Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Commons^™

The International Scientific Association For Probiotics And Prebiotics (Isapp) Consensus Statement On The Definition And Scope Of Prebiotics, Glenn R. Gibson, Robert W. Hutkins, Mary Ellen Sanders, Susan L. Prescott, Raylene A. Reimer, Seppo J. Salminen, Karen Scott, Catherine Stanton, Kelly S. Swanson, Patrice D. Cani, Kristin Verbeke, Gregor Reid

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective …

Volumetry Of Low-Contrast Liver Lesions With Ct: Investigation Of Estimation Uncertainties In A Phantom Study, Qin Li, Yongguang Liang, Qiao Huang, Min Zong, Benjamin Berman, Marios A. Gavrielides, Lawrence H. Schwartz, Binsheng Zhao, Nicholas Petrick

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of lesion volumetry in hepatic CT as a function of various imaging acquisition parameters.

Methods: An anthropomorphic abdominal phantom with removable liver inserts was designed for this study. Two liver inserts, each containing 19 synthetic lesions with varying diameter (6–40 mm), shape, contrast (10–65 HU), and both homogenous and mixed-density were designed to have background and lesion CT values corresponding to arterial and portal-venous phase imaging, respectively. The two phantoms were scanned using two commercial CT scanners (GE 750 HD and Siemens Biograph mCT) across a set of imaging protocols (four slice thicknesses, …

Stabilization Of Gp120 Outer Domain For Hiv-1-1 Vaccine Immunogen Design, Duoyi Hu

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The sole envelope glycoprotein spike on the surface of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) is composed of two subunits: gp120 and gp41. The gp120 consists of three domains: the inner domain, outer domain and bridging sheet, to which the viral primary receptor CD4 binds and induces a conformational change in gp120 to expose the co-receptor binding site. Previous studies have found that the outer domain of gp120 is relatively more stable than the inner domain and bridging sheet. When superimposed, the co-crystal structures of CD4-gp120 complex and VRC01-gp120 complex revealed that the CD4-binding site (CD4-BS) antibody VRC01 actually mainly bound to …

Investigation Of Tattoo Pigments By Raman Spectroscopy, Betsy Jean Yakes, Tara Jade Michael, Marianita Perez-Gonzalez, Bhakti Petigara Harp

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

As a result of the increase in the practice of tattooing, the US Food and Drug Administration has identified a need for improved analytical methods to detect the pigments and potential impurities in the inks. Raman spectroscopy allows for nondestructive identification of compounds and is commonly used in art, archaeology, and forensics; however, the technique has only limitedly been applied to the identification of tattoo pigments. In this study, approximately 30 inorganic, organometallic, and organic pigmentswere evaluated with Raman spectroscopy by using 532, 633, and 780-nmlasers. Individual optimization of the instrumental parameters was performed for each pigment in order to …

Bacterial Endotoxin Detection In Hyaluronic Acid-Based Medical Devices, Larissa F. Baeva, Srilekha Sarkar Das, Victoria M. Hitchins

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

A simple and rapid method has been developed for testing bacterial endotoxin in hyaluronic acid (HA)-based medical devices. High-molecular-weight HA (HMW HA) in solution or HA-based medical devices was digested by the enzyme hyaluronidase to reduce solution viscosity by truncating the long chains of HA and to test for bacterial endotoxin. The bacterial endotoxin level was detected and measured by kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. The method was applied to two different ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) and one dermal filler, and may easily be adapted to use with up to 3% HA solutions and other HA-based medical devices.

Phytopharmaceuticals In Mongolia: Past, Present, And Future, Disan Gunbilig, Ulziinyam Rentsendorj

Erforschung biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei / Exploration into the Biological Resources of Mongolia, ISSN 0440-1298

Over the last two decades, the consumption of medicinal plants has increased in Mongolia. Once banned by the post-revolutionary government, it is now valued by the practitioners of orthodox medicine, government as well as by the society. Yet the scientific community has to give this major and crucial component of traditional Mongolian medicine the attention it deserves, scientific knowledge about biologically active principles within medicinal plants remain poorly unknown. At the same time, due to over exploitation of plants many species are becoming extinct together with invaluable traditional knowledge being lost. For these reasons, there is a certain urgency to …

Pharmacokinetics And Distribution In Interstitial And Pulmonary Epithelial Lining Fluid Of Danofloxacin In Ruminant And Preruminant Calves, D. A. Mzyk, R. E. Baynes, K. M. Messenger, M. Martinez, G. W. Smith

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

The objective of this study was to compare active drug concentrations in the plasma vs. different effector compartments including interstitial fluid (ISF) and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) of healthy preruminating (3-week-old) and ruminating (6-month-old) calves. Eight calves in each age group were given a single subcutaneous (s.c.) dose (8 mg/kg) of danofloxacin. Plasma, ISF, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected over 96 h and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. PELF concentrations were calculated by a urea dilution assay of the BAL fluids. Plasma protein binding was measured using a microcentrifugation system. For most preruminant and ruminant calves, the …

Effects Of Repeated Quetiapine Treatment On Conditioned Avoidance Responding In Rats, Jun Gao, Min Feng, Natashia Swalve, Collin Davis, Nan Sui, Ming Li

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The present study characterized the behavioral mechanisms of avoidance–disruptive effect of quetiapine in the conditioned avoidance response test under two behavioral testing (2 warning signals vs. 1 warning signal) and two drug administration conditions (subcutaneous vs. intravenous). In Experiments 1 and 2, well-trained adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested under the subcutaneous (s.c.) quetiapine treatment (5.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0 mg/kg) for 7 days in a novel procedure consisting of two conditioned stimuli (CS) (white noise serving as CS1 and pure tone as CS2). Only the highest dose (50.0 mg/kg) produced a persistent suppression of the avoidance response without impairing the …

Behavioral And Pharmacological Investigation Of Anxiety And Maternal Responsiveness Of Postpartum Female Rats In A Pup Elevated Plus Maze, Yu Yang, Jingxue Qin, Weihai Chen, Hong Chen, Ming Li

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

The present study investigated the validity of a novel pup-based repeated elevated plus maze task to detect reduced anxiety and increased maternal responsiveness in postpartum female rats and explored the roles of dopamine D2, serotonin transporter and GABA/benzodiazepine receptors in the mediation of these processes. Sprague–Dawley postpartum or nulliparous female rats were tested 4 times every other day on postpartum days 4, 6 and 8 in an elevated plus maze with 4 pups or 4 pup-size erasers placed on each end of the two open arms. When tested with erasers, untreated postpartum mother rats entered the open arms proportionally more …

Review Of Edison Bicudo, Pharmaceutical Research, Democracy And Conspiracy: International Clinical Trials In Local Medical Institutions, Roberto Abadie

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

The pharmaceutical industry is—along with the financial and weapons industries—one of the most globalized and profitable business domains. But they wouldn’t make any profits if they weren’t able to recruit research subjects to test an increasing number of drugs. This global trial economy creates its own assemblages of clinical trials, often run by hired contract research organizations (CROs), who fight among each other in a rat-race competition, promising quick and effective trials; at the same time, enterprising countries, hospitals, and doctors jump on the drug trial economy bandwagon by promising quick, endless access to a large pool of research subjects, …

Scientific And Regulatory Policy Committee (Srpc) Review*: Interpretation And Use Of Cell Proliferation Data In Cancer Risk Assessment, Charles E. Wood, Renee R. Hukkanen, Radhakrisha Sura, David Jacobson-Kram, Thomas Nolte, Marielle Odin, Samuel M. Cohen

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Increased cell proliferation is a central key event in the mode of action for many non-genotoxic carcinogens, and quantitative cell proliferation data play an important role in the cancer risk assessment of many pharmaceutical and environmental compounds. Currently, there is limited unified information on assay standards, reference values, targeted applications, study design issues, and quality control considerations for proliferation data. Here, we review issues in measuring cell proliferation indices, considerations for targeted studies, and applications within current risk assessment frameworks. As the regulatory environment moves toward more prospective evaluations based on quantitative pathway-based models, standardiza- tion of proliferation assays will …

Production Of Recombinant Human Coagulation Factor Ix By Transgenic Pig, Weijie Xu

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Hemophilia B is the congenital bleeding disorder caused by deficiency in functional coagulation factor IX (FIX) and about 28,000 patients worldwide in 2012. And current treatment is restricted to protein-replacement therapy, which required FIX concentrates for patients’ life-time. Approximately 1 billion units FIX were consumed in 2012. However, still about 70-80% patients, mostly in developing countries, received inadequate or no treatment because of the unavailable and/or unaffordable FIX concentrates. Considering safety reasons, e.g. transmission of blood-borne diseases, the recombinant human FIX (rFIX) is recommended other than the plasma-derived FIX. However, only one rFIX is currently available on the market. The …

Environmental And Behavioral Controls Of The Expression Of Clozapine Tolerance: Evidence From A Novel Across-Model Transfer Paradigm, Min Feng, Nan Sui, Ming Li

