Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons^™

Detection And Evaluation Of Biofilm-Producing Clinical Bacterial Isolates By Tcp Method In Karbala-Iraq, Huda Ali Salman Almosawey

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: A biofilm is a complicated, three-dimensional microbial community that forms at an interface and interacts with its surroundings. To detect the ability of bacteria to form biofilms, the Tissue Culture Plate Method (TCP) is one of the most widely accurate methods and is frequently used with clinical isolates. Objective: This study aims to determine the ability of clinical bacterial isolates to form biofilms using the TCP method and to compare biofilm production between different types of bacteria; to study the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance, which helps in understanding the reasons for the failure of some antibiotic …

Epigenetic Regulation Of Immune Responses In Autoimmune Diseases And Cancer: Mechanisms And Therapeutic Implications, Faisal H. Al-Amier, Ammar B. Al-Asadi, Aljuboori M. Nafea, Karar M. Jaleel

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Immune tolerance balances immune responses with self-tolerance, a balance that is directive by epigenetic pathways. These mechanisms responsible for gene expression regulation and immune cell activity, and include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Disruption of mechanisms involved in the autoimmune disorder pathophysiology like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis through the induction of long term inflammation and breakdown of immune tolerance. In cancer, epigenetic changes allow immune evasion and establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Epigenetic markers have been used for diagnosis and prognosis, and epigenetic treatments have the potential to rebalance the immune system and improve …

Socio-Demographic And Clinical Profile Of Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study, Ali Kadhim Obyes, Suhair Mohammed Hassoon, Dhakam Mohammed Abbas

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health crisis, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. In Iraq, prevalence is estimated at 12–15%, yet comprehensive local data on patient profiles remain scarce. Objectives: To describe the socio-demographic, clinical, nutritional, and laboratory profile of diabetic patients attending a tertiary hospital in Babylon, Iraq. Patients and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adult diabetic patients (type 1 or type 2) admitted to the endocrinology unit of Marjan Teaching Hospital from December 2025 to May 2026. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews, medical records, and laboratory reports. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, …

Predictors Of Culture-Positive Urinary Tract Infections And Antibiotic Resistance Among Pregnant Females In Al-Hilla City: A Cross-Sectional Study, Zainab Salim Husein, Ishraq Ahmed Chiad, Zeena Jamal Alkhazraji

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequent health problem in women. Patients often present with significant pyuria, and sometimes with no bacterial growth. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and urine culture findings and to analyze the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated uropathogens. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among pregnant women presenting with elevated pus cells (> 20 cells/HPF). Data on demographic characteristics, pregnancy complications, and hygiene habits were analyzed. Urine culture and comparative antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for the isolated pathogens (Escherichia coli …

Cleft Lip And Palate: From Genetic Foundations To Psychological Impact – A Multidisciplinary Review, Farah Abdulwahab Al-Saadi, Teeba Fares Hadi, Sura Saleem Albermani

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Cleft lip and/or cleft palate consider one of the most known and common congenital disorders of the head causing clear disruption of the normal face structure. Despite being the most seen birth defects, the clefts genetic basis is still not fully comprehended. Clefts have sporadic genetic nature, it can occur duo to rare mutations as part of syndromic disease or it can be isolated, non-syndromic cleft. The contemporary advances in genomic technology have enabled a deeper comprehension of the complex architecture of cleft lip/palate, of these technologies are genome-wide association studies, whole genome sequencing, transcriptome-wide association studies and others. Furthermore, …

Global Trends And Research Landscape Of Metformin And Artificial Intelligence: Bibliometric Analysis, Raya Doraid Mohammed, Alaa Qasim Hayder, Hamza A. Saadallah, Ali Q Saeed, Alice Louis Yousif, Safa M Salim, Noor Mahmood Sultan, Mohammed Ahb. Al-Krdoshi

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

This bibliometric study examines global research trends and key thematic areas in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications related to Metformin, especially in diabetes treatment. A total of 227 articles were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science Core Collection) from 2020 to 2024. VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used to analyze publications by year, country, institution, journal, citation impact, and keyword co-occurrence. The United States, Canada, and South Korea contributed over 85% of the output, with leading institutions including the University of California, Los Angeles. Keyword mapping identified ``machine learning,'' ``Metformin,'' and ``Type 2 Diabetes'' as the most influential …

