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2009

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Articles 181 - 210 of 271

Full-Text Articles in Psychiatry and Psychology

Example Of Work Domain Analysis Applied To Total Energy Control System, Matthijs Amelink, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder Jan 2009

Example Of Work Domain Analysis Applied To Total Energy Control System, Matthijs Amelink, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Automation is often accused of adding to the complexity of a system and unnecessarily increasing operator’s workload, and the potential for human error. An approach is needed that guides designers to make the right design choices. Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) is a promising approach. However, this field is still young and tangible examples of automation design with an explicit CSE approach do not exist. This paper describes how the design of Total Energy Control System (TECS) that was founded in the late 1970’s can be regarded as an example avant la letter. TECS is an automated flight control system designed …

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Are We Getting The Message Across? Human Factors And System Safety Education – What Impact Has It Had?, Sue Burdekin Jan 2009

Are We Getting The Message Across? Human Factors And System Safety Education – What Impact Has It Had?, Sue Burdekin

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Education in human factors and systems safety has been incorporated into aviation degree programs at university level for many years. However, there has been little research to measure empirically the impact that this education has had on safety outcomes in the field when the students have completed their degrees. A study is presently being conducted involving graduates from the University of NSW at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Australia who had obtained the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Aviation. Following their graduation, these students had been posted to various flying squadrons within the Australian Defence Force in an …

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Conceptualizing Spatial Relations In Flight Training, Edwin Hutchins, Will Newsome, Christina Middleton Jan 2009

Conceptualizing Spatial Relations In Flight Training, Edwin Hutchins, Will Newsome, Christina Middleton

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

In the aviation human factors literature, situation awareness (SA) is usually described as arising from disembodied mental processes. Action has virtually no role in current theories of SA. This disembodied view is out of step with contemporary theories that take cognitive processes to be distributed, situated, and above all, embodied. This shift in theory suggests that SA ought to be an embodied phenomenon, and given the highly spatial nature of SA, it would be quite surprising to discover that the body did not play a key role in the construction, elaboration, and maintenance of SA. In this paper we examine …

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Team Errors In Air Traffic Control: Analysis Based On Voluntary Reports, Renli Lu, Yan Zhou, Mu Zhou Jan 2009

Team Errors In Air Traffic Control: Analysis Based On Voluntary Reports, Renli Lu, Yan Zhou, Mu Zhou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

By using the framework of team errors taxonomy(Sasou & Reason, 1999）and Threat and Error Management (TEM), operation errors reported in the ATC voluntary safety report system are analysed. Team errors have been proved in this research as a main risk source of ATC, a sophisticated social-technical system. Team errors contributing to 31% of the total reporting ATC errors. According to the results of sample statistics and analysis of typical cases of team errors, the main types and distributions of ATC team errors have been identified, as well as the framework and importance of sequencing of the team PSFs （Performance Shaping …

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A Compatibility Analysis Of Attitude Display Formats, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor Jan 2009

A Compatibility Analysis Of Attitude Display Formats, Motonori Yamaguchi, Robert W. Proctor

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The present research investigated factors that contribute to the compatibility of attitude display formats with actions taken to control an aircraft. In three experiments, participants performed a speeded response task in which they responded by banking an aircraft according to a nonspatial aspect of lateralized stimuli. The format of attitude display was horizon-moving or aircraftmoving, and each participant used normal and reversed controls. These manipulations dissociated influences of three response factors (aircraft, display, hand) on the stimulus-response compatibility, or Simon, effect. The influences of the three factors on the Simon effect were nearly additive, and their contributions depended on the …

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Manual And Cooperative Control Mission Management Methods For Wide Area Search Munitions, Thomas R. Carretta, Lamar Warfield, Michael J. Patzek Jan 2009

Manual And Cooperative Control Mission Management Methods For Wide Area Search Munitions, Thomas R. Carretta, Lamar Warfield, Michael J. Patzek

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Wide Area Search Munitions (WASM) combine the attributes of unmanned aerial vehicles with those of traditional munitions. The WASM concept envisions artificially intelligent munitions that communicate and coordinate with one another and with human operators to effectively perform their tasks. This study examined target acquisition for unaided operators with that of an automated cooperative controller for a complex task involving the prosecution of groundbased targets. Participants completed nine trials for each control mode (manual and cooperative) by number of WASMs (4, 8, and 16) combination. Target hit rate was not affected by control mode or number of WASMs. However, target …

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Robot Operator Specifications Derived From The Occupational Information Network, Michael D. Coovert, Linda R. Elliott Jan 2009

Robot Operator Specifications Derived From The Occupational Information Network, Michael D. Coovert, Linda R. Elliott

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The use of robots in aviation is widespread, for use as targets, decoys, remote sensing, reconnaissance, and increasingly for combat missions. Robots come in all forms and capabilities, from handheld micro air vehicles to hypersonic versions capable of high altitude long distance missions. At the same time, ground-based robots have proven effective for both military and civilian applications such as manufacturing and remote sensing / manipulations. Certainly, Talon and Packbot robots have proven their worth in battle conditions. Just as there is great variance in the type of robot being developed and utilized, so too is there tremendous variation operator …

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Vigilant Spirit Control Station: A Research Testbed For Multi-Uas Supervisory Control Interfaces, Allen J. Rowe, Kristen K. Liggett Ph.D., Jason E. Davis Jan 2009

Vigilant Spirit Control Station: A Research Testbed For Multi-Uas Supervisory Control Interfaces, Allen J. Rowe, Kristen K. Liggett Ph.D., Jason E. Davis

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Since its inception, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has adapted to military life and has subsequently become an integral part of modern day warfare. Although unmanned, this technology remains dependent on human interaction for optimal function. Bridging the gap between rapidly advancing technology and the human, the Vigilant Spirit Control Station (VSCS) serves as a multi-faceted facilitator in areas ranging from research to combat missions. The result, consequentially, is an increase in the efficiency of the program by enabling a single operator to supervise multiple vehicles. Streamlining technology is tantamount to the program’s success. Developed with this in mind, VSCS …

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Fractal Time Series Analysis Of Human Heartbeat Intervals In A Change Blindness Task, Sheldon M. Russell, Gregory J. Funke, Camilla C. Knott, Benjamin A. Knott Jan 2009

Fractal Time Series Analysis Of Human Heartbeat Intervals In A Change Blindness Task, Sheldon M. Russell, Gregory J. Funke, Camilla C. Knott, Benjamin A. Knott

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Fractal analysis is a set of techniques used in the study of complex systems to understand patterns of variability that are often observed in non-linear and natural systems. These techniques have been successfully applied to the study of human physiology, such as gait, heart rate variability, and respiration (West, 2004). Understanding variability in physiological measures may provide insight into human performance, individual workload, and stress. As an exploration of the possible contributions of fractal analysis to human performance, heart rate data from an existing research study was re-analyzed using methods common in fractal analysis of time series data. Results indicate …

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Predicting The Unpredictable: Estimating Human Performance Parameters For Off-Nominal Events, Becky L. Hooey, Christopher D. Wickens, Ellen Salud, Angelia Sebok, Shaun Hutchins, Brian F. Gore Jan 2009

Predicting The Unpredictable: Estimating Human Performance Parameters For Off-Nominal Events, Becky L. Hooey, Christopher D. Wickens, Ellen Salud, Angelia Sebok, Shaun Hutchins, Brian F. Gore

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A parameter meta-analysis was conducted to characterize human responses to off-nominal events. The probability of detecting an off-nominal event was influenced by characteristics of the offnominal event scenario (phase of flight, expectancy, and event location) and the presence of advanced cockpit technologies (head-up displays, highway-in-the-sky displays, datalink, and graphical route displays). The results revealed that the presence of these advanced technologies hindered event detection reflecting cognitive tunneling and pilot complacency effects.