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Repeated administration of antipsychotic drugs induces a sensitization-like or tolerance-like effect in many behavioral tasks, including the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) and the phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperlocomotion, two rodent models with high predictive validity for antipsychotic activity. This study investigated the impacts of contextual and behavioral variables on the expression of clozapine tolerance using a recently validated across-model transfer paradigm (Zhang and Li, 2012). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were first repeatedly treated with clozapine (2.5–10.0 mg/kg, sc) in the CAR model or PCP (1.6 mg/kg, sc)-induced hyperlocomotion model for five consecutive days. They were then tested for the expression of clozapine tolerance …

Avoidance Disruptive Effect Of Clozapine And Olanzapine Is Potentiated By Increasing The Test Trials: Further Test Of The Motivational Salience Hypothesis, Min Feng, Nan Sui, Ming Li

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Antipsychotic drugs suppress animals’ ability to avoid an aversive stimulus in the conditioned avoidance response model (CAR). This behavioral effect is thought to reflect antipsychotic activity and is suggested to be mediated by a drug’s action in attenuating the motivational salience of a conditioned stimulus (CS). In the present study, we tested whether atypical antipsychotic drugs clozapine and olanzapine act through this behavioral mechanism by manipulating the number of avoidance test trials. We reasoned that more CS trials in the present of clozapine or olanzapine would afford the drug more opportunities to decrease the motivational salience of the CS, thus …

Characterization Of Pasteurella Multocida Strains Isolated From Geese, Zsuzsanna Varga, Dmitriy V. Volokhov, Laszlo Stipkovits, Akos Thuma, Boglarka Sellyei, Tibor Magyar

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of forty-two Pasteurella multocida isolates from geese were characterized by analysis of their capsular type, Heddleston serotype, biotype, fimbrial gene allele type, comparative outer membrane protein (OMP) electrophoresis patterns, and were analyzed using PCR for the presence of virulence-associated genes (toxA, tbpA, pfhA, hgbA, hgbB, nanH, nanB, fimA, hsf-1, and pmHAS). A sequence comparison of the thdF and rpoB housekeeping genes of twenty representative P. multocida strains from three different OMP groups demonstrated that seventeen strains were closely related phylogenetically to previously published strains of P. multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. gallicida, and only …

Differential Effects Of Acute Amphetamine And Phencyclidine Treatment And Withdrawal From Repeated Amphetamine Or Phencyclidine Treatment On Social Interaction And Social Memory In Rats, Ming Li, Wei He, Rebecca Munro

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Although animal models based on amphetamine (AMPH) or phencyclidine (PCP) treatment have been used extensively to study the neurobiological and behavioral characteristics of schizophrenia, there are conflicting reports regarding their validity in modeling the negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. The present study examined how acute AMPH or PCP treatment (Experiment 1) and withdrawal from repeated AMPH treatment (Experiment 2) or PCP treatment (Experiment 3) affects social behavior and social recognition memory in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Each subject was tested on two consecutive days. On the first day, the rats were tested four times (5 min/each) at 10-min intervals …

Conditioned Response Evoked By Nicotine Conditioned Stimulus Preferentially Induces C-Fos Expression In Medial Regions Of Caudate-Putamen, Sergios Charntikov, Matthew E. Tracy, Changjiu Zhao, Ming Li, Rick A. Bevins

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Nicotine has both unconditioned and conditioned stimulus properties. Conditioned stimulus properties of nicotine may contribute to the tenacity of nicotine addiction. The purpose of this experiment was to use neurohistochemical analysis of rapidly developing c-Fos protein to elucidate neurobiological loci involved in the processing of nicotine as an interoceptive conditioned stimulus (CS). Rats were injected (SC) in an intermixed fashion with saline or nicotine (16 sessions of each) and placed in conditioning chambers where they were given one of the three conditions depending on group assignment: (a) nicotine paired 100% of the time with intermittent access to sucrose (nicotine-CS condition), …

Forming Bodies And Reforming Healthcare: The Co-Construction Of Information Technologies And Bodies Through The Imperative For Self Care, Scout Calvert

University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries: Faculty Publications

Care work and technological work are markedly striated by sex; the sites where they overlap are few. What happens when the labor of care meets up with information technologies? It makes good methodological sense to look at largely feminized environments that are also increasingly technological. Gender, Health, and Information Technology in Context, edited and with contributions by Ellen Balka, Eileen Green, and Flis Henwood, is a welcome contribution to the body of evidence about the socio-technical co-construction of technology, health, and gender. The volume houses nine studies, bookended by an astute introduction and conclusion by the editors. Each study …

The Pharmacology Of Rodenticides, S. A. Peoples

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The compounds used as rodenticides are tremendously varied in their chemical structure and mechanism of action. With a few exceptions, these agents are generally poisonous to all animals, including man, and a great deal of study has been directed to their toxicity in animals other than rodents. However, the development of new compounds as Norbormide and certain antifertility drugs which are highly selective in their action may justify the hope that the ideal rodenticide free of secondary toxic hazards will soon be available. Until this happy announcement is made, a review of the pharmacology of the older compounds is in …

The Chemistry Of Pesticides, Walter R. Benson

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Introduction

This review is limited to the structures and a few reactions of the pesticides mainly insecticides-that affect mammalian systems and that are the subject of papers by other authors in this monograph. There is no attempt to give a complete review of the chemistry of pesticides. It is intended only to show the breadth and depth of pesticide chemistry through the use of examples. With proper use of the references, and of the papers by Crosby, Freed and Montgomery, and Owens in this monograph, the reader will be able to find information for other chemicals.

