Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons^™

The Common Cold: What Pharmacists Need To Know, Peggy Han, Peggy Mcmillan, Jeffery A. Goad

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

A primer on the common cold for pharmacists, including its causes and pathophysiology and how to assess and treat patients.

White Paper: Certification, Credentials, And Credentialing In Pharmacy, Donald Kishi, Jeffery A. Goad, Nancy Korman, Teresa Miller, Mary Ferrill, Holly Strom

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The rapid evolution of the health care system has provided the pharmacy profession with opportunities to expand existing and develop new direct patient care roles. Two critical challenges that the pharmacy profession must contend with to ensure the continued expansion and acceptance of pharmacists in advanced practice roles (e.g. direct patient care roles) are: (1) To develop and implement a credible, systematic, standards-based, and profession-wide plan that includes a system for identifying the types of pharmacists' practices requiring credentials, a validated certification process, and a computerized credentialing process that is current, comprehensive, and easily accessible; (2) To establish the credibility …

Cellular Release Of And Response To Atp As Key Determinants Of The Set-Point Of Signal Transduction Pathways, Rennolds S. Ostrom, Caroline Gregorian, Paul A. Insel

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The determinants of “basal” activity of signaling pathways regulating cellular responses are poorly defined. One possibility is that cells release factors to establish the set-point of such pathways. Here we show that treatment of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with the nucleotidase apyrase decreases basal arachidonic acid release and cAMP production 30–40% and that inhibitors of P2Y receptor action also affect basal and forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Changing medium prominently increases extracellular levels of ATP in Madin-Darby canine kidney, COS-7, and HEK-293 cells. Mechanical stimulation of ATP release likely occurs in virtually every experimental protocol with cultured cells, implicating such release and …

Effect Of Actinomycin D And Cycloheximide On Ischemic Preconditioning-Induced Delayed Cardioprotective Effect In Rats, Devinder Singh, Ajay Sharma, Manjeet Singh

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of actinomycin D, a transcription inhibitor, and cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor, on the delayed cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Left thoracotomy was performed in anaesthetized rats at 4th/5th intercostal space and polypropylene suture (5-0) was employed to occlude left common coronary artery. Ischemic preconditioning was produced by four episodes of 5 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 5 min of reperfusion and thoracic cavity was sutured. Left thoracotomy was performed again after 24 hr of ischemic preconditioning and left coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by reperfusion for …

Novel Approaches For Designing 5'-O-Ester Prodrugs Of 3'-Azido-2'3'-Dideoxythymidine (Azt), Keykavous Parang, Leonard I. Wiebe, Edward E. Knaus

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

3'-Azido-2'3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT, 1, zidovudine, RetrovirTM) is used to treat patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. AZT, after conversion to AZT-5'-triphosphate (AZT-TP) by cellular enzymes, inhibits HIV-reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT). The major clinical limitations of AZT are due to clinical toxicities that include bone marrow suppression, hepatic abnormalities and myopathy, absolute dependence on host cell kinase-mediated activation which leads to low activity, limited brain uptake, a sort half-life of about one hour in plasma that dictates frequent administration to maintain therapeutic drug levels, low potential for metabolic activation and/or high susceptibility to catabolism, and the rapid development of resistance by HIV-1. …

Modulation Of The Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics Of Proteins By Polyethylene Glycol Conjugation, Reza Mehvar

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

With the rapid advances in the field of biotechnology during the last decade, many peptides and proteins have been produced and evaluated for therapy of various diseases, including cancer. However, rapid clearance and the possibility of immunogenicity after the in vivo administration of these biotechnology-driven products have impeded their marketing. To circumvent these problems, synthetic and natural polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextrans, respectively, have been covalently attached to proteins, and some of these protein-polymer conjugates have shown promising therapeutic results. The conjugation of proteins with polymers usually causes a reduction in the recognition of the protein by …

Reimbursement For Pharmaceutical Care Services: The California Experience, Jeffery A. Goad, Kathleen Johnson, Michael Rudolph

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

"While it is true that pharmacists are changing their practice habits, they are doing so for the betterment of their patients’ drug therapy outcomes and the healthcare system. The pharmacist serves as the vital link between the patient, physician, and healthcare system. By working with patients and physicians, pharmacists have demonstrated in the literature that they can improve patient drug therapy outcomes, thus preventing unnecessary healthcare expenditures (Fincham, 1998). Pharmacists have long been held in highest esteem by patients, being voted the number one trusted professional for 10 consecutive years. The evidence is clear that pharmacists provide a valuable service …