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Conflict Alerts And False Alerts In En-Route Air Traffic Control: An Empirical Study Of Causes And Consequences, Christopher D. Wickens, Stephen Rice, David Keller, Jamie Hughes, Shaun Hutchins Jan 2009

Conflict Alerts And False Alerts In En-Route Air Traffic Control: An Empirical Study Of Causes And Consequences, Christopher D. Wickens, Stephen Rice, David Keller, Jamie Hughes, Shaun Hutchins

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

We analyzed the extent to which a high false alert rate of the conflict alerting (CA) system in five ATC facilities was the cause of a “cry-wolf” effect, whereby true alerts of a pending loss of separation were associated with either controller failure to respond or a delayed response. Radar track data surrounding 497 CA’s were examined and from these we extracted information as to whether the alert was true or false, whether a trajectory change was (response) or was not (non-response) evident, whether a loss of separation occurred, and the controller response time to the CA. Results revealed an …

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Assisting Air Traffic Control In Planning And Monitoring Continuous Descent Approach Procedures, A. Van Der Eijk, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, A. C. In ‘T Veld Jan 2009

Assisting Air Traffic Control In Planning And Monitoring Continuous Descent Approach Procedures, A. Van Der Eijk, M. Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, A. C. In ‘T Veld

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

In advanced noise abatement procedures, the approach of an aircraft is optimized to reduce the noise on the ground. A drawback of many noise abatement procedures is that air traffic controllers are forced to increase spacing, leading to a significant reduction of runway capacity. A display, named the Time-Space Diagram, has been developed to assist controllers in metering, sequencing and merging aircraft flying noise abatement procedures such as the Continuous Descent Approach. Although initial tests were promising, it was recommended that the information could be enhanced by supporting common controller spacing techniques. The improved display was tested in an experiment, …

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Usage Data From Users Of Two Synthetic Vision Systems, Dennis B. Beringer Jan 2009

Usage Data From Users Of Two Synthetic Vision Systems, Dennis B. Beringer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Although much research has been conducted regarding display design and formatting criteria for terrain-depicting or synthetic-vision displays, little data have been collected concerning how General Aviation pilots use fielded displays. Structured interviews were conducted with a small sample (10; 33% response rate) of users of two fielded synthetic-vision (SV) displays, one with selectable Highway-In-the-Sky (HITS) guidance and one without. Questions were asked concerning pilots’ experience (both general and specific with display systems) and use of the SV systems by phase of flight. Use rates for the first system (with a selectable HITS) were high, with “always used” being reported for …

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Analysis Of Ramp Damage Incidents And Implications For Future Composite Aircraft Structure, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D., Connie L. Brasil Jan 2009

Analysis Of Ramp Damage Incidents And Implications For Future Composite Aircraft Structure, Barbara G. Kanki Ph.D., Connie L. Brasil

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

As aircraft manufacturers use increasing amounts of composite materials in primary aircraft structures, an understanding of how composite damage may occur is crucial. One likely setting for composite damage events is the ramp and gate areas where “ramp rash” is a common occurrence. Costly consequences to airlines and the potential to jeopardize safety are an everyday hazard. In order to better understand how such events unfold in today’s operations, 104 ramp damage reports that were voluntarily submitted to the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) were analyzed. Factors including environmental conditions, aircraft state, aircraft damage locations and types of ramp …

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Testing A Multidimensional Nonveridical Aircraft Collision Avoidance System, Experiments 3, 4, William R. Knecht Jan 2009

Testing A Multidimensional Nonveridical Aircraft Collision Avoidance System, Experiments 3, 4, William R. Knecht

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Veridical displays represent realistic scenes. State spaces are nonveridical displays representing ndimensional information. This research tests an aircraft separation maintenance display based on a nonveridical state space. In two experiments, licensed general aviation pilots flew flight scenarios, trying to deviate as little as possible from a pre-assigned course while still maintaining standard enroute separation from traffic. Flight performance using only a veridical cockpit display of traffic information with conflict alert capability was compared to performance augmented by a 4D nonveridical state space collision avoidance system. Results suggest that nonveridical display enhances operator performance on an aircraft separation maintenance task.