Measure The Sensitivity Of Streptococcus Mutans Against Cds Nanoparticles, Ali Essam Ali, Sara Habeeb Jassim, Abeer Ali Marhoon

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Dental caries is the most common disease that poses a threat to human health. As a result, caries prevention is crucial because it is now a major global public health issue. Nowadays, there is more focus on employing nanoscale medication delivery devices to prevent dental cavities. Here, an antibacterial activity of CDs synthesis with allover plant by measuring the turbidity and bacterial colony after the effect of CDs NPs on the one-off gram-positive bacteria streptococcus mutans that cause dental caries. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) concentration of 10, 15, 25 μ g/mL of CDs NPs. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed the effect of CDs NPs on the bacterial cell, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that showed the size, shape and the attachment of Nanoparticles to the bacterial cell wall that support the effect of nanoparticles on bacteria. When compared to chemical and physical procedures, environmentally friendly technologies can produce simple, easy, and affordable nanoparticles. has the capacity to function as antimicrobial agents.

Clinical Interactions Of Celiac Disease And Relationship With Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Noor Thair Tahir, Raghda Shams Akram, Aseel Ibrahim Abbas, Sahar Abdul Wahab Alshaban, Fatma Abd Alhamza Obed

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Celiac disease is a typical autoimmune ailment that can be brought on by gluten, a protein present in wheat, barley, and rye. It is estimated that one person out of every 100 worldwide has celiac disease, with the majority going untreated. Although it can manifest asymptomatically, celiac disease is typified by a variety of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms. The consistency of clinical, serological, and histopathological data is essential for the diagnosis of celiac disease. The diagnosis, nevertheless, is often missed and can be difficult. A higher risk of complications and a negative impact on quality of life are linked to …

Mpox Preparedness And Pandemic Memory: An Exploratory Study Among Young And Highly Educated Populations In Iraq, Israa M. Ali Alameen

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

No abstract provided.

The Pink Color Of Composite In Esthetic Prosthodontics, Reem Abdulrahim Alobaidy

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Studies on the detailing of gingival color used a narrative path. Researches on visual gingival color record had various aims, methods, and measurements. It is difficult to match or even join their scores in a scientifically significative mode. A literature search was implemented in the online databases – PubMed, Science Direct, Medline and Google Scholar with the feedback of that progress in dental materials and technology appear handed concernedly due to their special properties and temple of pink gingival color. The activity between gingival color and the shade of ceramic restorations has never been fully discussed. Purpose of this study …

The Role Of Nanotechnology In Improving The Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Denture Base Material, Rasha Mehdi, Intisar J. Ismail, Ahmed Ali Mohammed

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is still the most common material used for denture bases but its mechanical and physical properties. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the application of nanotechnology for enhancing physical and mechanical properties of denture base materials. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed to identify in vitro experimental studies from 2020 through 2025. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Included studies that characterised the mechanical or physical properties of nanoparticle-reinforced denture base materials. Results: Fourteen in vitro experimental studies were eligible for the …

The Influence Of Coloring Liquids On The Flexural Strength Of Monolithic Zirconia, Ali Ibrahim Naser, Nidhal Sahib Mansoor

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Objective: This systematic review investigates the impact of coloring liquids and methods of application on the flexural strength of monolithic zirconia. Methods: a comprehensive search was carried out in PubMed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, and Scopus without any limitations based on the year of publication, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Inclusion criteria consisted of the studies with reported in vitro experiments that focused on the effects of the coloring liquid on the mechanical and microstructural properties of the zirconia. Systematic reviews, case reports, narrative reviews, post-sintering staining studies, and research on pre-shaded zirconia were among the papers excluded. Results: A total …

Comprehensive Evaluation Of The Severity And Contributing Factors Of Anemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Bab Al-Mouadum Primary Health Care Center, Baghdad, Iraq, Fatema Aouda Abbas, Enass Razzaq Hamza, Israa. M. Ali Alameen

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background : Anaemia is one of the famous disorders which spreading between women during pregnancy and considered one of the risks that surround both mother and foetus, this phenomena is more common in developing countries. Methods : The aim of this study is to evaluate haemoglobin (Hb) levels and detect the other related risks in 200 pregnant women, the study done in healthcare centre in Bab Al-Mouadum, Baghdad Al Iraq, The data were collected in period between 15 October and 15 November 2023. By using questionnaire and interview, the statistical analyses is done by expert, and its including descriptive statistics …

The Effect Of Using All Around Major Stabilizer On Dimensional Change Of Zirconia Material Under Conventional Sintering, Ali Thaer Kadhom, Israa Mohammed Hummudi

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Zirconia had emerged as a highly promising material for the production of attractive dental restorations due to its mechanical properties. One of the biggest issues with zirconia long bridge affected on dimension after sintering. The dimensional change of a zirconia bridge of more than six units after sintering will be affected. The aim of study: To evaluate the dimensional changes that occur during the fabrication process of a monolithic stabilized zirconia full-anatomy bridge under the influence of all around major stabilizer. Materials and Methods: The cast and specimen were designed digitally by Exo-Cad software. The specimen was designed from …

Prevalence And Determinants Of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults Attending Primary Health Care Centers In Baghdad: A Cross-Sectional Study, Muammar Basheer Yasir, Almottesembellah Abdalruhman Gaiz, Noor Abdulredha Jaleel

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Metabolic syndrome has emerged as an important health concern globally, especially in developing countries where urbanization and lifestyle changes are rapidly increasing. No reliable epidemiological information regarding the prevalence and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome is available among Iraqi adults in primary health care (PHC) clinics. This study was designed to determine the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome and identify potential risk factors among adults attending PHC centers in Baghdad. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study design was used, targeting 412 adult subjects selected randomly from multiple PHC centers in Baghdad. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected. The …

Determination The Prevalence Of Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance Of Nosocomial Enterobacter Cloacae Isolates From Clinical Specimens In Baghdad Hospitals, Baidaa Mijbel Ali

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Enterobacter cloacae have challenged global health through nosocomial infections, especially among immunocompromised patients. In the most overburdened healthcare systems, more study and strategy are anticipated. Aim of the study: To determine the prevalence of Enterobacter cloacae in hospital-acquired infections in Baghdad hospitals and to evaluate its antimicrobial resistance patterns across burn, wound, and urine samples, with a focus on multidrug resistance and antibiotic resistance trends. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-seven patient samples were collected and examined at a teaching laboratory in Baghdad between January 2024 and December 2024. These had 513 samples, 238 burn swabs, 139 wound swabs, and …

The Association Between Osteoporosis In Females Following Menopause And Vitamin D Deficiency, Hadel Kareem Al-Rubaiawi, Noor Adel Hussein, Dunia Abdul Jabbar Star, Amer Hasan Abdullah, Salma Abdul-Ridha Abbas, Hawazin Aziz Hamim

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

The intricate relationship among osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, and hormonal changes. Growth hormone, cortisol, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and thyroid hormones are a few of the hormones that affect bone turnover and density. Alterations in their concentrations, whether brought on by healthy aging or illnesses, can interfere with bone remodelling and increase the risk of osteoporosis. Moreover, inadequate levels of vitamin D increase the risk by decreasing the absorption of calcium and the mineralization of bone. Estrogen and vitamin D deficits increase bone loss, especially in postmenopausal women. Proactive treatment techniques, including hormone replacement therapy, vitamin D supplements, …

Reinforcement Of Maxillofacial Silicone, Taqwa Majid Abdulhussein, Thekra Ismael Hamad

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Maxillofacial prostheses are very important for helping people with head and neck defects (caused by congenital disabilities, accidents, or cancer treatments) get better. Their goal is to restore oral function, comfort, appearance, and mental health. Since the 1960s, silicone elastomers, especially polydimethylsiloxane, have been considered the best materials because they are highly resistant to tearing and stretching, biocompatible, and naturally colour-stable, but silicone has a very short clinical lifespan because it breaks down when exposed to UV radiation, moisture, biological fluids, and mechanical stress. The main goal of reinforcement is to add fillers to silicone elastomers to strengthen and improve …

Organic Coumarin Derivatives As Laser-Active Materials: A Review Of Synthesis, Optical Behaviour, And Applications, Aya H. Mohammed, Mohammed Hasan Al-Dahlaki

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Coumarin derivatives have settled into a position of unusual prominence among organic laser-active materials. Few other chromophore families combine such favourable photophysics with synthetic chemistry that is at once long-established and still actively evolving. The aim of this review is to draw together what is now known about coumarin-based laser dyes — their preparation, their optical behaviour, the laser performance that has been achieved with them, and the broader applications that have followed — with particular attention to work published between 2019 and 2026. Considerable space is given to the structural origin of the strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character …

The Prevalence Of Oral Diseases In Heredity Bleeding Disorders In Iraq, Warkaa M. Al-Wattar

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Aim: To investigate the effect of bleeding disorder on oral condition in Iraqi patients. Patient and methods: 153 patients were included in this study attending dental unit in Iraqi center of hematology. They were diagnosed and treated for ordinary oral diseases like dental caries and periodontal diseases mainly. While treatment vary from only diagnosis and checkup to more complicated surgical extraction. The patients data include sex, blood group, cheife complain and type of treatment. Results: The main chief complain was dental caries and less periodontal diseases while main treatment management was only checkup. The blood group O was the most …

Association Between Body Mass Index, Vitamin D3 And Lipid Profile In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Eman Ali Hussein, Hulia Kanan Mohammed, Zainab Abduljabbar Ridha Al-Ali, Qater Alnada Jassim Mohammed, Alaa Al-Noori, Tarik Muhammad Ali, Noor Thair Tahir

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Dyslipidemia and vitamin D Deficiency are one of the most common disorders among type 2 DM patients, this study was conducted to investigate in the relationship between lipid profile and vitamin D status and body mass index (BMI) Among DM patients in Baghdad province / Iraq. study was madeon 120 subjects (diabetic as well non diabetic). The fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glycated HbA1c), lipid profile including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL andVLDL levels and serum vitamin D level were analyzed. Current study observied that the values for FBG, HbA1c, insulin, HOMOIR, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and Vitamin D, …

Effect Of High Protein Diets On Kidney Health Among Athletes And Bodybuilders With Normal Kidney Function, Mustafa Mehdi Alqazzaz, Sajad Abdullah Jleep, Nouran Hussein Mutlaq, Ali Jabbar Jassem

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

This study emphasizes the effect of high-protein diets(HPD) on kidney function, focusing on key biomarkers (Albumin, Urea, Creatinine & GFR). A HPD is defined as a protein consumption >1.5g/kg per day. Results indicated variations in certain biomarkers among the participants (healthy athletes & bodybuilders with normal kidney function) suggesting potential changes in renal workload. Many studies in resistance-trained athletes focusing at HPD, concluded that there are no harmful effects of HPD on renal health. While no immediate kidney damage was observed, we suggest further investigation into the long -term implications of HPD, particularly for individuals with specific health conditions.

Atracurium And Rocuronium On Pain Score During Intravenous Injection, Suha Adel Qasim Al-Ani

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: The non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (NDMR) is generally used in anesthesia for facilitation of intubations and muscle relaxations. Nevertheless, pains during injections remain as significant concerns. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to compare levels of pain scores related to various types of NDMR (Atracurium and Rocuronium) during injections. Patients and Methods: This study was applied on (60) patients whose ages ranged between (18–65) years and underwent different surgical operations. Patients are categorized into two groups: (31) patients receiving IV Atracurium and (29) receiving Esmeron (Rocuronium) in different doses. Following IV injection of the drug, immediate …

Epidemiology, Classification, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology And Management Of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review, Mohammed Raad Khalaf, Tariq Muhammed Ali, Entedhar K. Hussain, Alaa Al-Noori

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder, remains a global health challenge with escalating prevalence rates, necessitating a thorough understanding of its multifaceted aspects for effective management. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathophysiology, and management strategies of diabetes. The epidemiology highlights the rising global prevalence of DM and its regional variations, emphasizing the socio-economic and demographic factors contributing to this epidemic. The classification provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving classification systems, encompassing Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors associated with the development of diabetes are explored, encompassing genetic predisposition, lifestyle …

The Pivotal Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Optimizing Pharmaceutical Formulation And Delivery, Ali Khidher Abbas, Mustafa M. Noori, Ibtihal Abdulkadhim Dakhil, Mohammed Hussain Al-Mayahy

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technological paradigm within the pharmaceutical sciences, offering innovative and forward-looking solutions to surmount the inherent limitations associated with conventional drug development, formulation design, and therapeutic delivery systems. Traditional pharmaceutical methodologies frequently entail protracted development timelines, extensive experimental procedures, and substantial financial expenditures, particularly within the domains of formulation optimization and drug delivery design. The integration of AI-driven technologies – encompassing machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and predictive analytics – has considerably accelerated pharmaceutical research by refining decision-making processes, alleviating experimental burden, and enhancing formulation efficiency. The present …

The Pathological Interaction Between Diabetes And Hypertension: Mechanisms And Clinical Complications, Alaa Al-Noori, Ayad Ahmed Al-Taweel, Qater Alnada Jassim Mohammed, Tarik Muhammad Ali, Majeed Mihsin B. Al-Hamdani, Noor Thair Tahir

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

Among the most prevalent chronic conditions, diabetes and hypertension frequently coexist in a single patient, aggravating vascular problems and hastening the deterioration of target organs, especially the kidneys. By raising intraglomerular pressure, impairing endothelial function, and triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, hypertension directly increases the chance of developing diabetes sequelae, including diabetic nephropathy. Chronic kidney disease advances more quickly when poorly managed hyperglycemia and hypertension combine to cause a decrease in glomerular filtration rate and an increase in urine albumin excretion. Other consequences like retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease are also encouraged by this pathological occurrence. Reducing the advancement of …

Clinical Significance Of Liver Enzyme Biomarkers In Chronic Statin Users, Muayad Khaleel Ibrahim, Saad Mahmoud Saeed

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

It is possible that statins, by their dual capacity to modulate (both stimulate and suppress) immune responses, could play a role in influencing the course of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, our investigation was designed to explore how statins impact both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system, as well as their effect on the crucial mechanism of self-tolerance. This was achieved through the comprehensive measurement of various antibody profiles, specifically including the detection and quantification of autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibodies and Creatinine kinase, Aldolase, HMGCR antibody, Albumin and Bilirubin and Alanine transaminase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Our investigation employed a …

Some Pathogenic Agents Isolated From Gento-Urinary Tract Of Females Patients In Baghdad Area, I. M. Al-Saqur, A. N. Al-Thwani, E. M. Abdul Ameer, S. W. Abd-Al-Zhra, M. K. Sahan, H. S. Ferman, A. A. Hassan, H. M. Hassan

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

The Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) represents a significant global health burden and the pathogens which inhibit the geneto - urinary Tract (GUT) of women cause devastating consume. In this study investigation UGT were carried out through examination of 186 women (183 married and 65 unmarried) who attended Damascus Private Medical Center-Baghdad, through the period from the beginning of January 2023 to the end of August 2023. Detection were conducted according to the standard methods after macroscopically and macroscopically examination of u samples. The results, indicated that 121 (65.05%) were infected and married women had high infection (78.86%) than the unmarried …

Measuring The Concentration Of Heavy Metals In The Serum Of Traffic Police And Their Impact On Heart Disease In The Future, Hanaa Khalil Sacheat

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Medical Sciences

The spread of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and nickel is a clear danger that threatens the earth and disrupts the ecological balance. In this research, we evaluated the danger of these metals present in the areas of traffic points for traffic policemen who are present for long periods at traffic points. 25 blood samples were collected from traffic policemen present at traffic points, with information about age, date of joining the job, and smoking, The comparison was made with the same number of samples of people who were in a job inside buildings, The results showed a significant …

Pharmaceutical Industry Manufacturing Trend For Tablet Dosage Forms And Opportunities For The Future: A Case Study Of Current Practice And Future Developments, Tarang Patel

Discovery Day

INTRODUCTION: Tablet dosage forms remain the most widely utilized oral drug delivery system due to their stability, ease of administration, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Over recent decades, advancements such as high-speed compression, improved granulation techniques, and regulatory frameworks (bioavailability, validation, and quality assurance) have significantly shaped modern pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, current systems remain largely semi-automated and resource-intensive, highlighting the need for technological transformation.

METHOD: This study presents a case-based evaluation of a contemporary pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing facility. The analysis maps the complete production workflow, including material handling, dispensing, granulation, lubrication, compression, coating, inspection, and packaging. Operational practices were reviewed alongside quality …