Protein Adducts Of Iso[4]Levuglandin E2, A Product Of The Isoprostane Pathway, In Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein, Robert G. Salomon, Wei Sha, Cynthia Brame, Kamaljit Kaur, Ganesamoorthy Subbanagounder, June O'Neil, Henry F. Hoff, L. Jackson Roberts Ii

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Levuglandin (LG) E₂, a cytotoxic seco prostanoic acid co-generated with prostaglandins by nonenzymatic rearrangements of the cyclooxygenase-derived endoperoxide, prostaglandin H₂, avidly binds to proteins. That LGE₂-protein adducts can also be generated nonenzymatically is demonstrated by their production during free radical-induced oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL). Like oxidized LDL, LGE₂-LDL, but not native LDL, undergoes receptor-mediated uptake and impaired processing by macrophage cells. Since radical-induced lipid oxidation produces isomers of prostaglandins, isoprostanes (isoPs), via endoperoxide intermediates, we postulated previously that a similar family of LG isomers, isoLGs, is cogenerated with isoPs. Now …

Reversible Nonthrombocytopenic Palpable Purpura Associated With Metoclopramide, Jeffery A. Goad

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of reversible nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura associated with metoclopramide.

CASE SUMMARY: A 72-year-old white man was admitted for worsening palpable purpura over a two-day period. Two days prior to admission, metoclopramide 10 mg orally three times per day was started for a gastrointestinal condition. Upon admission, all drugs were continued except metoclopramide. Over the next two days, the purpura began to resolve. Platelet count was within normal limits on admission and the patient developed no serious consequences because of the purpura.

DISCUSSION: According to the literature, reversible nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura has not been …

Inhibition Of Cpla2-Mediated Arachidonic Acid Release By Cyclic Amp Defines A Negative Feedback Loop For P2y-Receptor Activation In Mdck-D1 Cells, Mingzhao Xing, Steven Post, Rennolds S. Ostrom, Michael Samardzija, Paul A. Insel

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

In Madin-Darby canine kidney D1cells extracellular nucleotides activate P2Y receptors that couple to several signal transduction pathways, including stimulation of multiple phospholipases and adenylyl cyclase. For one class of P2Y receptors, P2Y2 receptors, this stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and increase in cAMP occurs via the conversion of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-generated arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (e.g. PGE2). These prostaglandins then stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, presumably via activation of prostanoid receptors. In the current study we show that agents that increase cellular cAMP levels (including PGE2, forskolin, and the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol) can inhibit P2Y receptor-promoted AA release. The protein kinase …

What Is The Risk Of Teratogenicity With The Use Of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors During Pregnancy?, Michael Z. Wincor, Mary Gutierrez, Ann Nguyen

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

"The lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder in women is 10 to 25%, with an average age of onset in the mid-20s.1 Over the nine years that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis) have been available, for many prescribers, they have become first-line agents in the treatment of depression. In addition, sorne of them are also being used in the treatment of obsessive- compulsive disorder and panic disorder. In light of these facts, itis not unlikely that women of childbearing age would be treated with one of the SSRis. In considering the risks of exposing a fetus to an SSRI, …

Ls There Any Risk Of A Withdrawal Syndrome Associated With Abrupt Discontinuation Of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors?, Rene A. Endow, Mary Gutierrez, Michael Z. Wincor

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

"With the availability of the newer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRis), concern over a 'cholinergie rebound' seemed unnecessary since these agents demonstrate little or no anticholinergic activity. However, a review of the literature indicates that there may be other withdrawal symptoms associated with discontinuation of the SSRis. The time course and, perhaps to a lesser extent, the frequency of these symptoms appear to be correlated with the elimination half-lives of the agents."

Question: What Is The Difference Between Volmax® And Proventil Repetabs®?, Jeffery A. Goad, Robert Andonian, Chris Chang, Greg Thompson

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Answer: There are noticeable differences between Volmax and Proventil Repetabs, two of the available oral forms of administering albuterol to patients suffering from asthma. These differences are discussed below.

Outpatient Administration Of Paclitaxel, Siu Fun Wong

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol-Meyers Squibb), anti neoplastic agent made from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, is undoubtedly one of the most exciting agents to be evaluated over the past decade. Paclitaxel has demonstrated significant promise against ovarian and metastatic breast cancer, and appears to be the most effective single agent to date for non-small-cell lung cancer in trials conducted by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG).