Public Health Commons^™

Anaplasmataceae As Human Pathogens : Biology, Ecology And Epidemiology, Marina E. Eremeeva, Gregory A. Dasch

Environmental Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

This review describes the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of known human pathogens in the family Anaplasmataceae that are transmitted by ticks and belong to the genus Anaplasma and genus Ehrlichia. We discuss the current status of diagnosis and surveillance of the diseases they cause, and address the challenges and new perspectives raised due to continuous recognition of new emerging human pathogens in the family Anaplasmataceae.

Molecular Characterization Of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolates From Irish Cattle Farms, Maria Karczmarczyk, Ciara Walsh, Rosemarie Slowey, Nola Leonard, Seamus Fanning

Articles

This study describes the genotypic characteristics of a collection of 100 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli strains recovered from cattle and the farm environment in Ireland in 2007. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance identified was to streptomycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (99%), sulfonamides (98%), ampicillin (82%), and neomycin (62%). Resistance was mediated predominantly by strA-strB (92%), tetA (67%), sul2 (90%), blaTEM (79%), and aphA1 (63%) gene markers, respectively. Twenty-seven isolates harbored a class 1 integrase (intI1), while qacE1 and sul1 markers were identified in 25 and 26 isolates, respectively. The variable regions of these integrons contained aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, and [1]-lactam resistance …

Encontrando La Comida Saludable: Identifying Food Access Barriers For The Adams County, Pennsylvania Latino Community, Gwendolyn D. Brown, Olivia A. Haddad

Student Publications

Overwhelming research indicates that recent national trends in U.S. food systems have led to the increased prevalence of processed foods and associated diet-related diseases. The effects of unhealthy diets have been distributed unevenly across the country’s socioeconomic and ethnic groups. Certain socioeconomic and ethnic groups face greater geographic, financial and cultural barriers to healthy food access. In Adams County, Pennsylvania, Latinos comprise 5.6% of the population, making them the county’s largest minority group, yet little is known about the food access barriers they face. In this study, we used a combination of surveys and focus groups with Latino residents and …

United Airways Disease Among Florists, Muge Akpinar-Elci, Omur C. Elci, Aygul Odabasi

Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Previously we observed an excess risk for occupational asthma among florists with rhinitis. To further evaluate the link between upper and lower airways, we investigated united airways disease in the same occupational group. Occupational history, symptoms and atopy were investigated among 128 florists. Age-, smoking-, and gender-adjusted risks were calculated using logistic regression models comparing symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The prevalence of work-related rhinitis symptoms was 13.3%, conjunctivitis symptoms and asthma-like symptoms were 14.1%. We observed an excess risk of work-related asthma symptoms among florists with work-related conjunctivitis (OR: 8.5, 95% CI: 2.4-29.9) and rhinitis (OR: 13.1, 95% CI: 3.0- …

Pulling Edb-Contaminated Foods Off Supermarket Shelves: A Collegial Approach To Complex And Uncertain Science , Arthur Greenberg

The University Dialogue

No abstract provided.

Where Have All The Plant Foods Gone? The Search For Refined Dietary Reconstruction From Chinchorro Mummies, Karl J. Reinhard, Sara Le-Roy-Toren, Bernardo Arriaza

Karl Reinhard Publications

The Chinchorro cemeteries of northern Chile are the first graveyards of the Andes (Arriaza 1995, Schiappacasse & Niemeyer 1984). The excavation and analysis of Chinchorro mummies reveals the 'true character of the people'. The burials themselves are optimal for preservation of corpses, burial furniture, and aspects of ceremonies associated with the dead. The analysis of corporeal remains gradually clarifies the details of daily activities and status. Therefore, we feel that a holistic approach to mummy studies provides enormously fruitful paths to understanding the character of the ancient Chinchorro society.

