Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

The Effect Of Human Factors In Aviation Maintenance Safety, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Even with the increasing rate of technology innovation, the ultimate responsibility for the safety of a flight lies with humans. According to Boeing, human error accounts for 70% of commercial airplane accidents. This research aims to investigate the human factors that exist in aviation maintenance as well as the extent to which these factors affect safety. Utilizing the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) online accident database, the researcher reviewed accidents between 1996 through 2006 caused by maintenancerelated errors. The results indicate the top four maintenance errors with the highest number of fatalities were: a).failure to properly complete tasks, b).improper maintenance, …

Countermeasures To Mitigate Effects Of Fatigue Among Flight Attendants: To Improve Transportation Safety And Productivity, Lori J. Brown, John Niehaus

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

As airlines restructure and cut corners to make ends meet, flight attendants are experiencing a new industry trend that must be put to rest. At many carriers, flight attendants are forced to work to the point of exhaustion because of poorly scheduled duty time, lengthened duty days, or flagrant company violations of schedules. Research efforts on human factors: including the effects of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep disorders and circadian rhythms—on transportation safety has become a top priority. Research has identified key findings concerning fatigue in the flight attendant occupation, where sleep deprivation and disruption of circadian rhythms are known to occur …

Situational Awareness Assessment In Flight Simulator Experiment, Henk Van Dijk, Koen Van De Merwe, Rolf Zon

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Within the HILAS (Human Integration into the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems) project a flight simulator experiment was performed. The aim of the experiment was to study and select relevant Human Factors tools for pilot Situational Awareness assessment. One specific scenario was designed in which a malfunction of the aircraft was simulated: an Indicated Air Speed discrepancy. The malfunction was introduced during flight and slowly progressed over time while researchers monitored if and how pilots detected the discrepancy. Pilot behaviour was studied during the scenario; i.e. pilots’ Situational Awareness was assessed via eye trackers and rating scales.

Implementation Issues For Uav Camera View Transition Display Aid, Nicholas Wright, Heath Ruff, Brian Mullins, Antonio Ayala, Gloria Calhoun, Mark Draper

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

An operator supervising multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will be required to switch attention between UAVs, each potentially involving different scenario environments and task requirements. A transition aid is now under evaluation that employs synthetic vision technology to enhance an operator’s situation awareness when switching between UAVs. Instead of discretely switching from the camera view of one UAV to the camera view of another, the algorithms driving the transition automatically provide a display format that uses a “fly out, fly in” metaphor over several seconds to transition between the two camera views. This paper will describe the many parameters that …

A Pc Based Methodology For Crm – Corporate Resource Management Practice Training, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Selma Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro, Luiz Landau, Cunha Gerson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

On 2003, the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC – Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil) elaborated the Civil Aviation Instruction (IAC - Instrução de Aviação Civil) 060-1002A, reviewed on 2005, about the CRM Training, based on the AC – Advisor Circular 120-51 A-E of FAA - Federal Aviation Administration, aiming at giving a standard direction about the subject for civil aviation organizations. The purpose of the study is to use a PC Based Methodology for the CRM Training / 2nd. Phase - Recurrent Practice and Feedback, in a low cost artificial environment differently from the LOFT – Line Oriented Flight Training, …

Training Interventions To Reduce Air Force Predator Mishaps, Robert Nullmeyer, Gregg Montijo

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The use of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) is expanding rapidly. In military operations, this increased use has been accompanied by relatively high mishap rates compared with rates across more mature manned aircraft. These higher rates led to multiple high-level reviews of unmanned operations, but surprisingly little consensus emerged across reports regarding root causes. To help close this gap, Air Force Predator Class A mishap reports through FY 2008 were analyzed in detail. Mishap rates, counts, and causal factors appeared to shift systematically over time, with an increase in mishap reports citing shortfalls in several skill and knowledge areas in FY …

Contribution Of High-Frequency Eeg Features To Physiogicallybased Operator Workload Estimation, Jason W. Monnin, Justin R. Estepp

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Physiologically-based cognitive workload assessment can discriminate changing levels of operator functional state in complex task environments. In this paradigm, electroencephalography (EEG) is a commonly used physiological measure. Spectral power in clinical frequency bands is used to derive features to train an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier to recognize changes in cognitive workload. Recent research has suggested that power in high frequency bands may be influenced by electromyographic artifact. In a previous study, nineteen channels of EEG were recorded (from 10 participants) during a complex uninhabited air vehicle (UAV) control simulation in which task difficulty was manipulated to induce changes in …

The 787 Vertical Situation Display Human Factors Evaluation Enhancements To Flight Path Awareness, Jason Hammack, Julianne Fox Cummings, Jean Crane

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A two-phased focused evaluation was run to validate the design implementation of the 787 Vertical Situation Display (VSD), using static and dynamic scenarios in a prototype flight deck. Pilot feedback and pilot questionnaire data were recorded and videotaped for analysis. The validation testing results suggest that overall an effective implementation has been designed. There was one area where issues were found that necessitated requirement changes. The mode transition logic (during takeoff) was redesigned and additional validation testing was conducted to ensure acceptability.

Automation Dependency Under Time Pressure, Stephen Rice, David Keller, Gayle Hunt, David Trafimow

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Previous research has identified many factors that affect human dependence on automated systems. Some of these factors include automation reliability, types of errors, and training. This study introduces a new factor, time pressure, which is directly related to operator dependence on automated aids. Participants were asked to perform a simulated UAV target-detection task with the aid of diagnostic automation. Two factors were manipulated in this study: reliability of the automation and time pressure. The results indicate that participants faced with time pressure were more likely to depend on the automation than participants who had more time to evaluate the recommendations. …

Speech Synthesis For Data Link: A Study Of Overall Quality And Comprehension Effort, Martine Godfroy, Durand R. Begault, Elizabeth M. Wenzel

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

This study investigated subjective preference for synthesized “spoken data link” messages to provide initial design guidance for communication displays in the context of NextGen (Next Generation Air Transport System) operations. Ratings of Overall Quality and Comprehension Effort were obtained as a function of voice type, synthesized speech rate, and sentence prosody. Rank-order data analyses showed that both Overall Quality and Comprehension Effort were affected by speech rate: under the “Fast Rate” condition (vs. “Default Rate”), Overall Quality decreases and Comprehension Effort increases. However, the introduction of “Prosodic Emphasis” (pitch and level changes for specific phrases) in Fast Rate sentences produced …

Ecological Synthetic Vision Display To Support Pilot Terrain Awareness, C. Borst, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A Synthetic Vision Display is generally believed to support pilot terrain awareness. Many studies have shown, however, that perspective views are biased, which can cause pilots to make judgment errors regarding the relative location, height, and ultimately the avoidance of terrain obstacles. Therefore, this system is usually backed by terrain avoidance systems that provide explicit resolutions to circumvent conflicts. They are, however, far from optimal regarding terrain awareness as they fail to present the rationale of the automation. This paper presents an extension to a Synthetic Vision Display that promotes pilot terrain awareness by means of overlays that reveal the …

Providing Evidence Of A Multiple-Process Model Of Trust In Automation, Stephen Rice, Gayle Hunt

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

This study focuses on the effects of human responses to computer automation aids. Previous research has shown that different types of automation errors (false alarms and misses) affect human trust in different ways. False alarms tend to negatively affect operator compliance, whereas misses tend to negatively affect operator reliance. Participants were asked to determine whether an enemy target was present or absent in a series of images, a task similar to what a UAV operator might be asked to perform. A diagnostic aid provided recommendations before participants viewed each image. Reliability and type of automation error were manipulated in order …

The Use Of Intraocular Lenses With Advance Aviation Displays., Walter J. Protheroe Jr., Gerald L. Haynes

