Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Articles 811 - 840 of 1047

Full-Text Articles in Other Psychiatry and Psychology

Aviation Weather Encounter Study: Some Preliminary Findings, David Hunter, Monica Martinussen, Mark Wiggins, David O'Hare Jan 2007

Aviation Weather Encounter Study: Some Preliminary Findings, David Hunter, Monica Martinussen, Mark Wiggins, David O'Hare

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the circumstances associated with encounters with adverse weather by general aviation pilots. Self-report data were analyzed for 224 pilots who completed an internet-based questionnaire, and who reported their principal residence as North America. Three groups were identified on the basis of their weather encounters: No-Weather, Near-Weather, and In-Weather. The data provide a description of the demographic characteristics of the pilots, along with details of the events and conditions that existed prior to and immediately following their in-flight weather encounters. Analyses were also conducted comparing the demographic and other characteristics of the three …


Generating Procedures And Recovery Sequences: A Formal Approach, Michael Heymann, Asaf Degani, Immanuel Barshi Jan 2007

Generating Procedures And Recovery Sequences: A Formal Approach, Michael Heymann, Asaf Degani, Immanuel Barshi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This paper presents a formal approach for the analysis and development of effective, safe, and efficient procedures for abnormal and emergency situations. The focus is on methods for describing the behavior of the underlying machine, specification of desirable and unsafe regions of operation, and an algorithmic approach for computation of optimal action sequences. We discuss current gaps in procedure development and conclude with some of the challenges that lie ahead.


An Analysis Of Atc Communication-Line Occupancy From Real-Time Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Tetsushi Yamamoto Jan 2007

An Analysis Of Atc Communication-Line Occupancy From Real-Time Simulation, Kota Kageyama, Tetsushi Yamamoto

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

ATC (Air Traffic Control) communication between air traffic controllers and flight-crews is the most essential task in the ATC operations. This paper describes results from an analysis of the ATC communication in two (2) series of real-time (human-in-the-loop) simulation experiments. We analyzed communication-line occupancy rate in a modeled sector of Japanese en-route airspace. In the analysis, we focused on phraseology in the communication. We standardized air traffic controllers’ phraseology as well as flight-crews’ one, because individual difference of phraseology had an effect on time amount for the communication. Then, the line occupancy rate was computed on the standardized phraseology. Communication …


Optimizing Efb Use Through Training, Standards, And Best Practices, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D, Thomas L. Seamster Jan 2007

Optimizing Efb Use Through Training, Standards, And Best Practices, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D, Thomas L. Seamster

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) provides an integrated information management system that promises new capabilities and benefits to pilots, but information access and display differs substantially from traditional paper documents. Pilots must understand what information is available and where it is located, how data is accessed and entered, and how this system interacts with other aircraft systems. Operators must develop standards, best practices and training that will optimize the EFB capabilities and ensure safe and effective crew performance. This paper presents how key training and procedural enhancements as well as the identification of best practices can be identified during the …


Task Analysis For Team Of Air Traffic Controllers In Enroute Atc, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, Hisae Aoyama, Kazuo Furta Jan 2007

Task Analysis For Team Of Air Traffic Controllers In Enroute Atc, Satoru Inoue, Taro Kanno, Hisae Aoyama, Kazuo Furta

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The tasks involved in Air Traffic Control (ATC) make heavy demands on the information processing capacities of air traffic controllers. In particular, human factors problems that lead to both major and minor incidents are considered to be a serious problem for ATC in Air Traffic safety. In this research, we examined the functional problems in an ATC system from the human factors aspects, and concluded that solution of this problem needs some kinds of measures. This research focuses on analysis of the air traffic controller's tasks for en-route ATC and modeling controller's cognitive process.


Aviation Technologies And Human Error: A Research Literature Database And Analysis, Christopher M. Johnson, Esa M. Rantanen, Stuart L. Moment Jan 2007

Aviation Technologies And Human Error: A Research Literature Database And Analysis, Christopher M. Johnson, Esa M. Rantanen, Stuart L. Moment

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Technological interventions are commonly introduced in aviation to prevent or mitigate human errors. Such interventions, however, may also create new opportunities for error and even result in new error types. To examine the relationship between human errors and technological ‘fixes’, a research literature database was created that links them together within a three-dimensional matrix, with axes for the human operator, the task, and the environment. Each of these axes, as well as the errors and technologies included in the database, are furthermore organized according to specific taxonomies. To allow for universal access to the database as well as to facilitate …


Cooperative Perception In Multisensor Environment: The Case Of The Tigre Helicopter, Dr Sylvain Hourlier, Pr Corinne Roumes Jan 2007