Paleoepidemiology Of Intestinal Parasites And Lice In Pre-Columbian South America, Adauto Araujo, Karl Reinhard, Daniela Leles, Luciana Sianto, Alena M. Iñiguez, Martin Fugassa, Bernardo Arriaza, Nancy Orellana, Luis Fernando Ferreira

Karl Reinhard Publications

Some human parasites originated in prehominid ancestors in Africa. Nematode species, such as Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), hookworms and Trichuris trichiura are shared by humans and other close phylogenetic primates (Pan and Gorilla), showing that they infected a common ancestor to this group. When humans migrated from Africa to other continents they carried these parasites wherever climate conditions allowed parasite transmission from host to host. Other parasites, however, were acquired throughout human biological and social evolutive history when new territories were occupied. Paleoparasitology data is a valuable source to recover emergence and disappearance of parasite infections through analysis of …

Spicing Up School Lunch: A Look At One School District's Attempts To Remedy America's Convoluted School Lunch Policies, Case Study Analysis Of Claremont Unified School District, Allison Mcelwee

CMC Senior Theses

The United States possesses a well intentioned but misguided lunch program, leaving children overfed but malnourished. Currently, a revolution is under way to transform programs around the country by incorporating locally grown and fresh ingredients, as well as integrating hands-on educational experiences with gardening and nutrition. The Claremont Unified School District (CUSD) makes up a group of schools that once heavily relied on unhealthy processed foods for providing lunch. Through a series of modifications in the past three years, CUSD’s program has been remodeled to feature more local produce and fresh ingredients, independent of USDA commodities or large scale agriculture. …

Pcb-Contaminated Food In The Canadian Arctic: Interactions Between Environmental Policy, Cultural Values, And The Healthcare System, Katharine K. Brieger

Pomona Senior Theses

Current Canadian policies do not adequately prevent water contamination or mitigate the effects of existing polychlorinated biphenyl pollution. There is conflict between the Canadian government and the Inuit people over how to approach the pollution problem, arising from a clash of cultural values and traditions. Legislation related to healthcare is an inherently sensitive issue and some measures that seem acceptable to westernized societies are not appropriate for the Inuit. The purpose of this thesis is to answer (a) why polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are in the Arctic, (b) what the effects of PCBs are on the Arctic people, and (c) how …

Kontaminasi Bakteri Escherichia Coli Pada Makanan Pedagang Kaki Lima Di Sepanjang Jalan Margonda Depok, Jawa Barat, Dewi Susanna, Yvonne M. Indrawani, Zakianis Zakianis

Kesmas

Menteri Kesehatan menetapkan bahwa makanan dan minuman tidak boleh mengandung bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli). Namun, kebanyakan pemerintah daerah tidak menindaklanjutinya dengan menerapkan peraturan yang lebih teknis untuk mencegah penyakit-penyakit yang ditularkan lewat makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kontaminasi E. coli dalam makanan yang dijual oleh pedagang kaki lima (PKL). Seratus PKL di sepanjang Jalan Margonda Kota Depok, Jawa Barat, dipilih secara acak sebagai sampel. Sebanyak 100 PKL, E. coli pada sampel berbagai jenis makanan diukur dengan metode most probable number, sementara sanitasi PKL dan kehigienisan penjamah makanan diamati. Ditemukan secara umum bahwa air bersih yang digunakan untuk memasak, …

Mycotoxins In Grains – Causes, Prevention And Control, Hester F. Vismer

INTSORMIL Presentations

Discusses mycotoxins, their effect on grain, mitigation considerations, and resulting human toxicology.

Effects Of Environmental Prompts On Stair Usage, Lori Andersen

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether environmental prompts placed in two-story buildings on a university campus would increase stair usage. Three buildings were used. One served as a control, while the other two received an intervention. Participants of three buildings were observed taking the stairs and elevator for seven weeks. Baseline data was collected; signs were introduced, and then removed during this time period. Approximately 2700 observations were collected. Environmental prompts did not appear to increase stair usage. There were significant differences in the amount of stair users between buildings. The stair usage rates of this particular …

Agenda: 2010 World Energy Justice Conference: Emerging Solutions For The Energy Poor: Technological, Entrepreneurial And Institutional Challenges, University Of Colorado Boulder. Center For Energy & Environmental Security, Colorado Journal Of International Environmental Law And Policy

