Other Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons^™

Potency Of (Poly) Acrylic/Carboxymethyl Starch-Chitosan Biohydrogel For Curcumin Oral Delivery Matrix, Eka Ruriani, Djumali Mangunwidjaja, Nur Richana, Titi Candra Sunarti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Biohydrogel has gathered great interest in the pharmaceuticals field. This natural polymers were biodegradable, non-toxic, biocompatible, and its specific ability to response environment change can be considered for the controlled released matric of bioactive compound. In this study, the biohydrogel was synthesized by graft-copolymerization of acrylic acid onto carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and chitosan. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of CMS-chitosan ratio on the biohydrogel characteristic. The acrylic acid was grafted on to the backbone (3:1) using cerric ammonium nitrate as the inisiator.A standarded curcumin was applied to test the binding potency of matrix. A higher …

Evaluation Of Propolis And Milk Administration On Caffein-Induced Mus Musculus Fetus Skeletal, Dwisari Dillasamola, Almahdy A, Novita Purnama Sari, Biomechy Oktomalio Putri, Noverial Noverial, Skunda Diliarosta

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Caffeine consumption by pregnant women at doses above 300 mg/day was suggested to cause skeletal damage. Propolis with high flavonoids concentration could increase the number of osteoblasts. This research aims to evaluate the effect of propolis and milk administration on fetal skeletal of caffeine-induced female mice (Mus musculus). Mice were divided into six groups: negative group, positive group of caffeine (a dose of 75 mg/kg BW), positive group of propolis (a dose of 1400 mg/kg BW), positive group of milk (200 ml), group D1 (caffeine 75 mg/kg BW and propolis 1400 mg/kg BW) and group D2 (caffeine 75 mg/kg BW …

Optimasi Aktivitas Bakteriosin Yang Dihasilkan Oleh Bakteri Lactobacillus Plantarum Dari Minuman Ce Hun Tiau, Rafika Sari, Pratiwi Apridamayanti, Melly Octaviani

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Bacteriocin is a protein compound with a small molecular weight that has an antibacterial activity. Bacteriocin has been widely applied as a natural food preservative, as it effectively prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria in foods and beverages. The aim of this research was to know the activity of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum from Ce hun tiau beverages against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureuswith different pH and temperature treatments. In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria isolated from Ce hun tiau beverages were characterized by Gram staining test. Bacteriocin was extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria which had …

Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi Di Puskesmas Siantan Hilir Kota Pontianak Tahun 2015, Eka Kartika Untari, Alvani Renata Agilina, Ressi Susanti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Hypertension is widely known as cardiovascular disease. In addition to resulting heart failure, hypertension can result in kidney failure and cerebrovascular disease. This study was aimed to determine the percentage of treatment rationality of hypertensive patient treatment outpatient in Puskesmas Siantan Hilir Pontianak 2015 which includes the appropriate indication, appropriate drug, appropriate patient, and appropriate dose based on the guideline JNC 7. This study was cross-sectional study using medical records of outpatient hypertension patients in 2015. The total of sample analyzed in this research were 92 medical records of hypertension patients from 118 medical records. The percentage of using the …

Parameter Fisikokimia Dan Analisis Kadar Allyl Disulfidedalam Ekstrak Etanol 70% Bawang Putih (Allium Sativum L.)Dengan Perbandingan Daerah Tempat Tumbuh Parameter, Rini Prastiwi, Siska Siska, Nila Marlita

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the medicinal plants that has a potential to be developed to become a traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal products and medicinal plants which have good quality are determined by the quality and safety of the extract. One of many factors that can affect the quality is the growing area. This research aimed to compare the value of physicochemical parameters as well as the levels of compounds responsible for pharmacological activity in ethanol 70% extract of garlic obtained from two growing areas, Bogor and Wonosobo. The test results obtained from garlic extract of Bogor were: …

Hubungan Kesesuaian Penulisan Resep Dengan Formulariumnasional Terhadap Mutu Pelayanan Pada Pasien Jaminankesehatan Nasional Di Rumah Sakit Umum Di Bandung, Winda Ratna Pratiwi, Angga Prawira Kautsar, Dolih Gozali

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Pharmaceutical service is one of the activities in hospital that support health service quality. One of the factors that can improve quality of pharmaceutical services is prescription services. In the era of National Health Insurance, prescription given to the patients should be based on the National Formulary. If prescriptions did not suit the national formulary, it would influence the services quality on pharmacy unit. The purposes of this study were to determine suitability of prescription outpatients’ national health insurance with national formulary and to determine the relationship of the suitability of prescription with a national formulary to service quality in …

