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Articles 91 - 120 of 284

Full-Text Articles in Nursing Administration

Bridging The Gap: Educating Medical-Surgical Unit Nurses In A Large Hospital Organization On Sepsis Bundle Elements, Meara J. Matthews May 2023

Bridging The Gap: Educating Medical-Surgical Unit Nurses In A Large Hospital Organization On Sepsis Bundle Elements, Meara J. Matthews

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: Sepsis is a life-threatening response to infection that remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Based off results obtained from a pre-education survey of nurses on a medical-surgical unit in a large hospital organization, there is an opportunity to increase knowledge and confidence level regarding sepsis and care of septic patients so that nurses are prepared to detect sepsis early and intervention can begin.

Context: The project is being conducted in a medical-surgical unit at a large hospital organization in Northern California. The data from the survey includes 17 nurses on the unit who completed the pre-education …


Referral Triage To Improve Neurology Access, Melinda Mata May 2023

Referral Triage To Improve Neurology Access, Melinda Mata

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Projects

The demand for neurology consultation far outweighs the number of specialists, thus causing long wait-times for consultation. Other contributing factors to obtaining timely consultation include, quality of information sent with the referral, insurance authorization, triage process, and appointment availability. This retrospective quality improvement study explored the effects of a referral triage process on reducing appointment wait time. All referrals were sent to one fax number and a new standard referral and triage process was implemented with specific operators with defined roles and responsibilities. The initial results following intervention implementation did not show improvement in wait times. Comparing the new triage …


Just Culture In Undergraduate Nursing Academia, Marcie Leonard May 2023

Just Culture In Undergraduate Nursing Academia, Marcie Leonard

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Understanding the importance of reporting errors, near misses, and good catches by nursing students is not a standard part of the curriculum at the project site. Nursing students lack pre-requisite knowledge of how just culture does not aim to place blame on individuals but focuses on system flaws. Nursing students fear being dismissed from the nursing program if they make and/or report errors. A focus on eliminating the fear of dismissal from a nursing program for error reporting and formally educating how error reporting can help shape practice for many other nursing students and nurses will result in better data …


An Integrative Review: Best Practices For Educating And Engaging Care Partners Of Patients With New Ostomies, Lauren Flook Brown Apr 2023

An Integrative Review: Best Practices For Educating And Engaging Care Partners Of Patients With New Ostomies, Lauren Flook Brown

Master of Science in Nursing Final Projects

PURPOSE: The purpose of this integrative review was to identify and synthesize the best practices of engagement and education for care partners of patients with new ostomies to support adaptation.

METHODS: Five-stage integrative review process: (1) problem identification, (2) systematic literature search, (3) data evaluation, (4) data analysis, and (5) presentation.

RESULTS: Four themes with sub-themes emerged to understand effective engagement and education of care partners: (1) care partner influences on patient outcomes; (2) care partner needs; (3) barriers to care partner adaptation; and (4) diverse engagement strategies. Each theme and sub-themes related to care partners could not be separated …


Leadership, Policy Development And Emr Utilization In At Services At Heidelberg University, Matallyn Overmyer Apr 2023

Leadership, Policy Development And Emr Utilization In At Services At Heidelberg University, Matallyn Overmyer

Masters Theses/Capstone Projects

The practicum is being completed with Heidelberg University AT Services. I started January 2023 and plan to finish April 2023. I am working directly with Tyson Depinet, Coordinator of AT Services, to learn more about roles and responsibilities of a collegiate head athletic trainer. Emphasized areas of focus: - EMR Administrative Utilization - Policy Development - Leadership & Managemen


The Lived Experiences Of Icu, Med-Surg, And Er Nurses In The United States Attempting To Breastfeed During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Amy Seay Apr 2023

The Lived Experiences Of Icu, Med-Surg, And Er Nurses In The United States Attempting To Breastfeed During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Amy Seay

Dissertations

Breastfeeding is important to promote the health of both mothers and babies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2021). Many mothers experience workplace barriers and stress which negatively impact breastfeeding duration (McCardel & Padilla, 2020; Nagel et al., 2022). However, a gap in the literature exists surrounding specific barriers and the impact of stress on U.S. nurses who breastfeed. Specifically, workplace challenges and stress among nurses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic lack exploration.

