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Full-Text Articles in Other Psychiatry and Psychology
Simulation Results For Highlighting Runway Safety Critical Information On Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information, Peter Moertl
Simulation Results For Highlighting Runway Safety Critical Information On Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information, Peter Moertl
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This paper describes the results of a human in the loop simulation that evaluated enhancements to a Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). Runway safety critical information was highlighted on the CDTI to facilitate flight crew situation awareness and conflict detection for different groups of pilots (General Aviation and commercial) and under different operational settings (crew and single pilot). The evaluated CDTI enhancements are currently being defined by RTCA Special Committee 186 and based on the use of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). The results suggest that highlighting of certain traffic relevant information is promising to increase pilot’s hazard detection over …
The Coming Paradigm-Shift In Maintenance: From Metals To Composites, Alan Hobbs, Connie Brasil, Barbara Kanki
The Coming Paradigm-Shift In Maintenance: From Metals To Composites, Alan Hobbs, Connie Brasil, Barbara Kanki
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The purpose of this study is to examine the current maintenance practices of airline operators in the detection and repair of damage to composite structures, with the aim of learning lessons that will be applicable to the maintenance of future advanced composite airplanes. A process map was created to capture the events and activities that occur from the moment a damage event occurs, through damage detection, assessment and repair. The study is identifying areas where operational risks may negatively impact the process, where personnel are required to make judgments in the absence of procedural guidance, and areas where future tools …
Nextgen Flight Deck Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
Nextgen Flight Deck Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This paper describes a project to compile, from a literature review and preliminary analyses, an initial but reasonably comprehensive list of NextGen flight deck human factors issues. It describes the methodology that was used, presents representative issues from the list that resulted, and makes recommendations to continue work to update the list and use it as the basis for suggested NextGen flight deck standards and design requirements.
Modeling The Effects Of Hud Visual Properties And Configurations On A Multi-Dimensional Measure Of Clutter, Sang-Hwan Kim, David B. Kaber, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil, Amy L. Alexander, Emily M. Stelzer, Lawrence J. Prinzel
Modeling The Effects Of Hud Visual Properties And Configurations On A Multi-Dimensional Measure Of Clutter, Sang-Hwan Kim, David B. Kaber, Karl Kaufmann, Theo Veil, Amy L. Alexander, Emily M. Stelzer, Lawrence J. Prinzel
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The objectives of this study were to: validate a multidimensional measure of display clutter for advanced head-up displays (HUDs) incorporating enhanced and synthetic vision systems (EVS/SVS); assess the influence of HUD configuration on pilot perceptions of display clutter and flight performance; and model clutter scores in terms of visual display properties. Eighteen pilots flew a flight simulator in a landing approach using three different sets of HUD configurations (low, medium, or high clutter). Pilot ratings of overall display clutter and its underlying dimensions were recorded along with flight performance measures (deviations from localizer, glideslope, altitude and approach speed). A display …
Design Of An Ecological Vertical Separation Assistance Cockpit Display, F. M. Heylen, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
Design Of An Ecological Vertical Separation Assistance Cockpit Display, F. M. Heylen, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
A tactical navigation support tool was designed to effectively deal with conflict situations in the vertical plane, while preserving travel freedom as much as possible. Based on Ecological Interface Design principles, the Vertical Separation Assistance Display is developed as an extension to the existing Vertical Situation Display. Functional information is presented via overlays that show pilots how their vertical maneuvering possibilities are constrained by ownship performance, and by limits imposed by surrounding traffic. A questionnaire-based evaluation shows that the ecological overlays considerably improved pilot traffic awareness in vertical conflict situations.