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

With an aging aviation population, the use of intraocular lenses (IOLs) has become common place throughout the world for correcting vision acuity, cataracts and eye injuries. The material which comprises an IOL will cause a change in spectral sensitivity seen by the recipient. This is most notable in color variations while viewing Advance Aviation Displays. The results reported here are for one specific composition of IOL given to us by the manufacturer, and are assumed to be or have been in wide use. Cost limitations required that we used color correction filters to simulate colorized IOLs (not actual colorized lenses), …

Review Of Safety Reports Involving Electronic Flight Bags, Divya C. Chandra, Andrew Kendra

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are a relatively new device used by pilots. Even so, 37 safetyrelated events involving EFBs were identified from the public online Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database as of June 2008. In addition, two accident reports from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) cite EFB as a contributing factor. Underlying EFB issues were ascribed to each ASRS report by the authors based on subject matter expertise. Pilots reported issues such as configuration of the chart display and difficulty using the EFB when they were newly implemented. Both NTSB reports identified use of an EFB for calculation …

What Can A Multidimensional Measure Of Stress Tell Us About Team Collaborative Tools?, Gregory J. Funke, Sheldon M. Russell, Benjamin A. Knott, Brent T. Miller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A substantial body of research literature concerning the effects of collaborative tools on team performance has been generated, but the research has not considered subjective workload and stress associated with tool usage. The current experiment represents an initial, exploratory attempt to characterize the relationship between usage of collaborative tools, mental workload, and the subjective experience of stress. The NASA-TLX and the DSSQ-S were used to assess the workload and stress experienced by participants completing a simulated team command and control task. Task demands and collaborative tool availability were experimentally manipulated. Analysis of the data revealed that participants experienced increases in …

Synthetic And Enhanced Vision System For Altair Lunar Lander, Lawrence J. Prinzel Iii, Lynda J. Kramer, Robert M. Norman, Jarvis (Trey) J. Arthur, Steven P. Williams, Kevin J. Shelton, Randall E. Bailey

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Past research has demonstrated the substantial potential of synthetic and enhanced vision (SV/EV) for aviation (e.g., Prinzel & Wickens, 2009). These augmented visual-based technologies have been shown to significantly enhance situation awareness, reduce workload, enhance aviation safety (e.g., reduced propensity for controlled flight -intoterrain accidents/incidents), and promote flight path control precision. The issues that drove the design and development of synthetic and enhanced vision have commonalities to other application domains; most notably, during entry, descent, and landing on the moon and other planetary surfaces. NASA has extended SV/EV technology for use in planetary exploration vehicles, such as the Altair Lunar …

Towards A Four-Dimensional Separation Assistance Cockpit Display, J. Ellerbroek, M. Visser, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

An initial design of a tactical navigation support tool is proposed, designed to integrate horizontal and vertical separation assistance tools into one display. A novel representation of the separation problem, based on Ecological Interface Design, presents external conflict and performance constraints on an extended, wide-screen Primary Flight Display. Key issues in the current design are discussed, and an experiment is proposed to evaluate the display concept.

Development Of Proactive Safety Management System For Industrial Fields Based On The Framework Of Aviation Safety Reporting System, Capt. Akira Ishibahsi, Daisuke Karikawa, Toshio Wakabayashi, Makoto Takahashi, Masaharu Kitamura

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The safety reporting system such as the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) draws attention from various industrial fields as an effective safety management method to prevent further accidents. However, it became apparent that the industrial fields often confront the difficulty of the development and effective operation of safety reporting system due to the differences between aviation and other industrial fields. In this study, an effective safety reporting system for practical use in a conventional industrial field has been developed based on ASRS. Although the detailed evaluation of the proposed safety reporting system is still underway, its effectiveness has been strongly …

Flight Deck Display Technologies For 4dt And Surface Equivalent Visual Operations, Lawrence (Lance) J. Prinzel Iii, Denise R. Jones, Kevin J. Shelton, Jarvis (Trey) J. Arthur, Randall E. Bailey, Angela S. Allamandola, David C. Foyle, Becky L. Hooey

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

NASA research is focused on flight deck display technologies that may significantly enhance situation awareness, enable new operating concepts, and reduce the potential for incidents/accidents for terminal area and surface operations. The display technologies include surface map, head-up, and head-worn displays; 4DT guidance algorithms; synthetic and enhanced vision technologies; and terminal maneuvering area traffic conflict detection and alerting systems. This work is critical to ensure that the flight deck interface technologies and the role of the human participants can support the full realization of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) and its novel operating concepts.