This interpretive phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of ICU, Med-Surg, and ER nurses who attempted to breastfeed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Roy’s adaptation model was …


Nursing Faculty Perceptions Of Stress, Coping, And Intent To Leave The Profession In The Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Study, Lynlee Morgan Apr 2023

Nursing Faculty Perceptions Of Stress, Coping, And Intent To Leave The Profession In The Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic: A Quantitative Study, Lynlee Morgan

Dissertations

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted all of society to varying degrees; this impact was especially true in higher education due to an overnight transition to distance learning and incessant pivots to meet new guidelines and overcome obstacles. Nursing faculty were significantly impacted due to the responsibility of producing safe, qualified, competent practitioners to provide care in the clinical setting. The limitations in or exclusions from clinical experiences combined with the fact that faculty were managing personal concerns and had never encountered these unprecedented conditions exacerbated the challenge of preparing new nurses. This study was critical due to the faculty role and …


Clinical Nurse Specialists: A Rare Breed, Teresa Jahn, Evalyn Michira, Elizabeth Plante Jan 2023

Clinical Nurse Specialists: A Rare Breed, Teresa Jahn, Evalyn Michira, Elizabeth Plante

Nursing Posters

What is a CNS?:

  • A clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) with graduate level education in nursing.
  • CNSs are prepared to provided leadership, consultation, and clinical expertise for patients and their families, nurses, and systems.
  • Have the autonomy to diagnose and treat based on advanced clinical assessment like other APRNs (Nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, certified registered nurse anesthetists).
  • CNS work in all areas of healthcare like clinics, emergency departments, hospital units, entire healthcare systems, or even as independent practitioners/contractors.


The Use Of Non-Icu Confusion Assessment Method (Cam) For Delirium Management, Stephanie Barendt, John Sharon Hudson Jan 2023

The Use Of Non-Icu Confusion Assessment Method (Cam) For Delirium Management, Stephanie Barendt, John Sharon Hudson

College of Health Sciences Posters

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect the use of the non-intensive care unit confusion assessment method (non-ICU CAM) as an early screening tool for delirium would have on the nursing practice of medical surgical nurses. This quasi-experimental study focused on early screening and prevention training of inpatient nurses caring for adult inpatients to proactively reduce episodes of delirium. The training included an educational video on how to perform the non-ICU CAM assessment, 4 scenarios to test knowledge on scoring patient, and techniques for reducing delirium if patient is positive. After one month of multimodal training for …


Implementing Change: The Use Of Minocycline-Rifampin Impregnated Central Venous Catheters In Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection Prevention In Critically Ill Patients, Shawn B. Murray Jan 2023

Implementing Change: The Use Of Minocycline-Rifampin Impregnated Central Venous Catheters In Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection Prevention In Critically Ill Patients, Shawn B. Murray

Master's Theses and Capstones

Introduction: At a large academic healthcare facility in the northeast a Gap Analysis was conducted finding quality improvement opportunities for central line associated blood stream (CLABSI) prevention in critically ill patients. Review of literature reveals the use of minocycline-rifampin impregnated (MNRI) central venous catheters (CVCs) as being an effective intervention in CLABSI prevention.

Methods: Several assessments were conducted regarding the implications of updating the facilities practice to reflect this evidence including AHRQ Gap Analysis Tool, a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis, Stakeholder Feedback, and Resource Allocation.

Results: Facilitators and barriers were identified in implementing this …


Improving Communication Between The Emergency Department And Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Through The Use Of A Secure Messaging Application: A Quality Improvement Project, Jacob G. Petlon Jan 2023

Improving Communication Between The Emergency Department And Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Through The Use Of A Secure Messaging Application: A Quality Improvement Project, Jacob G. Petlon

Master's Theses and Capstones

Background: Communication between emergency medical services (EMS) and the emergency department (ED) is a key part of treating patients being transported by ambulance. This communication is moving away from traditional radio and cell phone calls to the use of secure text-based apps. These apps can generate metrics and provide real time location information that is not available using traditional methods. Increased use of these apps can improve communication between EMS and receiving EDs.