Team Workload: A Construct Worth Pursuing?, Gregory J. Funke, Benjamin A. Knott, Scott M. Galster, Rebecca D. Brown
Team Workload: A Construct Worth Pursuing?, Gregory J. Funke, Benjamin A. Knott, Scott M. Galster, Rebecca D. Brown
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
To date, little research has been conducted on the workload experienced by teams. Attempts to evaluate team workload have typically relied upon validated measures of individual workload, but this approach may not adequately capture the drivers of team workload. Data from three previous research experiments were reexamined using hierarchical multiple regression in the present analysis. Each of the experiments assessed individual and team workload, though the measures employed differed in each. The goal was to investigate whether addition of team workload measures improved prediction of team performance after variance associated with experimental manipulations and individual workload had been removed. Results …
Family Factors Influencing Female Aerospace Student’S Choice Of Major, Gail Zlotky, Wendy S. Beckman
Family Factors Influencing Female Aerospace Student’S Choice Of Major, Gail Zlotky, Wendy S. Beckman
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In an effort to understand the factors that influence female student choice of an aviation career, a qualitative study was undertaken. Female Aerospace students at Middle Tennessee State University were interviewed to determine if there were common factors that encouraged them to pursue education in aviation. A content analysis of the interviews was performed, and the most commonly cited factor was having parents who were supportive of education. It was noteworthy that the majority of interviewed students did not have parents who specifically encouraged aviation as a course of study, but instead were open to their daughter pursuing a career …
Determinants Of Conflict Risk Judgments In Air Traffic Control, Stéphanie Stankovic, Esa Rantanen, Nicolas Ponomarenko, Shayne Loft
Determinants Of Conflict Risk Judgments In Air Traffic Control, Stéphanie Stankovic, Esa Rantanen, Nicolas Ponomarenko, Shayne Loft
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The aim of the study was to identify the determinants of conflict risk judgments in air traffic control. Fourteen expert controllers made conflict risk judgments about air traffic situations in which three variables (conflict geometry, time of closest point of approach or TCPA, and vertical separation between aircraft) were manipulated. The results indicate that conflict geometry, TCPA, and the vertical separation between aircraft significantly influenced judgments of conflict risk. In addition, there was a significant interaction between these three variables. Risk perception was largest under conditions where aircraft were on the same headings, with short TCPA, and no minimum vertical …
Stress Training Efficacy In An Aviation Context, Christopher K. Mcclernon
Stress Training Efficacy In An Aviation Context, Christopher K. Mcclernon
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Stress is regularly introduced in training to prepare troops for stressful environments and situations, although there is very little empirical evidence for stress training's effectiveness, implementation and pedagogy. Twenty novice participants were recruited and assigned to either a stress-trained (cold pressor), treatment group or a control group. Stress training was effective at improving the treatment group’s performance during a final criterion session on an aircraft navigation task compared to the control group. In addition, the stress-trained group showed lower criterion heart rate variability, skin conductance, and subjective stress ratings compared to the control group. This research demonstrates stress training as …
Applied Threat And Error Management: Toward Crew-Centered Solutions, Eric E. Geiselman
Applied Threat And Error Management: Toward Crew-Centered Solutions, Eric E. Geiselman
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
For an operator, a high level of understanding regarding procedures enables appropriate defenses to be built into a robust Threat and Error Management (TEM) framework. Currently, airline flightdeck crewmember training and reference information is concentrated heavily on what and how procedures are performed, but not on why they must be performed a standard way. This missing component of certainty invites misinterpretation of the standards and induces error. I propose a Crew-Centered TEM (CC/TEM) approach designed to arm flight crewmembers with more depth of procedural understanding than that currently afforded. A recent accident where human error was identified as a probable …
Maneuver Stereotypes In Airborne Conflict Resolutions, Esa M. Rantanen, Christopher D. Wickens, David Keller
Maneuver Stereotypes In Airborne Conflict Resolutions, Esa M. Rantanen, Christopher D. Wickens, David Keller