2010 World Energy Justice Conference (November 5)

This conference is a sequel to the 2009 World Energy Justice Conference (WEJC 2009) which began examining ways of mainstreaming safe, clean, and efficient energy for the world's Energy Poor (EP). The EP number two and a half billion people living on less than $1-2 a day who have no access to modern energy services. WEJC 2010 more fully develops these themes. WEJC 2010 will explore how the next round of global warming meetings in Cancun could design new flexibility mechanisms that give credits, for example, for the reduction of black carbon by the adoption of cookstoves, and embrace small …

Socio-Economy And Related Factors Influencing Condition And Capacity Of Human Excreta Disposal And Sewer Systems: A Case Study In Coastal City Of Manado, Grace Debbie Kandou, Markus T. Lusut

Kesmas

Di Manado, limbah cair yang tidak diolah dari rumah tangga termasuk dari kakus dan dari aktivitas-aktivitas lain yang menghasilkan limbah cair seperti rumah makan, hotel, rumah sakit, tempat pembuangan akhir sampah, dan pasar dibuang langsung ke Teluk Manado melalui selokan dan sungai. Kondisi ini diperparah oleh kapasitas kakus yang tidak memadai dan saluran pembuangan limbah cair yang buruk. Untuk menilai faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi dan kapasitas sistem pembuangan yang mungkin mengakibatkan penurunan derajat kesehatan dan lingkungan, telah dilakukan kajian deskriptif di dua kecamatan di Kota Manado yang melibatkan 304 rumah tangga di Wenang dan 300 rumah tangga di Molas. Ditemukan …

Upaya Pencegahan Flu Burung Masyarakat Di Kabupaten Tangerang, Selfi Octaviani Lestari, Zakianis Zakianis, Wibowo Ady Sapta

Kesmas

Flu burung di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan. Tahun 2005-2008 terdapat 30 kasus suspek flu burung di Kabupaten Tangerang, meliputi 18 kasus confirmed dan 16 kasus meninggal (case fatality rate = CFR 87,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya pencegahan flu burung di tengah masyarakat Kecamatan Cikupa, Curug, Pasar Kemis dan Sepatan, Kabupaten Tangerang pada tahun 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Yayasan Bangun Indonesia, yang dilakukan terhadap masyarakat dengan sumber informasi terdiri dari ibu rumah tangga, remaja, tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat dan peternak. Survei dilakukan terhadap pengetahuan responden tentang flu burung, kebersihan perorangan responden, sanitasi makanan, dan sanitasi …

Comparison Of Bacteroides Human Markers For Pollution Diagnostics In Recreational Waters, Asli Aslan, Joan B. Rose

Environmental Health Sciences: Faculty Presentations (2010-2017)

This presentation was given during the Great Lakes Beach Association Annual Conference.

Importance Of Wildlife Disease Surveillance, Jerrold L. Belant, Amanda R. Deese

Human–Wildlife Interactions

A commentary on the importance of wildlife disease surveillance.

Perceptions And Evaluation Of An Urban Environment For Pedestrian Friendliness: A Case Study, Elizabeth H. Lee

Master's Theses

Public health is an increasingly important issue addressed from both environmental and public health sectors for the future development of urban environments. From a planning perspective, one possible solution is to increase walkability throughout the cities. Many assessment methods are being developed and administered to evaluate the quality of existing urban environments to promote walkable cities/communities. The results from using these methods provide policymakers and stakeholders with valuable information regarding the existing physical conditions of the environment. Although several US cities started to develop and refocus plans toward pedestrian-oriented policies approaches, results from this particular study determined that the quality …

Particle Size On Respiratory Protection Provided By Two Types Of N95 Respirators On Agricultural Settings, Jacob Cho Kyungmin, M. Susan Jones, Gordon Jones, Roy Mckay, Sergey A. Grinshpun, Alok Swivedi, Rakesh Shukla, Umesh Singh, Tiina Reponen

Nursing Faculty Publications

The objective of this study was to compare size-selective workplace protection factors (WPFs) of an N95 elastomeric respirator (ER) and an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) in agricultural environments. Twenty-five healthy farm workers ranging in age from 20 to 30 years voluntarily participated in the study. Altogether eight farms were included representing three different types: two horse farms, three pig barns, and three grain handling sites. Subjects wore the ER and FFR while performing their daily activities, such as spreading hay, feeding livestock, and shoveling. Aerosol concentrations in an optical particle size range of 0.7–10 µm were determined simultaneously inside …

Public Health Systems And Services Research: Bridging The Practice-Research Gap., F. Douglas Scutchfield, Cynthia D. Lamberth

Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Public health practitioners understand the principles of evidence-based practice

and the science that should drive their efforts to improve the community’s

health through the implementation of science-driven public health programs.

