to June 2008. We obtained addresses for food venues from two secondary sources and ground-truthing. A geographic information systems database was constructed by geocoding home addresses of 744 youth and food venues. We quantified participants' accessibility to food venues by calculating 'coverage', number of food venues in buffers of 0●25, 0●5, 1 and 5 miles (0●4, 0●8, 1●6 and …

Associations Of American Indian Children's Screen-Time Behavior With Parental Television Behavior, Parental Perceptions Of Children's Screen Time, And Media-Related Resources In The Home, Daheia J. Barr-Anderson, Jayne A. Fulkerson, Mary Smyth, John H. Himes, Peter J. Hannan, Bonnie Holy Rock, Mary Story

Faculty Publications

Introduction: American Indian children have high rates of overweight and obesity, which may be partially attributable to screen-time behavior. Young children's screen-time behavior is strongly influenced by their environment and their parents' behavior. We explored whether parental television watching time, parental perceptions of children's screen time, and media-related resources in the home are related to scree time (ie, television, DVD/video, video game, and computer use) among Oglala Lakota youth residing on or near the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota.

Methods: We collected baseline data from 431 child and parent/caregiver pairs who participated in Bright Start, a group-randomized, controlled, school-based …

Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Emerging Evidence And Arguments For A Multidisciplinary Research Agenda, Georg E. Matt, Penelope J. Quintana, Hugo Destaillats, Lara A. Gundel, Mohamad Sleiman, Brett C. Singer, Peyton Jacob, Jonathan P. Winickoff, Prue Talbot, Suzaynn Schick, Yinsheng Wang, Bo Hang, Manuela Martins-Green, James F. Pankow, Melbourne F. Hovell, Neal L. Benowitz, Virender K. Rehan, Jonathan M. Samet

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

There is broad consensus regarding the health impact of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure, yet considerable ambiguity exists about the nature and consequences of thirdhand smoke (THS). We introduce definitions of THS and THS exposure and review recent findings about constituents, indoor sorption-desorption dynamics, and transformations of THS; distribution and persistence of THS in residential settings; implications for pathways of exposure; potential clinical significance and health effects; and behavioral and policy issues that affect and are affected by THS. Physical and chemical transformations of tobacco smoke pollutants take place over time scales ranging from seconds to months and include …

Use Of Optimal Control Models To Predict Treatment Time For Managing Tick-Borne Disease, Holly D. Gaff, Elsa Schaefer, Suzanne Lenhart

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Tick-borne diseases have been on the rise recently, and correspondingly, there is an increased interest in implementing control measures to decrease the risk. Optimal control provides an ideal tool to identify the best method for reducing risk while accounting for the associated costs. Using a previously published model, a variety of frameworks are assessed to identify the key factors influencing mitigation strategies. The level and duration of tick-reducing efforts are key metrics for understanding the successful reduction in tick-borne disease incidence. The results show that the punctuated nature of the tick's life history plays a critical role in reducing risk …

Setting Research Priorities To Reduce Global Mortality From Childhood Pneumonia By 2015, Igor Rudan, Shams El Arifeen, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Robert E. Black, Abdullah Brooks, Kit Yee Chan, Mickey Chopra, Trevor Duke, David Marsh, Antonio Pio, Eric A. F. Simoes, Giorgio Tamburlini, Evropi Theodoratou, Martin W. Weber, Cynthia G. Whitney, Harry Campbell, Shamim A. Qazi

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

No abstract provided.

