Psychiatry and Psychology Commons^™

Air Traffic Control Crew Resource Management: To Find Truth And Facilitate Change, Skip Grieser M.Ed.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The Federal Aviation Administration’s Air Traffic Organization Office of Safety sponsors a comprehensive and ongoing program of Crew Resource Management (CRM), Human Factors in Air Traffic Control (ATC). CRM begins with a oneday workshop for all field ATC personnel, including management, staff, supervisors, and air traffic controllers. Facilitators present principles and methods in teamwork, individual performance, and Threat and Error Management, and participants discuss and record how they can use those principles and methods in their air traffic operations and safety cultures. Participants identify local safety issues and record their own recommendations, which then are compiled from all the workshops …

Coginitve Task Analysis Of Distributed Network-Centric Information For The Promotion Of Shared Situational Awareness Within Collaborative Uas Operations, Jeffery A. Getzlaff, Allen J. Rowe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A hybrid model of cognitive task analysis coupled with activity theory and team cognition was evaluated to determine human-computer interface (HCI) design factors that promote Shared Situational Awareness (SSA) within a collaborative unmanned aerial system (UAS). A computer testbed simulation was created for use with participants in a time-sensitive Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and weapons engagement mission testing scenario. A cognitive analysis was performed which consisted of a Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA), Applied Cognitive Task Analysis (ACTA), time-sensitive activity analysis, and coordinated team cognition. Results from testing indicated that the promotion of situational awareness (SA) was enabled by network-centric …

Simulator Sickness In The Flight School Xxi Th-67 Flight Motion Simulators, Catherine Webb M.S., Julie Bass Ssg, David Johnson Ph.D., Amanda Kelley Ph.D., Christopher Martin M.D., Robert Wildzunas Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Simulator sickness (SS) is a common problem during flight training and can affect both instructor pilots (IPs) and student pilots (SPs). This study was conducted in response to complaints about a new rotary wing flight simulator. To investigate, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) data were collected from 129 SPs and 73 IPs. Analysis of these data helped direct recommendations based on the scientific literature for reducing SS. One year later, a post-test collected SSQ data from 50 SPs and 25 IPs. To test the effectiveness of the recommendations, a 2 (experience) x 2 (time) between-subjects Multivariate Analysis of Variance was used. …

A Network Collaborative Design Construct For The Dissemination Of Aviation Safety Research, Brent D. Bowen, Erin E. Block, Manoj S. Patankar

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The constructs for collaborative network building include common tenets for the establishment of communication channels not only within the network but for constituencies external to the network. These constituencies are beneficiaries of the resulting knowledge which emerges and is disseminated. The Safety Across High-Consequence Industries (SAHI) conference was formed in 2003 for the purpose of bringing together safety leaders from multiple fields within the high consequence industries of healthcare, nuclear power, aviation, and others. Through SAHI four multinational conferences have been convened and resulted in bodies of safety knowledge available through widely distributed proceedings. In the process of generating and …

Risk Assessment In Aviation, Robert Mauro, Immanuel Barshi

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

In aviation, many actions are taken to reduce risk. However, not all risks can be avoided. To effectively manage risk, managers and regulators must evaluate and compare risks associated with different threats. Yet, it is frequently difficult to obtain reasonable assessments of these risks. Traditional approaches often produce unsatisfactory results when the probability of failure is low but the costs of failure are high -- as is often the case in modern civil aviation. Attempts to use a single dimension to evaluate threats often lead to unreliable and contentious assessments. Many risk assessment heuristics and displays can yield misleading and …

Design And Evaluation Of A Cognitively Engineered Systems Monitoring Display, Michael J. Findler, Dr. S. Narayanan, Jeff S. Collier, Dr. William Marshak

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A new format was derived from a Visual Thinking cognitive psychology paradigm and permits easy understanding of multiple system parameters with different directions and unit scaling. This new “Sprocket” format allows rapid cross check, characterizing multiple failure thresholds, and easy detection of out-of-tolerance conditions and a gestalt state awareness. The format was evaluated in a dual task, aviation-oriented experiment.