Cooperative Perception In Multisensor Environment: The Case Of The Tigre Helicopter, Dr Sylvain Hourlier, Pr Corinne Roumes

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

How do Tigre pilots build a coherent situation awareness (SA) of the night world through their multiple sensors (IR and I2)? These bring numerous opportunities for pilots to misunderstand each other because of field of view (FOV), wavelength spectrum and point of view differences. After a brief review of the literature on how operators build an SA of the world, we present the field project developed to analyze the impact of sensor commonality and diversity. Realistic situations are recorded to witness how Tigre pilots "create" a mental model of the situation and develop a collaborative strategy. Crew co-construction of sense …


Anticipatory Processes In Critical Flight Situations, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Karin Tropper Jan 2007

Anticipatory Processes In Critical Flight Situations, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Karin Tropper

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The model of anticipatory behavior control of Hoffmann (2003) is a current concept to describe the central role of anticipatory processes. It extends and changes the focus of the situation awareness concept to describe spatial disorientation. Two simulator studies have been conducted including the exercise black hole approach – a difficult landing procedure at night – with different samples of pilots. Pilots were grouped according to their flight performance in this profile (crash, problems, landing). Results of the heart rate show a significant interaction between the recording sections within the approach and the performance group. Already some miles before the …


A Worldwide Review Of Selection For Air Traffic Control Personnel, Raymond E. King, Carol A. Manning, David J. Schroeder, Thomas R. Carretta, Hermann Rathje, Ronald Myhr Jan 2007

A Worldwide Review Of Selection For Air Traffic Control Personnel, Raymond E. King, Carol A. Manning, David J. Schroeder, Thomas R. Carretta, Hermann Rathje, Ronald Myhr

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Air traffic control is a highly technical occupation that requires emotional stability, considerable aptitude, and lengthy training. Identifying those individuals with the greatest potential to capitalize on training is a major interest of air traffic organizations around the world, particularly when considering limited resources. This paper compares and contrasts several selection systems, to include their development, continuing validation, and in one case, demise. In the erstwhile, two-stage US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) selection process, applicants completed the written Office of Personnel Management (OPM) test battery and a nine-week screening program at the FAA Academy in Oklahoma City, OK. The eventual …


How General Aviation Pilots Use Weather Information Providers And Products, William R. Knecht Jan 2007

How General Aviation Pilots Use Weather Information Providers And Products, William R. Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Data obtained from 221 general aviation (GA) pilots were examined to determine usage patterns for weather information. Weather products, providers, and en-route information sources were ranked according to relative use and rated by perceived information value, frequency of use, and time invested per usage. The measures were highly correlated. Conclusion #1: A small fraction of pilots show sparse use patterns, and these may be at risk for flying with inadequate preparation. Conclusion #2: There seems to be a strong tendency for many pilots to prefer relatively simple forms of information (e.g. METARS). This may present a problem, given the often-complex …


Ethical And Cultural Factors Relating To The Behavior And Reactions Of Pilots In The Time Of Battle, Dr. Joanne K. Lekea Jan 2007

Ethical And Cultural Factors Relating To The Behavior And Reactions Of Pilots In The Time Of Battle, Dr. Joanne K. Lekea

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Pilots’ performance depends on a multitude of factors. Components like the physical strength of the pilot, his psychology, any special flight conditions are important1, but not the only ones. We, also, need to look at the social and cultural factors which are specific to an individual pilot and relate to every nation’s customs and traditions, whether religious or of a social nature. These components come into play when orders related to war operations have to be executed. This is the case as, beyond the psychology unique to military officers or soldiers in the battlefield, they act according to their beliefs, …


Modelling The Human Air Traffic Controller, Part 1: Expert-Trainee Differences In Conflict Detection, Shayne Loft, Scott Bolland, Michael S. Humphreys, Andrew Neal Jan 2007

Modelling The Human Air Traffic Controller, Part 1: Expert-Trainee Differences In Conflict Detection, Shayne Loft, Scott Bolland, Michael S. Humphreys, Andrew Neal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The provision of air traffic management services is highly dependent on the ability of controllers to ascertain whether or not aircraft will lose separation (known as conflict detection). Due to flight environmental factors there is an inherent uncertainty involved in predicting aircraft trajectory. A model of conflict detection is presented that assumes that controllers predict aircraft progress between a minimum and maximum speed and climb/descent rate, depending on error bounds placed on nominal values. An initial study is reported to calibrate this model. Controllers indicated whether they would intervene to assure separation between pairs of converging aircraft at cruising altitude. …