Near-Term Nextgen And Class 2 Efbs, Thomas L. Seamster Ph.D., Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

This study is based on data collected at the Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Advanced Software and Authorization Workshop for US operators currently involved in EFB software evaluation or implementation for their own fleets. With most US operators not taking delivery of new, larger aircraft in the next few years, they are considering ways of displaying near-term NextGen data on board existing aircraft through systems such as the EFB. The workshop collected operator near-term needs in the areas of EFB user interface and standardization and EFB advanced software applications. The analysis of the data collected during the workshop provided a prioritized …

Impairments In Attention In Occasionally Snoring Children: An Event-Related Potential Study, Maria E. Barnes, Elizabeth A. Huss, Krista N. Garrod, Eric Van Raay, Ehab Dayyat, Dennis L. Molfese

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

Objective—To determine whether minimal snoring is benign in children.

Procedure—22 rarely snoring children (mean age=6.9 years, 11 females) and age- and sexmatched controls participated in an auditory oddball task wearing 128-electrode nets. Parents completed Conner’s Parent Rating Scales-Revised Long (CPRS-R:L).

Results—Snorers scored significantly higher on 4 CPRS-R:L subscales. Stepwise regression indicated that two ERP variables from a region of the ERP that peaked at 844 ms post-stimulus onset predicted CPRS-R:L ADHD Index scores.

Conclusions—Occasional snorers according to parental report do exhibit ADHD-like behaviors. Basic sensory processing is longer than in controls, suggesting that delayed frontal activation requires more effort in …

Fatigue And Its Effect On Cabin Crew Member Performance, Stephanie Hide Mas

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Since 1993, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has stated fatigue was a contributing factor in eight airline catastrophes in the US resulting in 250 fatalities. Many proposals to mitigate fatigue as a safety issue in aviation have been suggested. Those on the NTSB List of Most Wanted Transportation Safety Improvements involve “hours of on-duty work” rules, which provide an essential set of limits on the work day for all transportation workers. However, most fatigue studies have focused on cockpit crew and not on the cabin crew. This report investigates cabin crew members, their scheduled work, rest and sleep times …

Aviation Automation Design And Implementation - The Need For Human Factors Considerations, Karl Fennell, Shawn Pruchnicki, David Mckenney, Helena Reidemar, Kevin Comstock

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

This document outlines the Air Line Pilots Association’s (ALPA) aviation automation concerns and expresses the recommendations of both experienced pilots and experts alike. Refer to our statement of position document for additional details at www.ALPA.org under Safety, HFT (Human Factors and Training). Safe and effective aviation automation∗ is only possible when human factors principles are utilized properly. We strongly encourage engineers, regulators, and operators to apply human factors considerations at every stage of aviation automation hardware, software, and procedure design. Occasionally procedures or products are implemented without these considerations. This inattention can make usage problematic and has produced unintended consequences …

Modeling Pilot Cognitive Behavior For Predicting Performance And Workload Effects Of Cockpit Automation, Guk-Ho Gil, David Kaber, Sang-Hwan Kim, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The objective of this research was to develop a model of pilot cognitive behavior to predict performance and workload while using varying degrees of cockpit automation to serve as a basis for future systems design. A cognitive task analysis (CTA) was conducted on expert pilot performance a flight control panel (FCP), control-display unit (CDU) and flight management system, and an enhanced CDU (CDU+) providing pre-programmed arrivals from air traffic control in a simulated landing and approach task. Cognitive models were developed from the CTA using an enhanced form of the GOMS language, including a set of additional task operators, to …

Using Microsoft Flight Simulator X To Develop Aeronautical Decisionmaking Skills In The Classroom, Wendy S. Beckman, Mark Callender, Paul A. Craig, Steve Gossett, Wayne Dornon

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

In the Aerospace Department at Middle Tennessee State University, Microsoft Flight Simulator X (MSFSX) is being utilized in the classroom to develop the aeronautical decision-making skills future pilots will need. The utilization of this inexpensive software to create realistic scenarios is discussed and a variety of examples are provided. While working through a scenario, students view either pre-recorded segments of a virtual flight, or participate in real time decision-making as a flight segment is “flown” by the instructor. In either case, students see an aircraft instrument panel and the view outside the windscreen, as they would in flight. The emphasis …

Identifying Psychosocial Factors Associated With Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders In Flight Attendants In A Taiwanese Commercial Airline, Kai-Hui Lee, Li-Hua Kao Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Psychosocial factors have the potential for causing psychological or physical harm, perceived psychological demands, job stress, or work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The purpose of the current study was to study the relationship between psychosocial factors including job demands, job control, managerial and colleague support, relationships at work, role conflict, and organizational change, and psychosocial factors, health and the well-being, and WMSDs among flight attendants. A survey, mainly based on the “HSE Indicator Tool” developed by Health and Safety Executive and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ), was distributed in 2009 to flight attendants in a Taiwanese commercial airline by convenience sampling. …

High-Fidelity Simulation To Compare The Tower Operations Digital Data System To Flight Progress Strips, Todd R. Truitt Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The current experiment used a high-fidelity, human-in-the-loop simulation to compare the Tower Operations Digital Data System (TODDS) to paper Flight Progress Strips (FPSs) during zerovisibility Airport Traffic Control Tower operations. Sixteen current controllers participated in groups of two. Each group received touchscreen and TODDS training before completing eight practice and eight test scenarios. The participants worked at both the ground and local control positions under four experimental conditions. The participants used one of four systems – the Integrated TODDS, FPSs with Airport Surface Detection Equipment – Model X, Perceptual- Spatial TODDS, or FPSs only – to control airport traffic. The …

Using Multiple Imperfect Diagnostic Automation, David Keller, Stephen Rice

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Due to the difficulty of performing multiple tasks, operators in complex environments are often aided by automation. Because automation is not always perfect operators must decide how much to trust in and depend on the automation aids. Theoretically operators can adjust their level of trust using either a component-specific or a system-wide trust strategy. This study tests these two theories. 36 participants monitored two gauges, each with an automated aid at different reliability levels, while engaged in a pursuit tracking task that simulated an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mission flight. The data suggest that participants do not evaluate the reliability …

The Management Of Verbal Communications In Complex Aeronautical Systems, Fanny Loyau, Marie Rivenez, Sophie Quiblier

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

This study addresses the question of human factors in verbal communications in AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System). It aims to improve selection, training and learning by developing a tool focused on attentional division and multiple communications management. Radio communications management seems to be highly dependent on crew expertise. Indeed, many instructors say that several years of experience on AWACS are required in order to develop communications management skills and to improve their intelligibility. On the basis of our preliminary observations, we propose three hypotheses which would account for this expertise effect, focused on automatisms, volumes management of radio networks …

Comparing Tunnel-In-The-Sky Display On Hdd And Hud From Task Occupation Point Of View, Kohei Funabiki, Tomoko Iijima, Hiroka Tsuda

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A series of flight simulations was carried out to investigate the causal factors of attention capture, focusing on a traffic detection task while following a curved trajectory using a Tunnel-in-the-Sky display. The location (head-up or head-down) and size of the display were varied, and traffic detection time and path tracking performance were measured. The results show that the HUD gave the best path tracking at the expense of traffic detection performance, and supports the hypothesis that using a limited viewing volume and high display gain with a Tunnel-in-the-Sky display induces pilots to rely on precise guidance cues instead of the …