However, the translation of research to practice still has numerous barriers.

This commentary provides suggestions to strengthen the link between research

and practice.

Weighing In: A Critical Analysis Of New York City’S Calorie Labeling Law, Josephine Barnett

Publications and Research

The ‘obesity’ epidemic has The health of New York City Residents has been a significant concern of public health officials with the rates of obesity and diabetes ranking eighth of all cities nationally. The New York City (NYC) Board of Health laid the foundation and influenced the legislative efforts of means to address the ‘obesity-diabetes’ epidemic for public health officials consider this to be one of the major health concerns among Americans and particularly NYC residents. The major initiatives implemented by NYC official include: (1) a ban on trans-fat (2) a city registry of those with diabetes, and (3) menu-labeling. …

Warren County, Kentucky Hazardous Materials Commodity Flow Analysis, Dr. Ritchie D. Taylor, Dr. Vijay Golla, Jacqueline Brown, Shailesh Advani, Pragati Gole, Rasmi Nair, Bob Myatt

Public Health Faculty Publications

This report presents the results of a Commodity Flow Analysis of Hazardous Materials for I-65 and the William H. Natcher Parkway conducted by Western Kentucky University in partnership with the Warren County (Kentucky) Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). Kentucky counties within the study area include Warren, Simpson, Edmonson, Butler, Barren, and Hart. Figure 1 shows the sections of I-65 and Natcher Parkway that run through these counties. The purpose of our report is to give information on patterns of hazardous materials being transported along I-65 and Natcher Parkway as observed from May 24th 2010 to June 18th 2010. A secondary …

Situational Analysis Of Household Energy And Biomass Use And Associated Health Burden Of Indoor Air Pollution And Mitigation Efforts In Pakistan, Zafar Fatmi, Asma Rahman, Ambreen Kazi, Muhammad Masood Kadir, Nalini Sathiakumar

Community Health Sciences

Biomass fuel burning leads to high levels of suspended particulate matter and hazardous chemicals in the indoor environment in countries where it is in common use, contributing significantly to indoor air pollution (IAP). A situational analysis of household energy and biomass use and associated health effects of IAP was conducted by reviewing published and un-published literature about the situation in Pakistan. In addition to attempt to quantify the burden of ill health due to IAP, this paper also appraises the mitigation measures undertaken to avert the problem in Pakistan. Unfortunately, IAP is still not a recognized environmental hazard in Pakistan …

A Current Examination Of Dietary Intakes Of Fiber, Calcium, Iron, And Zinc And Their Relationship To Blood Lead Levels In U.S. Children Aged 1–5 Years, Stephanie A. Melchert

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

A CURRENT EXAMINATION OF DIETARY INTAKES OF FIBER, CALCIUM, IRON, AND ZINC AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN U.S. CHILDREN AGED 1-5 YEARS Stephanie Ann Melchert, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Adviser: Kaye Stanek Krogstrand The effect of lead on the health and well-being of those exposed has been well documented and many efforts have been made to reduce exposure of lead to the United States population. Despite these efforts, many studies have documented cognitive impairments and behavioral problems in children with even low levels of lead in their blood. Previous studies have suggested that a proper diet …

A Parasitological Paradox: Why Is Ascarid Infection So Rare In The Prehistoric Americas?, Daniela Leles, Karl Reinhard, Martín Horacio Fugassa, Luis Fernando Ferreira, Alena M. Iñiguez, Adauto Araujo