La Sécurité Des Têtes D'Abattage Multifonctionnelles, Laurent Giraud, Nicolas Gagné, Daoud Ait-Kadi, Priscille Hastey, Marina Koutchouk, Sébastien Tanchoux, Steve Vezeau

Rapports de recherche scientifique

Les abatteuses forestières sont des véhicules tout-terrains conçus pour travailler en forêt, qui servent de véhicule moteur pour déplacer une tête d’abattage groupeuse ou une tête d’abattage multifonctionnelle. L’utilisation d’abatteuses avec une tête d’abattage multifonctionnelle s’est largement répandue au Québec ces dernières années, pour de nombreuses raisons dont :

• La réduction de la superficie des sentiers de débardage;
• L’élimination des aires d’ébranchage en bordure de route;
• La réduction de la diversité des machines, car une seule machine tronçonne et façonne les arbres en billots, là où il en fallait plusieurs avec les anciennes méthodes;
• La réduction de la dégradation des …

A Quantitative Method For Reproducible Ionization Chamber Alignment To A Water Surface For External Beam Radiation Therapy Depth Dose Measurements, James Ververs

Theses and Dissertations

Ionization chambers (ICs) are the most commonly used detectors for radiation therapy dose measurements. Typical IC measurements use cylindrical ICs in a water phantom and therefore require initial IC alignment to the water surface. This alignment has long been ignored and only recently has a qualitative governing recommendation been made. This thesis describes a reproducible methodology for quantitative ionization chamber water surface alignment. Depth-ionization measurements are taken with twenty-eight IC designs under varying conditions including, but not limited to, changes in scan direction, speed, and resolution, radiation beam type, field size, energy, and electron contamination. Measurements are acquired using standard …

Determinan Kinerja Dan Kompetensi Bidan Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Dan Sulawesi Selatan, Ronald Hutapea

Kesmas

Kinerja sesungguhnya dari seorang bidan ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh sejak masa pendidikan bidan yang ditempuhnya. Banyak variabel yang dapat saling mempengaruhi untuk membentuk kemampuannya dalam menjalankan tugas. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sistem bertujuan untuk menetapkan korelasi dari beberapa variabel yang terdapat dalam ke-4 komponen pendidikan bidan yakni input, process, output, dan outcome. Dengan cara survei, sebanyak 261 responden dari 4 provinsi yaitu Sumatera Utara, Kalimantan Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Nusa Tenggara Timur diminta untuk menilai kinerja bidan. Selanjutnya, suatu survei mendalam diadakan terhadap 107 bidan untuk meneliti korelasi dari sejumlah variabel yang mempengaruhi proses pendidikannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan …

Analisis Faktor Determinan Permasalahan Pelayanan Kesehatan Ibu Dan Anak, Zahtamal Zahtamal, Tuti Restuastuti, Fifia Chandra

Kesmas

Masalah kesehatan yang dihadapi Indonesia kini adalah status kesehatan masyarakat yang rendah, antara lain ditandai dengan angka kematian ibu dan bayi yang tinggi serta masih banyak indikator pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak (KIA) yang belum ideal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan permasalahan pelayanan KIA. Desain penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah cross sectional, data faktor predisposisi dikumpulkan dari 550 orang responden yang tersebar di 4 kabupaten/kota dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Selanjutnya, data faktor determinan yang lain dikumpulkan dengan wawancara pada informan antara lain kepala dinas kesehatan kabupaten/kota dan kepala subdinas kesehatan keluarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor …

Kajian Keselamatan Kebakaran Pada Lima Sekolah Dasar Di Dki Jakarta, Fatma Lestari, Sandra Fikawati, Ahmad Syafiq, Anisa Sukmaningtias

Kesmas

Kebakaran gedung di Indonesia merupakan masalah besar. Untuk mengkaji keselamatan kebakaran, telah dilakukan penelitian kualitatif di sekolah-sekolah dasar negeri (SDN) di Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota (DKI) Jakarta. Tiga SDN di Jakarta Selatan (SDN Pondok Labu 11 Pagi, SDN Pondok Labu 12 Pagi, dan SDN Pondok Labu 15 Pagi) dan 2 SDN di Jakarta Timur (SDN Kramat Jati 16 Pagi dan SDN Kramat Jati 18 Pagi) dipilih sebagai sampel secara purposif. Empat komponen keselamatan kebakaran yang diatur regulasi (sarana proteksi kebakaran, akses mobil pemadam kebakaran, sarana penyelamatan jiwa, dan Manajemen Keselamatan Kebakaran Gedung (MKKG) dikaji secara kualitiatif dengan mewawancarai orangorang yang …