A Human-Machine Interface For Replanning Of 4d Trajectories, Bart J.A. Van Marwijk, Mark Mulder, Max Mulder, M.M. (René) Van Paassen, Clark Borst

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

To accomplish air traffic growth in a safe and efficient way, future air traffic management concepts require aircraft to accurately plan and execute 4D trajectories. A trajectory planned prior to takeoff, may, however, require in-flight revision. To support the flight crew in their task of accurately replanning a flight plan up to a meter fix, in four dimensions, a dedicated planning interface has been designed. The interface allows direct manipulation of the ground track and the descent profile. Constraints on trajectory planning are mapped onto candidate waypoint locations, highlighting the possibilities for acceptable ground track geometry in the horizontal situation …

Professionalism In Airline Operations?...And Accident Investigation?, Captain Kevin M. Smith, Ronald John Lofaro Phd

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

When we read the findings of NTSB report AAR-07/06, Southwest Airlines flight #1248, we felt transported to a parallel universe whose occupants seem to be lacking any ability to reason analytically. These “findings’ seemed to turn logic on its head, were insufficient in scope and incorrect as to causation. This paper will analyze the SW accident using the ODM model; will show the deficiencies in the NTSB report and finally, a. Indicate how to design line oriented flight training (LOFT) scenarios that reflect actual operating conditions and are aircraft type-specific. b. Show where/how a separate DM crew training module should …

Logistic Regression Analysis Of Operational Errors And Routine Operations, Elaine M. Pfleiderer, Cheryl L. Scroggins, Carol A. Manning

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Two separate logistic regression analyses were conducted for low- and high-altitude sectors to determine whether a set of dynamic sector characteristics variables could reliably discriminate between operational error (OE) and routine operation (RO) traffic samples. Dynamic sector characteristics submitted as predictors were: Average Control Duration, Number of Handoffs, Number of Heading Changes, Number of Intersecting Flight Paths, Number of Point Outs, and Number of Transitioning Aircraft. In the low-altitude sector model, the Number of Intersecting Flight Paths, the Number of Point Outs, and the Number of Handoffs produced a 75% overall classification accuracy. In the high-altitude sector model, the Number …

Constructing Accurate And Precise Timelines For Major Aviation Accident Investigations, Aaron S. Dietz, John J. O'Callaghan, Bruce G. Coury, Joseph M. Kolly

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A clear, precise, and accepted description of what happened in an accident is a necessary first step in understanding why an accident happened. Although timelines are routinely used in accident investigations, constructing an accurate and precise one can be difficult. Large volumes of information must be correlated to a common time base, and the significance of events can change as the investigation develops. This paper describes the development of a timeline application to help overcome the difficulties associated with accident timelines. Development has emphasized interactive capabilities that allow users to manage the content and format how evidence related to the …

A Methodology And Tools For The Prospective Identification Of Nextgen Human Factors Issues, Ken Funk

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The Human-Machine Systems Engineering Methodology (HMSEM) is a systematic method to prospectively identify relevant human fallibilities, potential errors, and general human factors issues in a complex, high-risk system, then develop design recommendations for remediations to counteract the fallibilities, avoid or mitigate the errors, and resolve the issues. HMSEM uses IDEF0 functional modeling, task analysis, human fallibilities analysis, and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, organizing the information for and from the analyses in a workbook. The results of its application to several tasks on the NextGen flight deck suggest that it can be a valuable complement to other means to anticipate …

Determining Job Requirements For The Next Aviator Generation, Hans-Juergen Hoermann, Dirk Schulze-Kissing, Oliver Zierke

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

The aviation industry is envisioning a tremendous growth of air traffic within the next two decades. New technologies and operational concepts will be the key enablers to accommodate the increasing amount of movements in a safe, efficient and environment friendly manner. Current working concepts reach from improved interoperability of national ATM systems, via satellite based navigation, collaborative decision making, and self separation of aircraft up to fully automated air-ground-space systems. It can be expected that the introduction of such concepts will have a significant impact on the working conditions and job requirements of future air traffic controllers and pilots, who …

Runway Incursion Prevention Using An Audio Intervention, Nathan Maertens, Christopher Desalvo, Jessie Chin, J. Michelle Moon

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

From 2004 through 2007 runway incursions (RI), an FAA high priority safety item, have continuously increased (FAA, 2008). The FAA has sought mitigation proposals; here we suggest one such solution. Byrne, Kirlik and their students (2005, 2006, 2007) suggested one possible cause of RIs to be pilots making errors when given counterintuitive taxi instructions (i.e., turns away, as opposed to towards, their ultimate destination). Using this work as a foundation, we identified counterintuitive taxi geometries at Willard Airport (CMI), conducted an experiment with 14 certified flight instructors working at CMI in a simulation of landing and taxiing, and tested potential …

The Role Of Common Methods In Personnel Selection, Thomas R. Carretta

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

Cognitive ability is the most widely researched psychological construct in studies of determinants of occupational performance. Results of meta-analyses of common selection methods in personnel psychology indicate that general mental ability (g) is the best predictor of training and job performance involving core technical proficiency. For training, the predictiveness of g is incremented by measures of personality and specialized job knowledge. For job incumbents, the predictiveness of g is incremented by personality, job knowledge, and work sample performance. In addition to the predictive validity of g, personality, and prior job knowledge, their role in the acquisition of additional job knowledge …

Selection For Aviation Related Careers: Air Traffic Control In The Air Force And The Faa, M. Kathryn Bleckley Ph.D., Jerry Crutchfield Ph.D., Raymond E. King Psy.D., Carol A. Manning Ph.D., Thomas R. Carretta Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

This paper discusses selection research and practice, with a focus on air traffic control specialists (ATCSs). In the USAF and FAA, accurate selection of air traffic control (ATC) trainees is essential because of the cost in time and money to train people for this high-consequence occupation. The FAA continues longitudinal validation research for the Air Traffic Selection and Training (AT-SAT) battery. Additionally, validation of the AT-SAT for placement by option would allow the FAA to develop a process for assessing applicants’ potential to certify at facilities, providing useful information when determining where placement should occur. Frequently, psychiatric conditions are delineated …

How Effective Is Item Bank Testing Of Pilot Training Applicants In Reducing Test Preparation Effects?, Oliver Zierke

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

In the selection of aviation personnel, special test preparation has become an emerging problem. Specific test preparation aims at raising the probability to master a certain test rather than developing the underlying ability. Knowledge tests are particularly susceptible to the problem of test preparation. One strategy to counter this problem is the use of comprehensive item banks for testing in knowledge domains. In 2005 over 770 student pilot applicants participated in an evaluation study of two item bank tests, an English language test and a test of physical knowledge. A conventional test form as well as an item bank test …

Human Factors In The Ground-Support Of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Alan Hobbs Ph.D., Stanley R. Herwitz Ph.D., Glen R. Gallaway M.S.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2009

A growing body of research has been directed at the human factors of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) flight operations, yet up to now, virtually no attention has been given to the human factors of UAS maintenance. The aim of the current research program was to identify the challenges facing the maintainers of small unmanned aircraft systems. Unlike their counterparts in conventional aviation, UAS maintenance technicians are responsible for the functioning of an entire system, comprising airborne and ground-based components. Challenges include absent or poor maintenance documentation, the need to make frequent decisions about salvaging components, difficulties in troubleshooting software problems, …

Educating Clinical Pastoral Education Supervisors: A Grounded Theory Study Of Supervisory Wisdom, Judith R. Ragsdale

Antioch University Dissertations & Theses

Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) is an 80 year old education modality that provides professional education for students of pastoral care. Supervision is central to the CPE process. Pastoral supervisors in the Association for Clinical Pastoral Education (ACPE) have done little writing about their work educating Students in Supervisory Education (SSEs). The purpose of this dissertation is to identify and interview those practitioners in ACPE who have been identified by their peers as excellent in practice, and to cull their wisdom by listening to and categorizing their experience of supervising SSEs. The research question to the supervisors was: What is your …

2009- 2010 Unlv Mcnair Journal, Kathleen Bell, Danetta Bradley, Vacheral M. Carter, Nydia Diaz, Kathryn E. English, Sarah Harrison, Michelle Israel, Christina Macke, Erica Orozco, Pilar Palos, Sandra Ramos, Soraya A. Silverman, Susan Taylor, Sajar Camara, William Mccurdy, Yvonne C. Morris, Maxym V. Myroshnychenko, Ricardo Rios, Monique Sulls, Bremen Vance, Barbara Wallen

McNair Journal

Journal articles based on research conducted by undergraduate students in the McNair Scholars Program

Table of Contents

Biography of Dr. Ronald E. McNair

Statements:

Dr. Neal J. Smatresk, UNLV President

Dr. Juanita P. Fain, Vice President of Student Affairs

Dr. William W. Sullivan, Associate Vice President for Retention and Outreach

Mr. Keith Rogers, Deputy Executive Director of the Center for Academic Enrichment and Outreach

McNair Scholars Institute Staff

Values, Ethnicity, And Ses : The Case Of Latino And Anglo American Women, Claudia Venessa Argueta

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Past research on values has typically employed a quantitative and top-down approach in determining the universality of values across gender, religion and nation categories (Schwartz & Huismans, 1995; Schwartz & Bardi, 2001). However, studies have often failed to identify specific values that are related to particular ethnic and socioeconomic communities within a culturally diverse society (Lee, Whitehead & Balchin, 2000; McCulloguh, Wilson, Teasdale, Kolpakch, & Skelly, 1993). The aim of this study was to use a bottom up, qualitative approach to identify core values among Latino and Anglo women in Southern California. The research was guided by a model for …

Posttraumatic And Parent Stress In Parents Of Infant Heart Transplant Recipients, Jessie Rose Stevens

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Heart transplantation during infancy is a life-threatening event, and when successful, the treatment is a life-long process and the potential for life-threatening consequences never ceases. As a result, parents can be impacted in many ways by this traumatic and demanding experience that begins with the initial diagnosis of their infant and continues into the long-term life course of these children. This life-long process has the potential to cause symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as elevated levels of stress in parents. This study examined parental self-reported post-traumatic stress symptoms and parental stress in parents of children who received a …

Smoking During Pregnancy Affects Speech-Processing Ability In Newborn Infants, Alexandra P.F. Key, Melissa Ferguson, Dennis L. Molfese, Kelley Peach, Victoria J. Molfese

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking during pregnancy is known to adversely affect development of the central nervous system in babies of smoking mothers by restricting utero–placental blood flow and the amount of oxygen available to the fetus. Behavioral data associate maternal smoking with lower verbal scores and poorer performance on specific language/auditory tests.

OBJECTIVES: In the current study we examined the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on newborns’ speech processing ability as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs).

METHOD: High-density ERPs were recorded within 48 hr of birth in healthy newborn infants of smoking (n = 8) and nonsmoking …

Practice Effects On Test-Takers’ Performance And Quality Of Cognitive Domains Should Be Part Of Every Pilot Assessment. Investigation Of The Mechanisms Of Practice Effects Ability Tests In Pilot Selection: A Spatial Ability Test As An Example, Frank Albers, Stefan Hoeft

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

This study deals with the problem of retaking identical or parallel mental ability tests. This can lead to difficulties in the assessment for prestigious jobs like pilot or ab initio pilot candidate positions, where test preparation is common and a large training industry has been established. We investigated practice effects on test-takers’ performance and reliability as well as validity of a spatial ability task. The task was administered ten times, five minutes each, in a sample of 156 ab initio pilot applicants. A performance plateau was reached after the fifth trial, reliability and validity were not affected negatively, they even …

Using Likelihood Alert Technology In Cockpit Displays Of Traffic Information To Support Free Flight, Ernesto A. Bustamante

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

The future of air traffic control imposes two major challenges. On the one hand, the increase in air traffic flow will dramatically augment the already existing high levels of workload for air traffic controllers. As a result, this increase in traffic density may jeopardize flight safety. On the other hand, standard aircraft separation tactics commanded by air traffic controllers are neither optimally efficient nor cost effective. Consequently, this makes it difficult for airlines to maintain an economic advantage. A potential solution to these problems is the introduction of free flight. The main goal of free flight is to reduce the …

Decision Support For Airport Surface Management And Control, Charles E. Billings, Philip J. Smith, Amy Spencer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Continual increases in air traffic have threatened to produce gridlock in parts of the national aviation system (NAS). Efforts to improve NAS efficiency and throughput by incorporating decision support tools (DSTs) and other automation have been difficult because of NAS complexity and unpredictability. We describe some of the more important recent studies of airport surface management and offer suggestions for further improvement.

Learner Centered Debriefing In General Aviation Training: Questions From The Field And Answers From Research, Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Recently, the “Learner Centered Grading” (LCG) debriefing strategy has been introduced to general aviation flight training. LCG includes two parts: learner self assessment and a detailed debrief led by the instructor. The purpose of the self assessment is to stimulate growth in the learner’s thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. Implementing a training strategy in the field, however, is different from laboratory tests. In an effort to see how the learner centered grading debrief was being used in the field, in-depth interviews with 10 certified flight instructors (CFIs) were conducted. Overall, the CFIs reported that the in-depth discussions were an …

Modeling The Human Operator, Part Ii: Emulating Controller Intervention, Scott Bolland, Andrew Neal, Selina Fothergill, Michael Humphreys, Peter Lindsay

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Air traffic control workload prediction algorithms require a trajectory modeler to assess the flow of traffic through the sector. An accurate model of controller intervention is required to predict these trajectories. This paper overviews such a project aimed at emulating important controller actions in the Australian airspace.

Very Light Jets In The National Airspace System, Barbara K. Burian Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Problems that potential very light jet (VLJ) pilots of the future are having in the aircraft they currently fly, as evidenced in incident and accident reports, were analyzed. Significant problems identified include poor crew/single pilot resource management, low currency, inadequate preflight planning, avionics use difficulties, and cognitive performance issues, among others. Implications for training future VLJ pilots are discussed.

An Ecological Approach To Pilot Terrain Awareness, Clark Borst, Max Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Supporting pilot situation awareness is considered essential in safeguarding safety. There is much disagreement, however, regarding a formal definition of situation awareness. On the one hand, the most commonly cited definition, from a cognitive perspective, describes it in terms of human information processing stages involving the three levels of perception, comprehension and projection. On the other hand, an ecological approach exists that focuses on defining the ‘situation’ instead of the ‘awareness’, using Rasmussen’s abstraction hierarchy. This paper investigates the usefulness of the ecological approach in defining pilot terrain awareness. An abstraction hierarchy is defined that captures the characteristics of situations …

Linguistic Factors In The Overall Aviation Safety Framework, S. Bourgeois-Bougrine, V. Normier, R. Mollard, O. Ferrante, Y. Pouliquen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2007

Feedback on occurrences and some safety studies prompted ICAO to recommend new language proficiency requirements. This paper focuses on the type of data that influenced this effort to reduce accidents involving the “language barrier”. It also proposes to better define and record the linguistic factors in databases. A literature review on the main linguistic contributory factors to air-ground miscommunications breaks them down into sub-categories. Subsequently, the paper discusses the “language barrier” as a potential “safety barrier”. It seems essential to better track and record these successful safety barriers (or nets) related to human behaviors. They should be expanded through a …