Local Problem: Wildcat hospital introduced the EMS communication app Twiage in May of 2023. There is low utilization of the app and some EMS and ED …


Nursing Students' Competence With Anesthesia, Mallory Groover Jan 2023

Nursing Students' Competence With Anesthesia, Mallory Groover

Honors College Theses

Anesthesia management is diverse and complex. As a Registered Nurse (RN), it is imperative that the basic pathophysiology of anesthesia complications is understood in order to provide competent care. The effects of anesthesia can vary greatly depending on factors such as age, sex, health status, and lifestyle. Since there are several variables, it takes years of experience working with a diverse population to anticipate adverse effects and patient outcomes. Preparedness for anesthesia management could be improved through the use of simulations during nursing school relating to post-anesthesia care, as well as more in-depth lectures over the potential complications and pharmacodynamics …


Reducing Readmission (And Mortality) For Older Patients & Survivors Of Life-Threatening Conditions: A Study Using The Staarr Protocol, Akhenaten Amun Dec 2022

Reducing Readmission (And Mortality) For Older Patients & Survivors Of Life-Threatening Conditions: A Study Using The Staarr Protocol, Akhenaten Amun

Symposium of Student Scholars

Readmission rates for patients admitted for heart failure, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, a myocardial infarction, a hip or knee arthroplasty, or coronary artery bypass surgery tend to have high readmission and mortality rates within 30 days of their discharge from a hospital. Starting in October 2012, the Healthcare Reimbursement Reduction Program enforced penalties on Medicare reimbursements for hospitals with readmission rates, for patients with the conditions above, were higher than averages based on facilities with similar characteristics and patient populations. Teach-back and verify (Klingbeil & Gibson, 2018), interdisciplinary teams that engage in patient care and support (Reiter-Palmon et al., …


Substance Use Among Nurses As A Result Of Covid-19, And The Impact Of Rehabilitative Programs On Nurses, Gerome Macaspac Dec 2022

Substance Use Among Nurses As A Result Of Covid-19, And The Impact Of Rehabilitative Programs On Nurses, Gerome Macaspac

Nursing | Senior Theses

Background: The incidence of substance use among nurses has been a persistent issue for decades. The effects associated with substance misuse depend on what is used, the amount, how often, and how they are taken. Regardless of the substance used, any nurse who enters the workplace using substances puts the lives of others at risk. Due to the widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a risk that the number of nurses resorting to the use of substances may have increased. Therefore, an investigation into drug use among nurses during the pandemic is particularly important.

Objective: To explore the …


Development Of A Fall Prevention Bundle With Evidence-Based Tools For Hospitalized Adults, Kelly A. Tirone Aug 2022

Development Of A Fall Prevention Bundle With Evidence-Based Tools For Hospitalized Adults, Kelly A. Tirone

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem

One million hospitalized people fall annually in the United States, and up to a third are preventable.

Context

Data from an acute care hospital show one medical-surgical unit reported eight patient falls in 2021, two causing major harm that reached sentinel event criteria.

Interventions

A Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) leveraged the unique CNL skill set and characteristics of Human-Centered Leadership to engage in horizontal leadership, injury prevention, and team coordination through authentic human connection. The team leveraged documentation for improved fall risk communication. Unavoidable disruptions hindered other planned interventions.

Measures

Outcome measures observe for total fall count and the …


Intervention To Increase Home Preparation For Colonoscopies, Joshua Victor Stone Aug 2022

Intervention To Increase Home Preparation For Colonoscopies, Joshua Victor Stone

Master's Projects and Capstones

Abstract

Problem: Inpatient colonoscopies are costly to healthcare systems and inconvenient for eligible patients. The cost for a two-night inpatient bed is currently $4800.00 currently. The department manager led a five-month quality improvement project that was initiated in one 180-bed community medical center in Northern California to increase outpatient options, reduce the census and decrease the admission rate.

Context: Overburdened medical facilities often miss the opportunity to utilize ambulatory procedures due to competing operational priorities. In this setting, the Care Without Delay (CWD) department microsystem addresses barriers that impact operational throughput, efficiency, and unnecessary admissions.

Intervention: A …


A "Collaborative" Approach To Improving Nurse Turnover, Tiffany M. Nawabi Aug 2022

A "Collaborative" Approach To Improving Nurse Turnover, Tiffany M. Nawabi

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: A cardiovascular unit is experiencing an increase in RN turnover and decreased NDNQI RN to RN interaction scores.

Context: Several recent studies demonstrate that a collaborative environment of well-being and enhanced RN communication can improve nurse retention rates (Alsufyani et al., 2021), as well as increase job satisfaction (Ylitörmänen et al., 2019).

Interventions: Nursing-led collaborative sessions were launched, consisting of the unit’s clinical nurses, the management team, and interprofessionals. The collaborative meetings provide a forum for the nurses to express their concerns, collaborate, and develop meaningful solutions.

Measures: The first measure is the Human Resource’s nursing retention report, with …


Establishment Of Unit Based Council Using A Shared Governance Toolkit, Viji George Aug 2022

Establishment Of Unit Based Council Using A Shared Governance Toolkit, Viji George

Student Scholarly Projects

Practice Problem: Shared governance (SG) is an organizational structure that provides healthcare professionals control over their professional practice. Lack of a unit-based council (UBC) was noted as a problem disrupting the shared decision-making and problem-solving approach.

PICOT: In an adult acute care unit lacking a UBC structure (P), what is the effect of the implementation of a SG toolkit (I) compared to no SG toolkit (C) on the establishment of a SG UBC within a period of 10-weeks (T)?

Evidence: The literature evidence suggest that SG enables nurses to engage as a partner with nursing leaders within …


Caring For The Caregiver During Covid-19 Suspended Visitation, Melissa D. Rouse, Lorie K. Shoemaker, Priscilla Kyle, Chris Tenold, Whitney Anthony, Jordan White Aug 2022

Caring For The Caregiver During Covid-19 Suspended Visitation, Melissa D. Rouse, Lorie K. Shoemaker, Priscilla Kyle, Chris Tenold, Whitney Anthony, Jordan White

Patient Experience Journal

During the 4th surge of COVID-19, August to November 2021, visitation was suspended in a hospital system in North Georgia. The Compassionate Connections Call Center (CCCC) was created to alleviate staff stress and to manage calls and communication. The goal of the initiative was to reduce interruptions to patient care caused by the increased number of calls to the clinical units by patients, families, loved ones and personal caregivers. The CCCC managed all incoming calls and communicated with the patient’s primary nurse through a coordinated process which limited interruptions. By caring for the caregiver, the aim was to improve the …


Feasibility Of An Emergency Department Fall Screening Tool And Intervention Bundle Checklist On Nursing Fall Prevention Documentation: A Quality Improvement Project., Bailee E. Pope Aug 2022

Feasibility Of An Emergency Department Fall Screening Tool And Intervention Bundle Checklist On Nursing Fall Prevention Documentation: A Quality Improvement Project., Bailee E. Pope

Doctor of Nursing Practice Papers

Background: The World Health Organization (2018) and The Joint Commission (2015) define falling as a sudden, unplanned involuntarily advancement toward the ground, that may or may not result in injury. Fall rates are directly related to a facility’s mortality and morbidity rates, delayed patient care, additional diagnostic testing, and increased length-of-stay. Evaluating the practices of a local emergency department (ED), it was noted that ED nurses are not documenting their acknowledgment of a patient’s risk for falls, and also failed to chart interventions aimed at preventing falls. Failing to implement these practices into regular patient care can lead to negative …


Predictors Of Engagement In Nursing Professional Practice: Transforming Organizational Culture In The Post-Covid Healthcare Environment, Jennifer Garnand Jul 2022