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The roles and responsibilities of air traffic controllers and pilots are shifting in the advent of the NextGen air traffic management infrastructure, which also involves high levels of automation. It is important to understand just how large departures from the current ingrained practices the NextGen procedures represent, particularly in extremely safetycritical tasks such as airborne conflict resolutions. Pilots’ conflict resolution maneuver preferences have received some attention, but corresponding research on air traffic controllers’ practices is almost nonexistent. We analyzed 87 samples of aircraft track data involving conflict alerts and subsequent resolution maneuvers from Atlanta center. Vertical conflict resolution maneuvers were …
Performance Visualization Method Of Air Traffic Control Tasks For Educational Purpose With Utilizing Cognitive System Simulation, Daisuke Karikawa, Hisae Aoyama, Makoto Takahashi, Kazuo Furuta
Performance Visualization Method Of Air Traffic Control Tasks For Educational Purpose With Utilizing Cognitive System Simulation, Daisuke Karikawa, Hisae Aoyama, Makoto Takahashi, Kazuo Furuta
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In the dynamic and multi-task condition of air traffic control, an Air Traffic Controller (ATCO) must utilize effective strategies to control traffic to prevent potential collision of aircraft and also to reduce his cognitive workload. Therefore, the strategy building skill of an ATCO is quite important for aviation safety and efficiency. In the present research, for supporting education of strategy building, a function which can visualize the difference of task performance has been implemented into the Air Traffic Controller Cognitive Simulation (ATCCS). Using this function, the effect of ATCO’s control on air traffic flow has been successfully visualized, which helps …
Multi-Uav Supervisory Control Interface Technology, Michael Patzek Ph.D., Doug Zimmer, Gregory Feitshans, Mark Draper Ph.D., Tom Huges, John Flach
Multi-Uav Supervisory Control Interface Technology, Michael Patzek Ph.D., Doug Zimmer, Gregory Feitshans, Mark Draper Ph.D., Tom Huges, John Flach
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The Air Force Research Laboratory’s Supervisory Control Interfaces Branch (711HPW/RHCI) is conducting an advanced technology development program, entitled Multi-UAV Supervisory Control Interface Technology (MUSCIT). This program is focused on human systems integration; developing and integrating controls, displays, and decision support aids that enable a single operator control station to control multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the performance of dynamic intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) tasks as well as close air support (CAS) missions. This 5-year program, which began in 2007, employs a spiral development approach that consists of repeated analysis, design, development, virtual simulations, and flight tests to evaluate, …
Towards A Meaningful Presentation Of Fms Trajectory Information For Tactical Self-Separation, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen
Towards A Meaningful Presentation Of Fms Trajectory Information For Tactical Self-Separation, S.B.J. Van Dam, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In the context of future airspace management concepts, the flight crew will need tactical navigation support for airborne self-separation. Applying ecological interface design principles, a state-based navigation tool was designed that uses functional information overlays that show how traffic and aircraft performance constrain the horizontal maneuvering. The state-based system has been enhanced with a visualization of intent information from the flight plan trajectory (Van Dam, Paassen, & Mulder, 2007). This paper discusses in detail the exchange of intent information using ADS-B. It presents some promising ideas to show intent in a more meaningful and pilot-intuitive way, particularly focusing on the …
Transfer Of Skills From Microsoft Flight Simulator X To An Aircraft, Mark N. Callender, Wayne A. Dornan, Wendy S. Beckman, Paul A. Craig, Steve Gossett
Transfer Of Skills From Microsoft Flight Simulator X To An Aircraft, Mark N. Callender, Wayne A. Dornan, Wendy S. Beckman, Paul A. Craig, Steve Gossett
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In the spring of 2008, with funding from the Aircraft Owner’s and Pilot’s Association, Middle Tennessee State University performed a study to evaluate the transferability of skills from Microsoft Flight Simulator X (MSFSX) to an aircraft for novice flight students. Nine students practiced tasks in six MSFSX Flight Lesson modules until the modules were successfully completed. The number of iterations required by students to accomplish each module satisfactorily was recorded. These students, along with nine others which comprised the control group, received flight training in a DA-40 for the same six maneuvers. They were subsequently evaluated on the number of …
Designing Work-Centered Support For Dynamic Multi-Mission Synchronization, Emilie Roth, Randall Whitaker, Robert Truxler, Ronald Scott, Thomas Kazmierczak, John Ostwald, Jeffrey Wampler
Designing Work-Centered Support For Dynamic Multi-Mission Synchronization, Emilie Roth, Randall Whitaker, Robert Truxler, Ronald Scott, Thomas Kazmierczak, John Ostwald, Jeffrey Wampler
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
We describe recent developments in an ongoing program to design work-centered C2 support for a military airlift organization. Work-centered design tailors support to the cognitive and collaborative demands of the work. A coordinated suite of visualizations was developed to support synchronized replanning in response to dynamically changing conditions by revealing the interrelationships and constraints across multiple missions distributed in time and space. Support included the ability to perform ‘what if’ simulations across multiple missions so as to assess the impact of a change in one mission on other missions. An empirical evaluation was conducted comparing target user replanning performance on …
Attitudes Toward Automation And Information Requirements Of Experienced Predator Operators, William P. Marshak, John Hudson, Jeff Collier
Attitudes Toward Automation And Information Requirements Of Experienced Predator Operators, William P. Marshak, John Hudson, Jeff Collier
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Two simulation studies were conducted using the Multiple Uninhabited Air Vehicle Agency (MAGE) software with nine Predator experienced pilots and sensor operators. In one study, MAGE's situation awareness and decision support elements were employed as supplemental information displays to a Predator crew station simulation within the Air Force's SIMAF facility. In the second simulation, each pilot controlled two autonomous UAVs during a complex multi-target mission scenario using the MAGE software suite. After the simulations were complete, the crewpersons answered questions about their attitudes concerning automated features and what kinds of non-vehicle information (weather, air spaces, intelligence, etc.) they felt they …
Airport Departure Flow Management (Dfm): Findings From Field Trial Testing, Amy Spencer, Ted Carniol, Jason Pepper, Philip J. Smith
Airport Departure Flow Management (Dfm): Findings From Field Trial Testing, Amy Spencer, Ted Carniol, Jason Pepper, Philip J. Smith
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
In this paper, we discuss the field testing of a Departure Flow Management (DFM) capability that has been developed by the FAA to reduce manual airport Call For Release (CFR) coordination requirements and workload, while increasing airport departure throughput and reducing delays. This field test consisted of shadow and operational phases and utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods. This study took place February and March 2008 at the Los Angeles (ZLA) Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) and Burbank (BUR), Las Vegas (LAS), Los Angeles (LAX), Ontario (ONT), and San Diego (SAN) airports. This test provided insights into how this …
Multidimensional Evaluation Of Pilot`S Threat And Error Management Performance During Complex Flight Maneuvers, Ioana Koglbauer, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Reinhard Braunstingl, Wolfram Boucsein
Multidimensional Evaluation Of Pilot`S Threat And Error Management Performance During Complex Flight Maneuvers, Ioana Koglbauer, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Reinhard Braunstingl, Wolfram Boucsein
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
The present research attempts a multidimensional threat and error management performance analysis of pilots flying according to visual flight rules, during the recovery from four unusual aircraft states: extreme pitch, overbanked attitude, full stall and spin. An anticipative training program was developed based on flight mechanical and psychophysiological analysis of an expert’s performance. Training took place in a flight simulator and was preceded and followed by check flights with an aerobatic aircraft, a Pitts S-2B, supervised by an expert aerobatic flight instructor. In a between-groups design, a multidimensional assessment was applied, comprising psychophysiological measures of arousal, emotion, subjective, workload and …
Preparing For The Future Of Collaborative Air Traffic Management, Phillip J. Smith, Charles Billings
Preparing For The Future Of Collaborative Air Traffic Management, Phillip J. Smith, Charles Billings
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