Karl Reinhard Publications

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) and Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) are the most common intestinal parasites found in humans worldwide today and they almost always co-occur. However, we find two distinct patterns in archae­ological material. In historical North American and Old World contexts, the association of A. lumbricoides and T. trich­iura is similar to the modern epidemiological picture. In contrast, the co-occurrence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura eggs in prehistoric South America is rare. For prehistoric contexts, T. trichiura is the most common parasite found in ar­chaeological material. Recently molecular biology techniques pointed to a subdiagnosis of roundworm infection in pre- …

Hiv And Hepatocellular And Esophageal Carcinomas Related To Consumption Of Mycotoxin-Prone Foods In Sub-Saharan Africa, Jonathan H. Williams, Jessica A. Grubbs, Jerry W. Davis, Jia-Sheng Wang, Pauline E. Jolly, Nii-Ayi Ankrah, William O. Ellis, Evans Afriyie-Gyawu, Natalie M. Johnson, Abraham G. Robinson, Timothy D. Phillips

Environmental Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Promotion of the HIV epidemic by aflatoxin is postulated but not yet established. Sub-Saharan populations commonly consume food contaminated by mycotoxins, particularly aflatoxins (predominantly found in peanut, maize, rice, and cassava) and fumonisins, which occur primarily in maize. Aflatoxin promotes hepatocellular cancer, and fumonisin may promote esophageal cancer.

Objectives: This analysis was undertaken to test the hypotheses that consumption of mycotoxin-prone staple foods is 1) related to the incidence of HIV infection in Africa and 2) related to “signature” cancer rates confirming exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins.

Design: World Health Organization data for causes of death and the Food …

Who Is Exposed To Smoke At Home? A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey In Central Vietnam, Motoi Suzuki, Vu Dinh Thiem, Lay-Myint Yoshida, Dang Duc Anh, Paul E. Kilgore, Koya Ariyoshi

Department of Pharmacy Practice

No abstract provided.

Kebijakan Pengelolaan Kualitas Udara Terkait Transportasi Di Provinsi Dki Jakarta, Andi Alfian Zainuddin

Kesmas

Pemerintah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta yang mengeluarkan beberapa kebijakan penanggulangan pencemaran udara menghadapi banyak kendala implementasi. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui implementasi kebijakan pengelolaan kualitas udara perkotaan terkait transportasi di provinsi tersebut dengan pendekatan model sistem. Faktor yang diamati meliputi instrumen kebijakan, sumber daya dan manajemen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan sumber data primer dengan metode wawancara mendalam dan sumber data sekunder telaah dokumen. Data primer digali dari berbagai informan yang berkompeten meliputi Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, Biro Hukum, Badan Pengelola Dampak Lingkungan Daerah, Dinas Perhubungan, Dinas Kesehatan dan Samsat. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa instrumen kebijakan telah ada, …

Recent Trends In Exposure To Secondhand Smoke In The United States Population, Chieh-I Chen, Tanya Burton, Christine L. Baker, Vera Mastey, David Mannino

Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Previous research using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) data documented a significant downward trend in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure between 1988 and 2002. The objective of this study was to assess whether the downward trend in exposure continued from 2001 through 2006.

METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2001-2006 NHANES to estimate exposure of nonsmokers to SHS. Geometric means of serum cotinine levels for all nonsmokers were computed.

RESULTS: Overall serum cotinine levels (95% Confidence Intervals) in 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006 were 0.06 ng/mL (0.05-0.07), 0.07 ng/mL (0.06-0.09), and 0.05 ng/mL (0.05-0.06), respectively. Subgroup analysis by …

Evaluating Microfossil Content Of Dental Calculus From Brazilian Sambaquis, Verônica Wesolowski, Sheila Maria Ferraz Mendonça De Souza, Karl Reinhard, Gregório Ceccantini

Karl Reinhard Publications

To date, limited numbers of dental calculus samples have been analyzed by researchers in diverse parts of the world. The combined analyses of these have provided some general guidelines for the analysis of calculus that is non-destructive to archaeological teeth. There is still a need for a quantitative study of large numbers of calculus samples to establish protocols, assess the level of contamination, evaluate the quantity of microfossils in dental calculus, and to compare analysis results with the literature concerning the biology of calculus formation. We analyzed dental calculus from 53 teeth from four Brazilian sambaquis. Sambaquis are the shellmounds …