Predictors Of Engagement In Nursing Professional Practice: Transforming Organizational Culture In The Post-Covid Healthcare Environment, Jennifer Garnand

Dissertations

Cultivating the shared belief that individuals matter within an organization enhances the empowerment of staff and supports enthusiastic engagement in organizational efforts aimed toward a common mission, vision, and goals (McShane & Von Glinow, 2019). The nursing profession has been plagued by an unprecedented decrease in engagement and diminished job satisfaction, particularly following the prolonged tenure of the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to subsequent attrition amidst a staffing crisis. This quantitative predictive correlational study seeks to determine whether proactive and persevering characteristics, professional identity, and passion of nurses are predictors of engagement in a post-COVID healthcare environment. The research was based …


A Description Of Impostor Phenomenon In Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesiologists, Jeffrey R. Darna May 2022

A Description Of Impostor Phenomenon In Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesiologists, Jeffrey R. Darna

Dissertations

Background: Imposter Phenomenon (IP) is an evolving, multidimensional construct defined as self-perceived intellectual phoniness and professional ineptitude frequently experienced by individuals working in high performance or competitive environments. IP consequences include psychological distress, role under-optimization, and professional paralysis. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesiologists (CRNAs) are at risk for impostorism; however, IP presence, intensity, and career effects are unknown.

Purpose: The study measured IP in CRNAs and determined the relationship between IP and select sociodemographic and practice variables.

Methods:

Design: A descriptive, cross-sectional correlation design measured IP using an Internet-based survey from a random sample of 170 members of the American …


A Qualitative Study On Nurse Facilitators Of Mind-Body Skills Groups, Paula D. Blake-Beckford May 2022

A Qualitative Study On Nurse Facilitators Of Mind-Body Skills Groups, Paula D. Blake-Beckford

Mindfulness Studies Theses

The Center for Mind-Body Medicine (CMBM), founded by Dr. James Gordon, provides communities with evidence-based Mind-Body Skills Groups (MBSGs) that foster self-care, self-awareness, and self-expression. MBSGs range from 8 to 12-week series on various mind-body practices wherein group members meet, practice, and reflect on the impact of mind-body skills in their lives. Research has demonstrated that participants in MBSGs have positive outcomes. Healthcare professionals (HCPs), especially nurses, gain resiliency from MBSGs. As facilitators of MBSGs, nurses develop essential skills transferable to clinical and educational settings. MBSGs are therapeutic for adult participants with chronic stress. Prior to this thesis, only one …


Supporting The Nursing Workforce And Addressing The Phenomena Of Nursing Burnout With Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions, Kelly Leung May 2022

Supporting The Nursing Workforce And Addressing The Phenomena Of Nursing Burnout With Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions, Kelly Leung

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: Burnout within healthcare has been an existing phenomenon, contributing to increased hospital staff turnover rates and the nationwide nursing shortage. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated this issue leading to a decrease in the quality of patient care, nurse satisfaction, and organizational financial security.

Context: At a South Bay Area public healthcare system, staff were displaced throughout the community to support the overflow of COVID-19 patients at ambulatory clinics. Due to the nature of COVID-19, this healthcare system has experienced barriers in maintaining available staff for the demand of work. Studies indicate that signs of increased stress and burnout observed …


Does Nurses Confidence Improve After Attending A Training For Teaching Home Infusion Patients?, Carol Menorah Young Dnp May 2022

Does Nurses Confidence Improve After Attending A Training For Teaching Home Infusion Patients?, Carol Menorah Young Dnp

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Projects

Discharge can be a difficult step for patients and their families and a challenging task for nurses. Poor instructions have a negative impact on the patient population. In addition, improper and incomplete discharge information negatively affects the posthospital recovery period and may cause the patient to return to the hospital for the same episode of care. Returning to the hospital emergency room or readmission for the same episode of care will increase the dangers to the patient’s health and recovery plan and increase the cost of individual healthcare. The patient population ranks the quality of discharge information via their responses …


Nurses In New Mexico: Their Awareness Of Safe Harbor As Reflected In A Survey During A Time Of Covid-19, Ashley R. Gonzales May 2022

Nurses In New Mexico: Their Awareness Of Safe Harbor As Reflected In A Survey During A Time Of Covid-19, Ashley R. Gonzales

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Projects

The healthcare industry is highly regulated to ensure patients receive safe, high-quality, patient-centered care. Even with these regulations, patient outcomes remain poor, given the high expenditure and percentage of the gross domestic product that healthcare comprises in the United States. Nurses make up the largest proportion of the healthcare field and are often overlooked when it comes to policies to ensure their practice remains safe and licenses protected. Nurses are the eyes and ears of their board-certified providers and detect subtle changes in a patient’s condition. However, such attention to detail can be executed only when the nurses can care …


How Implementing A Digital Competency Management System Reduced Nurse Training Cost And Improved Npd Practitioner Satisfaction In A Pediatric Hospital, Dionne Margallo May 2022

How Implementing A Digital Competency Management System Reduced Nurse Training Cost And Improved Npd Practitioner Satisfaction In A Pediatric Hospital, Dionne Margallo

Doctoral Projects

Healthcare organizations must have high-quality nursing staff to deliver optimal patient care. Educators and managers evaluate nurses by their performance through nursing competencies, or “knowledge, skills, [and] abilities” (KSA) (American Nurses Association, 2015, p. 86). Traditional competency evaluations and manual tracking posed a problem within one pediatric hospital. Leaders did not have a transparent way to see the knowledge and skills of their nursing staff. This resulted in increased organizational costs due to retraining and increased workload and job dissatisfaction among educators. The purpose of this quality improvement (QI) project was to evaluate how implementing a digital competency management system …


A Descriptive Study On The Perceived Barriers To Academic Progression From Lpn To Rn, Rebekah B. Snyder May 2022

A Descriptive Study On The Perceived Barriers To Academic Progression From Lpn To Rn, Rebekah B. Snyder

ATU Theses and Dissertations 2021 - Present

The significance of seamless academic progression has been emphasized in the nursing profession for more than a decade. A significant amount of research has been conducted on the transition from registered nurse (RN) to a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) prepared nurse in order to identify potential barriers to progression: yet a significant literature gap exists for the transition from licensed practical nurse (LPN) to RN. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive study was to identify what perceived barriers practical nursing students and recent practical nursing graduates identify as potentially hindering academic progression to a registered nursing program. Data …


Dnp Final Report: Executive Rounding And How It Affects The Completion Of A Quality Checklist And Quality Indicators: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Ruben P. Castillo May 2022

Dnp Final Report: Executive Rounding And How It Affects The Completion Of A Quality Checklist And Quality Indicators: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Ruben P. Castillo

DNP Final Reports

A question of inquiring led to the development of PICOT questions and a systematic search that recognized an executive leadership rounding process healthcare initiative need to improve the quality of care for patients, QI (quality improvement) initiatives such as reducing CAUTI (community-acquired urinary tract infections) and CLABSI (central-line associated bloodstream infections) in the medical floor population project was developed. The compelling internal and external evidence makes it vital to examine the following question, In acute care inpatients (P), how does an executive leaderships (manager &/or director), quality-indicator rounding plan (I) compare to no rounding plan (C) affect consistent completion of …


The Relationship Between Perceived Support And Post Traumatic Growth Among Nurses During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Anna Nieman May 2022

The Relationship Between Perceived Support And Post Traumatic Growth Among Nurses During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Anna Nieman

The Eleanor Mann School of Nursing Undergraduate Honors Theses

Background: Nurses continue to experience significant challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic, putting them at risk of occupational stress, burnout, and turnover. The post-traumatic growth model focuses on growth and knowledge that comes from experiences of stress and trauma.

Aim: Identify post-traumatic growth (PTG) in a population of nurses affected by the COVID 19 pandemic.

Method: PTG was measured by the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, a 21-item questionnaire with five factors: relating to others, new possibilities, appreciation of life, personal strength, and spiritual change. Participants (n=22) responded on a 6-point Likert scale, 0 for no change and 5 for great degree …