Kompleks Polielektrolit Kitosan-Xanthan Sebagai Matriks Sediaan Mukoadhesif, Kurnia Sari Setio Putri, Bambang Sulistomo, Silvia Surini

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Mucoadhesive dosage form is a pharmaceutical dosage form with prolonged gastric residence time which can increase bioavailability of drugs. An excipient with suitable swelling and bioadhesive characteristics plays important role to obtain good mucoadhesive dosage form. Our pre-eliminary study showed that chitosan-xanthan gum polyelectrolyte complex (CXPC) in ratio 1:1 exhibit suitable swelling index to be developed as mucoadhesive dosage forms. This research was performed to study CXPC characteristics as matrix for mucoadhesive granules dosage form matrix. In this study CXPC 1:1 was utilized as the matrix in the mucoadhesive granules with drug-CXPC ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, using diltiazem …

Skrining Dan Evaluasi Aktivitas Kitinase Dari Sembilan Isolat Bakteri Lokal, Baitha Palanggatan Maggadani, Siswa Setyahadi S, Harmita Harmita

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Chitinase is an enzyme that degrades chitin on β-1,4-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glycoside bound to produce Chitin oligosaccharide or its soluble monomer, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). Chitinase are usually produced naturally by chitinolytic microorganism that are found in soil or water environment. Chitinase have been widely used for biocontrol agents of plant pests. The product from chitinase hydrolysis can be used as antiinflammatory agent and anti hyperpigmentation. This research was aimed to screen and evaluate the chitinolytic ability of 9 isolate. The best isolate was the one which produced high chitinolytic activity and hydrolyzed chitin into NAG. 9 isolate were examined and BPPTCC-2 was the best …

Perbandingan Efektifitas Antara Minyak Atsiri Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum Burmannii) Dengan Temephos Sebagai Larvasida Aedes Aegypti, Muhamad Rizki Al Kamal, Neneng Syarifah Syafei, Gita Tiara Dewi Nasution

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Dengue fever is a major health issue in the world. Preventive measure with temephos/abate has long been used to combat this problem. Istiana et al reported that there were cases of resistance of Aedes aegypti larvae to temephos in various parts of the world, including Indonesia. Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) has been proven to possess larvacide effect and can be used as an alternative insecticide. This research was meant to compare the larvacide effect of Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) essential oil to the larvacide effect of temephos against Aedes aegypti larvae. This research used laboratory experimental design analysis. The total …

Ethical Imperatives Of Timely Access To Orphan Drugs: Is Possible To Reconcile Economic Incentives And Patients’ Health Needs?, Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio, T. Spargo, Enrique Seoane-Vazquez

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background

More than 6,800 rare diseases and conditions have been identified in the US, which affect 25–30 million Americans. In 1983, the US Congress enacted the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) to encourage the development and marketing of drugs to treat rare diseases and conditions. This study analyzed all orphan designations and FDA approvals since 1983 through 2015, discussed the effectiveness of incentives for the development of treatments for rare diseases, and reflected on the ethical imperatives for timely access to orphan drugs.

Methods

Study data were derived from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Orange Book and the Office of …

Uji Aktivitas Anti-Inflamasi Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Americanum L.) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan Yang Diinduksi Karagenan, Fadlina Chany Saputri, Rita Zahara

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Kemangi (Ocimum americanum L.) is an aromatic plant that contains citral and known as anti-inflammatory agents. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil kemangi leaves on carrageenan-induced rat. The male rats were divided into six groups, each consisting of four rats. Group I as negative control was given 0.5% CMC solution, group II as positive control was given diclofenac sodium, group III was given sitral, groups IV, V and VI were given 40 mg/200 g BW, 80 mg/200 g BW, and 160 mg/200 g BW essential oil of Ocimum americanum L., emulsified …

Pengaruh Cara Pengeringan Simplisia Daun Senggani (Melastoma Malabathricum L.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode Dpph (2,2-Difenil-1-Pikrilhidrazil), Sri Luliana, Nera Umilia Purwanti, Kris Natalia Manihuruk

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Drying is the most important step to keep the compound stability in simplicia. The objective of this research is to know the effect of drying methods on antioxidant activity in Melastoma malabathricum L. The drying methods tested were oven-drying at 40°C, direct sunlight, indirect sunlight, air-drying at ± 25°C and fresh samples as control. Result revealed that the drying methods of simplicia were significant differences for antioxidant activity in Melastoma malabathricum L. (p < 0,05). Drying method that has the highest antioxidant activity was by air-drying at ± 25°C is 54.60 %.

Efektivitas Snedds Ekstrak Kulit Manggis Terhadap Bakteri P. Mirabilis Dan S. Epidermidis Yang Terdapat Pada Ulkus Diabetik, Rafika Sari, Liza Pratiwi, Pratiwi Apridamayanti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Mangosteen rind possesses the ability to conduct antibacterial activity. Under the development relating to drug delivery system, SNEDDS were known to boost the penetration of active compound. The aim of this research is to compare the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity at both SNEDDS preparation and the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind as the antibacteria against the bacteria that cause diabetic ulcers with the most prevalence whether it was Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria like Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The research started by maceration process with the crude extract as the result continued with the phytochemical screening which …

Perbandingan Efek Larvasida Minyak Atsiri Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) Varietas Zanzibar Dengan Temephos Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti, Ridzmullah Wishnu Pamungkas, Neneng Syarifah Syafei, Arto Yuwono Soeroto

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The use of temephos as larvicides in disease prevention Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia has been going on for 40 years. Larviciding very long led the resistance to temephos. Cloves, one of native Indonesia plant contains eugenol that are toxic to the insect’s body. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Zanzibar clove leaf essential oil compared to temephos in killing the larvae of Aedes aegypti. This study uses experimental laboratory research design. The samples are larvae of Aedes aegypti stage III. The mosquito larvae were classified into six groups, each given a clove leaf essential oil with …

Skrining Aktivitas Antibakteri Bakteriosin Dari Minumance Hun Tiau, Rafika Sari, Lia Deslianri, Pratiwi Apridamayanti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Lactic acid bacteria is one of the beneficial bacteria because it can produce an antimicrobial peptide called bacteriocin. Bacteriocin has been applied as a natural food preservative because it effectively prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria in food or drink. This study aims to identify the lactic acid bacteria as producers of bacteriocin from Ce hun tiau which have inhibitory activity againts pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococus aureus and Salmonella typhi. In this study, Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Ce Hun Tiau using streak plate method on media deMan Rogose Sharpe. Screening bacteriocin using disc diffusion method …

Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Petai (Parkia Speciosa Hassk.) Terhadap Kadar Superoksida Dismutase (Sod) Pada Plasma Tikus Yang Mengalami Stres Oksidatif, Ruth Haryati Butarbutar, Robiyanto Robiyanto, Eka Kartika Untari

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Cigarette smoke is free radicals superoxide resources that contains, hydrogen peroxide, hidrosil and peroksil. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzymatic antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative stress by catalyzing superoxide dismutase (O2 *) into O2 and H2O2 . This study aims to determine the potential of ethanolic extract petai leaves against plasma SOD enzyme activity in animals exposed by cigarette smoke. The simplicia extracted by maseration using ethanol 96%. Thirty-six rats Sprague Dawley strain were divided into six groups: normal group was not given treatment, negative group received 10% CMC-Na, positive control group received vitamin E, and treatment group received …

Validasi Metode Analisis Ofloksasin Dalam Plasma In Vitro Secara Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi-Fluoresensi Mengacu Pada European Medicines Agency Guideline, Letitia Tania, Eme Stepani Sitepu, Yahdiana Harahap

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Ofloxacin is an antibiotic from second generation of fluoroquinolones group. Concentration of ofloxacin in human plasma is in low level, and due to that fact, it requires a selective, accurate, sensitive method of analysis. In this study, the optimization and validation of ofloxacin analysis in human plasma using high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence with ciprofloxacin-HCl as an internal standard were carried out. Separation of ofloxacin was performed using C18 (Waters, SunfireTM 5 µm; 250 x 4.6 mm) column with an isocratic mobile phase consisted of triethylamine 1% in water pH 3.0–acetonitrile (84:16) in the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, 40oC column …

Optimasi Kombinasi Karbopol 940 Dan Hpmc Terhadap Sifat Fisik Gel Ekstrak Dan Fraksi Metanol Daun Kesum (Polygonum Minus Huds.) Dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design, Rafika Sari, Siti Nani Nurbaeti, Liza Pratiwi

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Indonesia especially Kalimantan Barat well known by its biodiversity, one of the potential resource is Kesum leaves. Kesum leaves are potential by its antibacterial effect, so that it can be formulated into pharmaceutical dosage form, especially gel. This research aims to know the best comparison between Carbopol 940 and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel base affecting the physical stability of methanol extract and fraction of kesum leaves gel by Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. Gels were prepared into three variation base such as gel A (100% Carbopol - 0% HPMC); gel B (0% Carbopol - 100% HPMC); and gel C (50% …

Antibiotic Sensitivity In Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Of Diabeticpatient’S Foot Ulcer, Pratiwi Apridamayanti, Khairunnisa Azani Meilinasary, Rafika Sari

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients are at risk to have the diabetic ulcer. The main reason for DM’s patient with ulcer complication to be treated and healed in hospital is bacterial infection. One of many bacteria that infects diabetic ulcer is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The effort to treat this infection is by using antibiotic. The use of antibiotic unfortunately, is often found inaccurate causing the microbe resistance to occur. To choose the right antibiotic, it needs to test the antibiotic’s sensitivity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity of antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sample used was …

Uji Penghambatan Xantin Oksidase Secara In Vitro Ekstrak Kulit Rambutan, Nurul Eka Putri, Rissyelly Rissyelly, Marista Gilang Mauldina

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Hyperuricemia is a condition have higher uric acid levels that can cause a cumulation uric acid crystals in the tissues. Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme which catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine into xanthine and into uric acid.Therefore, the inhibition of xanthine oxidase will reduce ammount of uric acid. This research aims to determine xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and also to identify chemical constituent group of extract rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) skin. Rambutan fruit skin was extracted by graded maceration using a three solvent, based on polarity the solvent are n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The test of inhibition xanthine oxidase …

Pengaruh Pemberian Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum Americanum L.) Terhadap ~ Motilitas Usus Mencit Putih Jantan, Dewi Sriyani, Fadlina Chany Saputri

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Kemangi (Ocimum americanum L.) is a well known plant that contains essential oils with citral as a major compound. Citral is reported to have beneficial effect on intestinal motility. In the present study, we investigated the effect of essential oil of kemangi leaves (Ocimum americanum L.) on male DDY mices intestinal motility. Thirty mices were divided into six groups and each group was pretreated with 0,2 ml of 0,5% CMC (negative control), 1 mg/kg BW of atropine sulfate (positive control), 5 mg/kg BW of citral (comparative control), and three dose variation of volatile oil of kemangi leaves (25 mg/kg BW; …

Karakterisasi Dan Stabilitas Fisik Mikroemulsi Tipe A/M Dengan Berbagai Fase Minyak, Endang Wahyu Fitriani, Erlina Imelda, Christina Kornelis, Christina Avanti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

This research consists of formulation, characterization and physical stability of the microemulsion of water-in-oil type. On the microemulsion, VCO, palm oil, olive oil and soybean oil were used as oil phase, aqua demineralisata used as the aqueous phase, a combination of Span® 80 and Tween® 80 as a surfactant and propanol as cosurfactant. Each formula was three times replication done and determined the physical characteristics including organoleptic observations, measurements of density, droplet, viscosity, flow properties, and pH. Determination of physical characteristics was done at the beginning of the microemulsion formed and after 5 weeks storage at room temperature. The physical …

Uji Aktivitas Antiproliferasi Formula Liposom Ekstrak Etanol Kunyit (Curcuma Domestica) Terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara T47d, Gabriella Pasaribu, Iskandarsyah Iskandarsyah, Erny Sagita

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Breast cancer is one of deadliest diseases in world. Turmeric extract was known to have antiproliferative activity. To minimize its toxicity, turmeric extract was encapsulated with liposome, a vesicle lipid bilayer functioned as cancer drug carrier in body. This research aimed to determine encapsulation effect of turmeric ethanol extract against antiproliferative activity in T47D breast cancer cells through in vitro assay. Liposomes was made using thin layer method and particle size was reduced by extrusion. Materials used are phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and turmeric extract. Optimization of liposomes was made in three formulations with different concentrations of extract. Most optimal formulation was …

Uji Aktivitas Penghambatan Xantin Oksidase Secara In-Vitro Oleh Isolat 6,4’-Dihidroksi-4-Metoksibenzofenon-2-O-Β-D Glukopiranosida(C20h22o10) Yang Diisolasi Dari Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl), Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff, Sri Teguh Rahayu, Resta Dwi Syachfitri

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Hyperuricemia is a condition in which an increasing in uric acid levels abovenormal. Hyperuricemia is a major factor in the development of gout. Gout is adisease caused by the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in the tissues dueto elevated levels of uric acid. Crown gods (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl) is Indonesia native medicinal that has effect such as lowering blood pressure, diabetes mellitus drugand lowering uric acid levels. One of the chemical constituents of this plant is abenzopheneon compound that is 6,4’-dihydroxy-4-metoksi benzofenon-2-O-β-D-glukopiranosida (C20H22O10). Research was conducted to determine the activity of 6,4’-dihydroxy -4-metoksi benzofenon-2-O-β-D-glukopiranosida (C20H22O10) that isolated from Crown …

2016 Touro College Of Pharmacy Senior Yearbook, College Of Pharmacy

Touro Yearbooks

2016 College of Pharmacy Senior Yearbook

The Influence Of Safety, Efficacy, And Medical Condition Severity On Natural V. Synthetic Drug Preference, Brian P. Meier, Courtney M. Lappas

Psychology Faculty Publications

Research indicates that there is a preference for natural v. synthetic products, but the influence of this preference on drug choice in the medical domain is largely unknown. We present 5 studies in which participants were asked to consider a hypothetical situation in which they had a medical issue requiring pharmacological therapy. Participants ( N = 1223) were asked to select a natural, plant-derived, or synthetic drug. In studies 1a and 1b, approximately 79% of participants selected the natural v. synthetic drug, even though the safety and efficacy of the drugs were identical. Furthermore, participants rated the natural drug as …

Skrining Fitokimia Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Etanol Alga Merah Eucheuma Spinosum, Bina Lohita Sari, Nurulia Susanti, Sutanto Sutanto

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The red alga, Eucheuma spinosum from South Bangka Waters was shown to contain antioxidant activity. Natural antioxidants from algae are known to play an important role against various diseases and aging processes. The study objective was to investigate phytochemical screenings and antioxidant activity of ethanol fractions Euchema spinosum from south Bangka waters. Antioxidant activities of fresh algae (FA), dry algae (DA), and algae product (AP) were determined with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Extraction was conducted using 70% ethanol in acidic environment for 24 hours. Then, the extract was evaporated using rotary evaporator. Dry extract was fractionated with ethanol - n - …

Enzim Papain: Aspek Green Chemistry Pada Reaksi Knoevenagel, Laurentius Haryanto, Antonius Herry Cahyana

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Green chemistry aspect is the chemical approach that has been studied in the past two decade. One of the principles is the development of green synthesis process that is friendly for the environment. This research showed that papain can be used as catalyst for Knoevenagel reaction with 3 kinds of substituted-benzaldehyde and malononitrile as substrates in aqueous medium. The best reaction condition with 80% yield was reached by utilizing of 25 mg papain/mmol substrate. Reaction was conducted at ambient temperature and pressure for 30 min. Products were as yellowish to yellow needle crystals and successfully characterized by melting point, UV-Vis, …

Uji Toksisitas Akut Dan Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Metanol Dan Ekstrak N-Heksana Daun Pepaya (Carica Papaya L), Tahara Dilla Santi

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The acute toxicity test and antiinflammatory effect of methanolic and n-hexane extracts Carica papaya L leaf have been studied. The results of phytochemical screening show that papaya leaf contains alkaloid, steroid, and flavonoid compound. Flavonoid and alkaloid extracted from methanolic extract of papaya leaf and steroid extracted from n-hexane extract of papaya leaf. The acute toxicity test of methanolic and n-hexane extracts Carica papaya L leaf have been studied on rat with giving a single dose of samples. The aim of this work was to investigate the behavioral responses (pharmacological profile), the development of body weight and mortality for 14 …

Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L.) Sebagai Antikanker Payudara, Dwitiyanti Dwitiyanti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Guava leaves are used as a cytotoxic. Previous research has demonstrated that guava leaves contained 61.71% of quersetin and has potential as an cytotoxic. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of 70% ethanol extract of guava leaves against cancer cells T47D. The method used direct counting (viable cell count) to obtained LC50 value. This study used a test solution with six concentrations that were 130.62; 67.98; 35.98; 18.43; 9.56 and 5 µg/ml. The LC50 value from the 70% ethanol extract of guava leaves was 27.54 µg/ml. The results suggested the extract of guava leaves has …