Nomenclature

Pesticides or economic …

Quantitative Calculation Of Gas Chromatographic Peaks In Pesticide Residue Analyses, Jean A. Gaul

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Comparison of five methods for calculating gas chromatographic peaks (disc integration, triangulation, peak height X width at half height, R_t X peak height, and peak height) shows no significant difference in the calculated results when aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and dieldrin are injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector.

Problems are associated with the calculation of toxaphene, chlordane, DDT, and BHC. The author makes suggestions for calculating these four residues when present individually and in combinations with other pesticides. Use of the last four toxaphene peaks compares favorably with results obtained by using the entire toxaphene curve. …

Analysis Of Pesticide Residues By Polarography, Raymond J. Gajan

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Polarography is a rapid, sensitive, and relatively specific technique that can be applied to pesticide residue analysis. The technique should also prove a valuable tool in overall pesticide research, such as monitoring new columns, studying kinetics, identifying and determining metabolites, assaying primary pesticide standards, and conducting stability studies.

Diphenylamine-Zinc Chloride As A Chromogenic Agent For The Detection Of A Mixture Of Ddt, Chlordane, And Toxaphene On Thin Layer Chromatograms, Lewis J. Faucheux Jr.

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Diphenylamine-ZnCI, has been evaluated as a chromogenic agent for detection of toxaphene, DDT, and chlordane on Al₂O₃ a thin layer plates. Characteristic colors were obtained for these pesticides; a lower level of about 5 μg was detectable. Color reactions of 34 pesticides at the 20 μg level are presented.

Pesticide Residues, J. William Cook, Sidney Williams

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

METHODOLOGY for residue analysis has advanced rapidly during the current review period, from November 1962 through October 1964. Notable progress has been made in the development and refinement of methods of analysis by which any or all of a large number of pesticide residue chemicals can be detected and measured in one general operation. This is of particular significance because great interest has developed-outside the scientific community as well as within - in the possible presence of pesticide chemicals in all parts of our environment, including man himself. Only by the use of improved methodology will it be possible to …

Exposure To Parathion Effect On General Population And Asthmatics, Robert S. Ganelin, Cipriano Cueto Jr., G. Allen Mail

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

There has been much lay and medical concern regarding toxic effects of insecticides on the general population. In addition to direct toxic effects, it is suspected that insecticidal application has deleterious physical effects on persons with respiratory diseases. To evaluate some of these problems, the authors have attempted to quantitate actual absorption, symptoms, and laboratory evidence of intoxication in persons with varying degrees of exposure to parathion. By means of controlled observations, the respiratory effect of application of this compound on persons with bronchial asthma was also measured. The results suggest that the effect of this chemical on the general …

Application Of Oscillographic Polarography To Determination Of Organic Phosphorus Pesticide Residues, Raymond J. Gajan

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Some organic phosphorus pesticides have been determined successfully by polarography (1-7). However, in most cases the methods were used to determine the pesticide in commercial formulations. Little has been reported on the polarographic determination of microgram amounts of these pesticides such as those encountered in pesticide residue analysis.

Many of the methods used for the determination of these pesticides are nonspecific. They are based on cholinesterase assay (8- 12), radioactive tracer analysis (13, 14), total phosphorus (15-17), and paper chromatography (18-24).

In this paper we will discuss the polarography of Systox, Di-Syston, and· Thimet and some of their oxidation products, …

Swine Brucellosis And Human Health, Us Public Health Service

United States Food and Drug Administration: Publications

Swine brucellosis is caused by Brucella suis, a strain of bacteria which also cau ses human brucellosis, or undulant fever. T his disease is an imp 0 r tan t public health problem which affects thousands of farmers, livestock handlers, meat processors, and butchers .. The U. S. Department of Agriculture estimates that 6.15 percent of the 1.8 million swine herds in the Nation are infected with brucellosis. This represents about 131,000 in f e c ted herds on farms, where some 579,000 farm people come into daily c ontact with these herds. The infection rate among these rural persons …