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Stan And The Moon Illusion: Drilling Down At One End Of The Human Systems Integration Elephant, Hector M. Acosta Ph.D. Jan 2009

Stan And The Moon Illusion: Drilling Down At One End Of The Human Systems Integration Elephant, Hector M. Acosta Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Dr. Stanley Nebuchadnezzar Roscoe invested decades researching a mystery born of observations separated by over two millennia. Characteristically, he addressed this peculiar problem set based on its Total System Performance implications, inspiring students and colleagues along the way. It was during his dissertation research that Stan found that pilots attempting landings using periscopic displays needed about 20% magnification to avoid landing long and hot. He did not know “the why” of his observation or its pragmatic solution. To Stan’s great frustration, nothing in the existing literature explained the phenomena. Years later, Stan and his students hit upon a mechanism that …

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The Psychology Of Aviation Surprise: An 8 Year Update Regarding The Noticing Of Black Swans, Christopher D. Wickens Jan 2009

The Psychology Of Aviation Surprise: An 8 Year Update Regarding The Noticing Of Black Swans, Christopher D. Wickens

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

We describe the limitation that people have in noticing very unexpected, surprising “offnominal”, or black swan events, as reflected in the psychology of change blindness; and how this limitation can compromise aviation safety. We then describe a three phase program of research examining pilot response to these black swan events, using (1) a meta-analysis to reveal the miss rate in noticing black swans, (2) a model of visual attention to predict this miss rate, and (3) the same model to make predictions regarding the safety impact of NextGen technology and procedures.

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Single-Engine Firefighting Air Tanker Human Factors, R. Small, C. Wickens, A. Sebok, R. Sargent, M. Bickham, C. Kemper Jan 2009

Single-Engine Firefighting Air Tanker Human Factors, R. Small, C. Wickens, A. Sebok, R. Sargent, M. Bickham, C. Kemper

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2011

This paper describes the unique environment and safety challenges for pilots who fly singleengine air tanker (SEAT) firefighting aircraft, and the highlights from a human factors (HF) analysis of SEAT operations conducted in 2009. The HF analysis used the FAA’s Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) because of its broad examination of HF issues and prior use in aviation. We examined operations, training, and the applicable safety reports, and we interviewed or received anonymous surveys from 71 stakeholders – pilots, supervisors, and managers. The analysis yielded 63 recommendations, many of which were adopted for the 2010 fire season. Despite …

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Pretreatment Client Characteristics And Treatment Retention In An Intensive Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Program, Shauna Elizabeth Fuller Jan 2009

Pretreatment Client Characteristics And Treatment Retention In An Intensive Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Program, Shauna Elizabeth Fuller

Dissertations (1934 -)

The effectiveness and efficacy of substance abuse treatment is well established. At the same time, clients often prematurely drop out of substance abuse treatment, negatively impacting their chances of achieving favorable outcomes. Investigating variables associated with treatment retention has become increasingly important considering one of the most robust findings in substance abuse treatment outcome research is the positive relationship between the amount of time spent in treatment and post-treatment outcomes (e.g., decreased drug/alcohol use, decreased criminal activity, improved social functioning). This study examined the relationship between pre-treatment client characteristics and treatment drop-out among 273 adults who were admitted to intensive …

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The Neuropsychological Functioning Of Men Residing In A Homeless Shelter, Sara Murray Hegerty Jan 2009

The Neuropsychological Functioning Of Men Residing In A Homeless Shelter, Sara Murray Hegerty

Dissertations (1934 -)

The number of homeless individuals in the U.S. has continued to increase, with men comprising the majority of this population. These men are at substantial risk for neuropsychological impairment due to several factors, such as substance misuse, severe mental illness, untreated medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, liver disease, HIV/AIDS), poor nutrition, and the increased likelihood of suffering a traumatic brain injury. Impairments in attention, memory, executive functioning, and other neuropsychological domains can result in poor daily functioning and difficulty engaging in psychological, medical, or educational services. Thus, knowledge of the neuropsychological functioning of homeless men is critical for those who work …

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System Of Care Implementation, Robert M. Friedman, Paul E. Greenbaum, Wei Wang, Krista Kutash, Roger A. Boothroyd Jan 2009

System Of Care Implementation, Robert M. Friedman, Paul E. Greenbaum, Wei Wang, Krista Kutash, Roger A. Boothroyd

Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications

For almost 25 years now, a major policy emphasis in children’s mental health at the federal level and within most states has been the development of community-based systems of care. There have been many meetings and conferences about this, training and technical assistance material has been provided, and written material has been prepared, and a federal grant program, the Children’s Mental Health Initiative (CMHI) has now provided funding to over 100 grantees for the development of such systems of care.

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Evaluation Of An Intervention For Adolescent Girls With Trauma Related Disorders, Meredith Elzy, Sarah Cobb, Norin Dollard, Teresea Van Alstine, Colleen Clark Jan 2009

Evaluation Of An Intervention For Adolescent Girls With Trauma Related Disorders, Meredith Elzy, Sarah Cobb, Norin Dollard, Teresea Van Alstine, Colleen Clark

Mental Health Law & Policy Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

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What’S Fair In Foul Weather And Fair? Distributive Justice Across Different Allocation Contexts And Goods, John T. Scott, Brian H. Bornstein Jan 2009

What’S Fair In Foul Weather And Fair? Distributive Justice Across Different Allocation Contexts And Goods, John T. Scott, Brian H. Bornstein

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The Gulf coast hurricanes of a few years ago vividly highlighted important questions concerning the fair distribution of resources that are of continual concern in the more mundane distributive policies of the modern state. We present an experimental study of allocation decisions across two allocation contexts—nonemergency and emergency (flood) conditions—and with regard to qualitatively different goods—money, prescription medicine, and food. Distributive behavior is likely to vary across context and good depending on how individuals weigh distinct and competing allocation principles—merit, need, and equality here—in different circumstances. We find that allocation behavior is complex but structured, with context and good having …

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The Relationship Between Rrequency Of Physical Activity And Stereotypical Behaviors Among Adolescents With Autism, Justin M. Keyes Jan 2009

The Relationship Between Rrequency Of Physical Activity And Stereotypical Behaviors Among Adolescents With Autism, Justin M. Keyes

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

No abstract provided.

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Modeling Cockpit Interface Usage During Lunar Landing Redesignation, Zarrin K. Chua, Laura M. Major, Karen M. Feigh Jan 2009

Modeling Cockpit Interface Usage During Lunar Landing Redesignation, Zarrin K. Chua, Laura M. Major, Karen M. Feigh

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Fulfilling NASA’s space exploration objectives requires precision landing to reach lunar sites of interest. During the approach and landing stages, a landing point redesignation (LPR) display will provide information to the crew regarding the characteristics of alternate touchdown points. Building on a previous study which examined crew tasks during LPR but did not account for the specialized behavior of experts, this investigation will present a new task sequence model, specific to expert decision-making. This analysis furthers the development of a predictive task execution model, which is used to test the efficacy of alternate information display and operator actuator design concepts. …

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Post-Traumatic Stress In Flight Attendant's Labor, Filipieva Tatiana Phd Jan 2009