One of the key areas identified in the NextGen Concept of Operations focuses on Collaborative Air Traffic Management (CATM). Within the NextGen Concept of Operations, this collaboration is expected to continue to occur in a highly distributed environment where operational staff are distributed across many locations and organizations, including flight operations centers, pilots, the Air Traffic Control Systems Command Center, Enroute Centers, TRACONs and Airport ATC Towers (or their future functional equivalents). Significant changes can be expected, however, due to the introduction of new decision support technologies which will enable different approaches to traffic management. These changes in CATM require …
Psychological Fidelity Of Simulator Human Performance Limitation Training, K. Wolfgang Kallus
Psychological Fidelity Of Simulator Human Performance Limitation Training, K. Wolfgang Kallus
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Fidelity of simulators for training of pilots has to be judged from the final end of the training goal. This conclusion can be derived from the overview of Hays & Singer (1989), which has been published a considerable time ago. Nevertheless, an ongoing debate questions the need of simulator features like motion for the training of pilots – partly without giving attention to the training goals at hand. Especially in the area of threat and error management requirements for the simulators differ markedly from operational recurrence training. For experienced ATPL- pilots we can assume that a high fidelity visual simulation …
Simulator Motion…It Rocks! (Or Maybe Not), Bob Jacobs
Simulator Motion…It Rocks! (Or Maybe Not), Bob Jacobs
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
I want to briefly share some of our early work at the University of Illinois Aviation Research Laboratory relating to the nature and role of motion cueing and its relationship to pilot performance in flight training, skill evaluation, and flight instrument utilization. First, though, I’d like to offer some personal testimony about Stan Roscoe, the director of the Lab, so that you can appreciate the extraordinary environment we were provided in which to pursue our research and to learn.
An Interface For Inbound Traffic Route Planning, Ewout S. Van Dijk, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Mariska I. Roerdink
An Interface For Inbound Traffic Route Planning, Ewout S. Van Dijk, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder, Mariska I. Roerdink
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
It is expected that, with increasing automation, the emphasis in the air traffic controllers’ work will shift from tactical control towards supervision and planning of aircraft trajectories. To support this work, a planning interface for area controllers has been developed. The interface uses a normal Plan View Display (PVD) supplemented with a Time-Space Diagram (TSD), that visualizes the travel of the incoming aircraft across their planned track. With the constraints on speed and timing as given in the TSD, the interface permits direct manipulation of the arrival time within these constraints. Using a simulation of air traffic, the interface was …
The Effect Of Video Weather Training Products On General Aviation Pilots’ Flight Behavior, William Knecht, Jerry Ball
The Effect Of Video Weather Training Products On General Aviation Pilots’ Flight Behavior, William Knecht, Jerry Ball
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
This study examined the effect of video weather training products on general aviation (GA) pilot flight behavior. Fifty pilots participated. Training products were two popular GA weather training videos, plus a non-weather video as control. Pilots watched one video. Then, in the CAMI flight simulator, they flew a challenging 1.5-h visual flight rules (VFR) mission. Along the route, terrain rose slowly, with cloud bases squeezing pilots between ground and clouds. The control group penetrated significantly farther into the deteriorating weather. Otherwise, no significant safety differences were observed for time spent in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), time scud running, or time …
Solution Space-Based Complexity Analysis Of Atc Aircraft Merging Tasks, Patrick Hermes, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Hans Huisman, J.H.L. (Harjan) Boering
Solution Space-Based Complexity Analysis Of Atc Aircraft Merging Tasks, Patrick Hermes, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Hans Huisman, J.H.L. (Harjan) Boering
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Air traffic controller workload is considered to be a limiting factor in the growth of air traffic. In this paper a new method of assessing controller task demand load will be developed and tested. Based on the hypothesis that workload is primarily caused by the complexity of the task to be conducted, the concept of the “solution space” is described. For any particular air traffic control problem, the solution space describes the constraints in the environment that limit (and therefore, guide) air traffic controller decisions and actions. The complexity of that particular control problem can then be analyzed by considering …
The Effect Of Human Factors In Aviation Maintenance Safety, Andrea M. Georgiou
The Effect Of Human Factors In Aviation Maintenance Safety, Andrea M. Georgiou
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Even with the increasing rate of technology innovation, the ultimate responsibility for the safety of a flight lies with humans. According to Boeing, human error accounts for 70% of commercial airplane accidents. This research aims to investigate the human factors that exist in aviation maintenance as well as the extent to which these factors affect safety. Utilizing the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) online accident database, the researcher reviewed accidents between 1996 through 2006 caused by maintenancerelated errors. The results indicate the top four maintenance errors with the highest number of fatalities were: a).failure to properly complete tasks, b).improper maintenance, …
Countermeasures To Mitigate Effects Of Fatigue Among Flight Attendants: To Improve Transportation Safety And Productivity, Lori J. Brown, John Niehaus
Countermeasures To Mitigate Effects Of Fatigue Among Flight Attendants: To Improve Transportation Safety And Productivity, Lori J. Brown, John Niehaus
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
As airlines restructure and cut corners to make ends meet, flight attendants are experiencing a new industry trend that must be put to rest. At many carriers, flight attendants are forced to work to the point of exhaustion because of poorly scheduled duty time, lengthened duty days, or flagrant company violations of schedules. Research efforts on human factors: including the effects of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep disorders and circadian rhythms—on transportation safety has become a top priority. Research has identified key findings concerning fatigue in the flight attendant occupation, where sleep deprivation and disruption of circadian rhythms are known to occur …
Situational Awareness Assessment In Flight Simulator Experiment, Henk Van Dijk, Koen Van De Merwe, Rolf Zon
Situational Awareness Assessment In Flight Simulator Experiment, Henk Van Dijk, Koen Van De Merwe, Rolf Zon
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
Within the HILAS (Human Integration into the Lifecycle of Aviation Systems) project a flight simulator experiment was performed. The aim of the experiment was to study and select relevant Human Factors tools for pilot Situational Awareness assessment. One specific scenario was designed in which a malfunction of the aircraft was simulated: an Indicated Air Speed discrepancy. The malfunction was introduced during flight and slowly progressed over time while researchers monitored if and how pilots detected the discrepancy. Pilot behaviour was studied during the scenario; i.e. pilots’ Situational Awareness was assessed via eye trackers and rating scales.
Implementation Issues For Uav Camera View Transition Display Aid, Nicholas Wright, Heath Ruff, Brian Mullins, Antonio Ayala, Gloria Calhoun, Mark Draper
Implementation Issues For Uav Camera View Transition Display Aid, Nicholas Wright, Heath Ruff, Brian Mullins, Antonio Ayala, Gloria Calhoun, Mark Draper
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
An operator supervising multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will be required to switch attention between UAVs, each potentially involving different scenario environments and task requirements. A transition aid is now under evaluation that employs synthetic vision technology to enhance an operator’s situation awareness when switching between UAVs. Instead of discretely switching from the camera view of one UAV to the camera view of another, the algorithms driving the transition automatically provide a display format that uses a “fly out, fly in” metaphor over several seconds to transition between the two camera views. This paper will describe the many parameters that …
A Pc Based Methodology For Crm – Corporate Resource Management Practice Training, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Selma Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro, Luiz Landau, Cunha Gerson
A Pc Based Methodology For Crm – Corporate Resource Management Practice Training, Lisia Maria Espinola Da Silva Pacheco Cabral, Selma Selma Leal De Oliveira Ribeiro, Luiz Landau, Cunha Gerson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009
On 2003, the National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC – Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil) elaborated the Civil Aviation Instruction (IAC - Instrução de Aviação Civil) 060-1002A, reviewed on 2005, about the CRM Training, based on the AC – Advisor Circular 120-51 A-E of FAA - Federal Aviation Administration, aiming at giving a standard direction about the subject for civil aviation organizations. The purpose of the study is to use a PC Based Methodology for the CRM Training / 2nd. Phase - Recurrent Practice and Feedback, in a low cost artificial environment differently from the LOFT – Line Oriented Flight Training, …