Effectiveness Of Weather Coding Schemes On Air Traffic Displays, Chen Ling, Yifei Dong, Desmond Harvey, Paul Brantmeier, Fabio Rojas Jan 2007

Effectiveness Of Weather Coding Schemes On Air Traffic Displays, Chen Ling, Yifei Dong, Desmond Harvey, Paul Brantmeier, Fabio Rojas

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Air traffic controllers need to reliably and quickly get weather information for aircraft safety. They typically use visual displays to acquire weather information. Current air traffic control displays use different schemes to encode weather information. The objective of this study was to explore the effectiveness of several coding schemes for precipitation levels. We studied three coding schemes that were adapted from the weather displays employed in the Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS) Color Display (ACD), the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS), and the Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS). We developed a computer simulation interface that displayed weather maps overlapping …


Organizational And Inter-Organizational Factors Affecting Aircraft Maintenance Safety In China: A Preliminary Study, Yongjuan Li, Erping Wang, Feng Li, Guangtao Yu Jan 2007

Organizational And Inter-Organizational Factors Affecting Aircraft Maintenance Safety In China: A Preliminary Study, Yongjuan Li, Erping Wang, Feng Li, Guangtao Yu

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The main aim of this research was to explore the organizational and inter-organizational factors affecting aircraft maintenance safety. Specifically it is intended: (a) to probe the categories of organizational factors which effect maintenance safety through the study of an aircraft maintenance organization; and (b) to explore the interface between pilots and maintenance technicians, which is referred to as the information interface due to the exchange of the information between both parties for the safety of flight. The study consisted of 17 interviewees from one aircraft maintenance organization in China, who participated in structured one-on-one interviews. The data were coded using …


Research Portfolio For The Next Generation Air Transportation System, Paul Krois, Tom Mccloy, Dino Piccione Jan 2007

Research Portfolio For The Next Generation Air Transportation System, Paul Krois, Tom Mccloy, Dino Piccione

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) poses changes in roles and responsibilities between pilots and air traffic control (ATC) specialists as the allocation of function increasingly orients automation, technology, and procedures toward airborne separation assurance. The discipline of human factors is in a critical position to mature research concepts and prototypes, and transition those capabilities to the flight deck and in ATC. A research portfolio is required that aligns NextGen objectives with research goals, programs, and projects to resolve human performance issues, ensure human-system integration, and achieve targeted outcomes.


Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Into The National Airspace System, Beth Lyall, Greg Harron, Audrey Acuña, Kimberly Eis, David Johnson Jan 2007

Integrating Unmanned Aircraft Systems Into The National Airspace System, Beth Lyall, Greg Harron, Audrey Acuña, Kimberly Eis, David Johnson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Currently there is a lot of interest in integrating unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) into the national airspace system (NAS). Well-established processes are currently in place to certify all aspects of the design, operation, training, and maintenance of the aircraft now in the NAS. The FAA is drawing on these experiences and processes to develop certification criteria for UASs as there are requests for them to enter the NAS. It is important to identify the differences between manned aircraft and unmanned aircraft systems and how those differences will impact operations in the NAS. As these differences are addressed, all users that …


Effective Computer Based Training In Aviation: An Evaluation Of The Nasa In-Flight Icing Program, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi Jan 2007

Effective Computer Based Training In Aviation: An Evaluation Of The Nasa In-Flight Icing Program, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Effective aviation training must provide pilots with the knowledge and skills they need to make appropriate operational decisions and to implement those decisions. Pilots must not only learn information, they must be able to retrieve that information and apply it effectively in the operational environment. In this paper, we report an evaluation of a computer-based training (CBT) program designed to impart factual knowledge and to enhance pilots’ abilities to make appropriate operational decisions regarding in-flight icing. To accomplish these goals, the educational design of the CBT relied heavily on current work in cognitive science on learning and decision-making. To evaluate …


What Is A Cognitive System?, Gavan Lintern Jan 2007

What Is A Cognitive System?, Gavan Lintern

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The theme for this year’s symposium, The Airspace as a Cognitive System, stimulates the questions; what is a Cognitive System and in what sense can we characterize the airspace as a cognitive system? I discuss these questions by reviewing ideas promoted in discussions of distributed cognition. I also contrast the concept of distributed with the similar concepts of shared and joint as the are discussed in the literature on cognitive systems, team training and situation awareness. I conclude that the notions of distributed cognition and joint cognitive systems offer considerable leverage for addressing the anticipated design challenges in airspace systems …


A Comparison Of Risk Evaluation In Emergency Medical Services Helicopter Operation Regulations, Joseph P. Mclaine, Terry L. Von Thaden Jan 2007

A Comparison Of Risk Evaluation In Emergency Medical Services Helicopter Operation Regulations, Joseph P. Mclaine, Terry L. Von Thaden

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This study represents a comparison of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) operations, between US Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), and European Joint Aviation Regulations Operations Specifications. Presently, US regulations allow HEMS operators to conduct work under FAR Part 135, Commercial Aviation Operations, or under FAR Part 91, General Aviation Operations. This allows HEMS operators to accept a greater level of risk by substituting lower minimum procedural standards under FAR Part 91 than under FAR Part 135, and may be partly culpable for a higher rate of fatal crashes in HEMS operations conducted under FAR Part 91. In stark contrast, explicit criteria …


An Overview Of The Tanker Airlift Control Center, Laura G. Militello, Patrick J. Vincent, Jesse A. Gaydon, Stephanie D. Swindler Jan 2007

An Overview Of The Tanker Airlift Control Center, Laura G. Militello, Patrick J. Vincent, Jesse A. Gaydon, Stephanie D. Swindler

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The Tanker Airlift Control Center (TACC) plans, schedules, and tracks tanker, airlift, and aeromedical evacuation aircraft worldwide. This paper presents an overview of the TACC, presenting a snapshot of a constantly evolving, dynamic organization. Based on information gathered via interviews and observations conducted intermittently over a 12-month period, we present key characteristics of the TACC, TACC personnel, the organizational structure, and primary external collaborators.


Myths Of ‘Naturalistic’ Decision Making In Aviation, Kathleen L. Mosier Jan 2007

Myths Of ‘Naturalistic’ Decision Making In Aviation, Kathleen L. Mosier

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The increasing availability of sophisticated technological decision aids has altered the character of many ‘naturalistic’ decision-making environments. The aviation domain, once primarily ‘naturalistic,’ has evolved into a complex hybrid ecological system, combining probabilistic cues with highly accurate data and information. Despite these changes, many myths regarding the nature of the aviation environment and appropriate decision processes persist in aviation research, including the notions that expert intuitive judgment processes are sufficient in these environments, that analysis has no place in expert decision-making in dynamic environments, and that “intuitive” displays can eliminate the need for analysis. While completely naturalistic environments are conducive …


Effectiveness Of Ground-Based Direct Pilot Warnings In Mitigating Runway Safety- Critical Human Errors, Peter M. Moertl, Kathleen A. Mcgarry Jan 2007

Effectiveness Of Ground-Based Direct Pilot Warnings In Mitigating Runway Safety- Critical Human Errors, Peter M. Moertl, Kathleen A. Mcgarry

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Three simulation studies were performed to determine opportunities and limitations of ground-based direct pilot warnings to increase runway safety. Sixty pilots participated in these studies and operated a flight simulator under active and passive warning. Passive warnings facilitated crew awareness about their current location on the airport. Active warnings provided time critical information about runway status and other traffic to facilitate safety mitigation behavior by pilots. Participants completed simulation scenarios with opportunities for safety incidents that could be avoided if pilots achieved complete situation awareness. Warning effectiveness was measured by comparing numbers of encountered safety incidents between baseline and warning …


Using Multi-Level Analysis To Model The Sources Of Variability In Workload Within And Between Sectors, Andrew Neal, Martijn Mooij, Scott Bolland, Tania Xiao, Peter Lindsay Jan 2007

Using Multi-Level Analysis To Model The Sources Of Variability In Workload Within And Between Sectors, Andrew Neal, Martijn Mooij, Scott Bolland, Tania Xiao, Peter Lindsay

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Air-traffic control workload data was collected from 20 enroute radar sectors in northern Australia. Multi-level analyses were used to model the effects of traffic variables and airspace variables. The effect of aircraft count varied significantly between sectors. Aircraft count had a stronger effect on workload in sectors that typically have a larger proportion of aircraft on descent, and aircraft that are more closely spaced. Implications for the development of predictive workload metrics are discussed.


Addressing Cognitive Learning Styles In Job Performance Aids, Kristie J. Nemeth, Laurie L. Quill, Justin Adams Jan 2007

Addressing Cognitive Learning Styles In Job Performance Aids, Kristie J. Nemeth, Laurie L. Quill, Justin Adams

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Within the dynamic environment of active flightline maintenance, training is important to successful mission accomplishment. This paper will discuss the development and evaluation of a Job-Aiding and Training Tool (JATT) designed to enhance flightline learning by providing for a variety of learning preferences.


Procedural Control In Atc Selection Tests To Predict Situational Awareness, Esther Oprins, Esther Geven, Emiel Veldhuijzen, Robert A. Roe Jan 2007

Procedural Control In Atc Selection Tests To Predict Situational Awareness, Esther Oprins, Esther Geven, Emiel Veldhuijzen, Robert A. Roe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

At LVNL we have developed a new selection system, called DATCOSS, which should contribute to a higher output of qualified controllers from training. Two job sample tests are part of this selection system, specifically designed to measure the candidate’s potential for Situational Awareness by using simplified procedural control tasks. Grading takes half a day while AAPRO is a selective training module of five weeks. We examined the psychometric quality of both tests and the predictive validity of Grading for AAPRO. We may conclude that SA is sufficiently measured in the two job samples and that Grading results are rather predictive …


The Use Of Physiological And Subjective Measurements On The Evaluation Of Cockpit Workload: A Comparison Between Simulated And Real Flight, Carlos Gomes De Oliveira Jan 2007

The Use Of Physiological And Subjective Measurements On The Evaluation Of Cockpit Workload: A Comparison Between Simulated And Real Flight, Carlos Gomes De Oliveira

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The interest in determining pilot’s workload has increased, mainly when considering the human factors certification issues of new aircraft, where the high insertion of automation devices has been proposed to increase the mental workload (MW). The use of subjective and physiological measurements for pilot workload evaluation has been previously investigated in a simulator, and further tested during real flights, but no comparison has been performed between the results of such different situations. This study compared the data of subjective and physiological measurements obtained on the evaluation of MW in simulators, with those measured during real flights. Seven pilots performed six …


Learn To Fly: Instructor And Student Communications In Instrument Flight Instruction, Adnan Okdeh, Gary Bradshaw Ph.D., Randy Brou Ph.D., Stephanie M. Doane Ph.D. Jan 2007

Learn To Fly: Instructor And Student Communications In Instrument Flight Instruction, Adnan Okdeh, Gary Bradshaw Ph.D., Randy Brou Ph.D., Stephanie M. Doane Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

It is proposed that one-on-one human tutoring is the best way to learn. Several models of tutoring have been developed to tutor students in subjects such as LISP, Literacy, and Algebra. In this study we investigate how a keytutoring model generalizes to tutoring 5 student pilots performing instrument flight in a simulator and in an airplane.


Designing, Evaluating, And Training Flight Decks Of The Future, L. Ricardo Prada, Dr. Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Dr. Victor Riley, Carl F. Smith Jan 2007

Designing, Evaluating, And Training Flight Decks Of The Future, L. Ricardo Prada, Dr. Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Dr. Victor Riley, Carl F. Smith

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Research into pilot cognition has shown that existing flight deck interfaces can hamper optimal performance on a number of important tasks. The goal of this panel is to describe recent efforts to understand how future flight decks might be designed, and how redesigns affect pilot training and performance. Examples and new experimental results will be provided from ongoing research and development efforts.


Comparison Of Three Subjective Workload Metrics For A Free Flight Enviroment, Jessica G. O'Connell, Shawn M. Doherty, Ian A. Wilson Jan 2007

Comparison Of Three Subjective Workload Metrics For A Free Flight Enviroment, Jessica G. O'Connell, Shawn M. Doherty, Ian A. Wilson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

One recent change being debated in the aviation community is to implement techniques, similar to free-flight which would allow pilots rather than air traffic controllers to retain more control of their flight paths, speeds, and separate themselves from other flights. By implementing ‘self-separation’, one of the positions most significantly affected is that of the air traffic controller due to changes in their job tasking in a ‘free flight’ environment. As the safe capacity of the National Airspace System is limited by the controller workload, it is essential to measure the workload changes accurately and in a way that can be …


Human Factors Issues In Uas Training, Harry K. Pedersen, Laurence Gesell, Weston Pack, Nancy J. Cooke, James Hartman, Matthew Skinner Jan 2007

Human Factors Issues In Uas Training, Harry K. Pedersen, Laurence Gesell, Weston Pack, Nancy J. Cooke, James Hartman, Matthew Skinner

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

There is currently a surge in the utilization of Uninhabited Aerial Systems (UAS). Although the importance of the human in the system is often ignored with a focus upon the physical airframe, there are nevertheless numerous human factors issues that must be considered one of which is the training of operators. This paper will describe the inventory and assessment of existing U.S. military and civilian UAS operator training activities and programs conducted by the Arizona State University group of the UAV Alliance, Research, and Curriculum Development Partnership Program. The paper will then discuss various avenues of future research pertinent to …