Post-Traumatic Stress In Flight Attendant's Labor, Filipieva Tatiana Phd

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Airline crashes, hijackings, turbulence incidents and other emergencies have the potential for inflicting severe emotional trauma in flight attendants involved either directly or indirectly. A critical incident is a part of the extreme professions in aviation. Although the aviation industry attempted to bring help following an air disaster, post-traumatic stress is still one of the most misdiagnosed and ignored illnesses that can beset an individual. In the article, which is based on the results of Russian and American aviation psychologists’ research, we try to answer the questions: How post-traumatic stress affects cabin crew’s work performance and flight attendants’ life? How …

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Adaptation Of Crm Training For The Railway Industry Operational Safety Benefits, Matthew T.S. Tsang, Hans-Juergen Hoermann Jan 2009

Adaptation Of Crm Training For The Railway Industry Operational Safety Benefits, Matthew T.S. Tsang, Hans-Juergen Hoermann

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

In aviation, Crew Resource Management (CRM) was developed to address safety issues derived from accident and incident investigations. As CRM has proven its effectiveness by improving teamwork, communication and staff responses to operational hazards, there have been many attempts to expand this concept into other high-risk sectors such as medical, nuclear, or military. Although some work was also conducted to modify CRM for the railway industry, no such experiences yet existed in China or Hong Kong. Having observed the effectiveness of CRM and Line Oriented Training (LOT) in aviation, this paper documents the introduction and initial evaluation of CRM and …

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Training To Reduce Aviation Maintenance Error: Assessing Maintenance Resource Management Programs In Commercial Aviation, Erin E. Block, Edward J. Sabin, Manoj S. Patankar Jan 2009

Training To Reduce Aviation Maintenance Error: Assessing Maintenance Resource Management Programs In Commercial Aviation, Erin E. Block, Edward J. Sabin, Manoj S. Patankar

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Maintenance resource management (MRM) training is intended to integrate existing technical skills of maintenance employees with interpersonal skills/human factors knowledge to improve communication effectiveness & maintenance safety. The FAA suggests successful MRM training not only teaches error avoidance, but also the adoption of attitudes that support a safety culture. This coincides with FAA encouragement to incorporate systems theory into MRM training to put human factors issues in larger organizational context. Many programs currently use the MRM/TOQ survey to assess the impact of MRM training & its effectiveness in changing safety-related attitudes.

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The Effects Of Success Related Pressure On Information Processing Strategies And Plan Continuation Error, Bourgeon Léonore, Valot Claude, Fauconnet Sophie, Loyau Fanny, Navarro Claude Jan 2009

The Effects Of Success Related Pressure On Information Processing Strategies And Plan Continuation Error, Bourgeon Léonore, Valot Claude, Fauconnet Sophie, Loyau Fanny, Navarro Claude

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

An experiment was conducted to explore whether plan continuation errors could be explained by two types of perseveration behaviours: Perseveration in a wrong Representation do the Situation (PRS) and Perseveration in a risky Plan of Action (PPA). Effects of success-related pressure and flight phase on pilots performance were also examined. Six scenarios were created where expected or unexpected threats had to be managed. Pilots chose between three plans of actions corresponding to PPA, PRS and Flexibility. Results showed that the two types of perseveration could effectively explain plan continuation errors even though PPA characterised cruise phase and PRS was more …

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How Differences In Spatial Ability Influence Inexperienced Users In A Visual Perceptual Aviation Task, Michael T. Curtis, Florian G. Jentsch, Crystal Maraj Jan 2009

How Differences In Spatial Ability Influence Inexperienced Users In A Visual Perceptual Aviation Task, Michael T. Curtis, Florian G. Jentsch, Crystal Maraj

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The approach and landing phase of flight is widely recognized as one of the most difficult phases of flight. More specifically, professionals in aviation training report difficulty in training inexperienced pilots on execution of visual approaches. The current paper focuses on our efforts to develop a perceptual skill trainer using a static image discrimination task. From a perceptual standpoint there are a number of documented visual environmental cues that have been found to impact one’s ability to judge distances. These distracting cues can cause individuals to misjudge distance to landing surfaces, and subsequently result in an unstable or unsafe approach. …

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