Dermatology Commons^™

The Effectivity Of Ultrasound-Guided Platelet-Rich Plasma Perineural Injection In Improving Leprosy Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy, Herwinda Brahmanti, Arif Widiatmoko, Dhelya Widasmara, Diane Tantia Sari, Shahdevi Nandar Kurniawan, Widodo Mardi Santoso, Ristiawan Muji Laksono, Abdul Gofur

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Sensory nerve damage is the earliest leprosy sign which can lead to disability. Previous studies showed that autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) perineural blind injection can stimulate leprosy sensory nerve regeneration. Our study provided a safer and more accurate PRP agent delivery method through ultrasound-guided injection and was the first to compare PRP versus standard neuropathy treatment, the neurotropic vitamin. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of combination therapy of ultrasound-guided PRP perineural injection and oral vitamin B complex compared to single oral vitamin B complex in sensory peripheral neuropathy of posterior tibial nerve in leprosy patients.

Challenges In Diagnosing Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome In Children With Kwashiorkor: A Case Report, Christie Hamdali, Sondang Sirait, Adria Rusvita, Bawono Bhakti

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a type of exfoliating skin disease with high incidence in children. This condition can cause serious morbidity and even mortality with certain comorbid diseases such as malnutrition. Malnutrition could mask the diagnosis of SSSS because of its similarity to numerous differential diagnoses. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis is then essential to determine the proper initial management. This case report presents a 6-month-old male baby with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and kwashiorkor. The patient presented with complaints of multiple erythematous plaques and widespread vesicular lesions that subsequently ruptured, resulting in erosions. Physical examination revealed edema, coarse …

The Effect Of Topical Oatmeal (Avena Sativa) On Hydration-Related Skin Disorders: A Systematic Review, Karenina Novani Sugondo, Melyawati Hermawan

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: In recent years, interest in developing cosmetics and beauty products based on natural ingredients has increased. The addition of herbal extracts to products could improve the effectiveness of therapy. One of the natural ingredients that can be found is oatmeal. Oatmeal has been used for a long time and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a skin protective agent since 2003. This study aims to systematically review the literature to determine the effect of topical oatmeal (Avena sativa) on hydration-related skin disorders.

Methods: A total of 9,538 studies were found in the database sources …

Zosteriform Cutaneous Metastases From A Carcinoma Mammae, Kharisma Yuliasis Widiasri, Ayu Wikan Sayekti, Novian Febiyanto, Elliana Wahyuanggradewi, Jeffrey Giantoro, Satiti Retno Pudjiati, Hanggoro Tri Rinonce, Agnes Sri Siswati

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Cutaneous metastases were reported in 18.6-26.5% of breast cancer patients. Zosteriform cutaneous metastasis is an unusual and rare morphological variant. Clinicians, especially dermatovenereologists, should consider dermatomal cutaneous metastases in oncology patients aside from herpes zoster, which is common in this population.

Case Illustration: A 62-year-old woman presented with clustered papules and vesicles with an erythematous base, sometimes painful, on the right side of the chest in T5-T7 dermatomal distribution of 1-month duration. She had undergone a radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma and had been receiving chemoradiotherapy, which was completed in March 2018. A diagnosis of zosteriform cutaneous …

Therapy Selection For Tinea Corporis And Cruris With Commorbidity: 3 Case Series, Yefta Yefta, Dwi Retno Adi Winarni, Agnes Sri Siswati

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Dermatophytosis is a superficial (skin, hair and nails) fungal infection caused by dermatophyte group fungi (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum). Immunocompromised conditions cause fungal infections to become more widespread and require consideration of therapy.

Case Illustration: This case series represented three cases of tinea corporis and tinea cruris in patients with comorbidities. The first case was tinea corporis and tinea cruris in a patient with congestive heart failure with oral terbinafine therapy. The second case was tinea corporis and tinea cruris in a patient with bilateral fourth degree hydronephrosis with oral griseofulvin therapy. The third case was tinea …

Exploring Hapi Incidence In Patients Admitted Through The Ed: A Quality Improvement Initiative, Alexa L. Tietgens

DNP Projects

Each year in the U.S., pressure injuries, or PIs, are responsible for more than 60,000 patient deaths and billions of dollars’ worth of treatment costs. Research shows that roughly 95% of all PIs are preventable by following evidence-based practice guidelines which include early identification of patients at risk, frequent skin assessments, and implementation of prevention strategies. However, the ED environment creates unique risks for PI development due to the routine use of hard surfaces (i.e., stretchers, backboards, exam tables) and frequent hospital overcrowding. Although nurses play a pivotal role in PI prevention, frequent staffing shortages, high patient acuity levels, and …

Potential Chemical Risks From Tattoos And Their Relevance To Military Health Policy In The United States, James D. Blando, Blas A. Guigni

Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications

We summarize and consolidate disparate sources of information about the practice of tattooing and its potential implications for military population health and policy. Each branch of the United States military has policies about tattoos for service members, but these have varied over time and do not cover health protection. The number of veterans receiving disability payments and the cost of those payments has been rising over time; the broad category of skin conditions accounts for 11% of disability claims. Any additional factor, such as tattoos that may increase the occurrence of adverse skin reactions, can substantially impact veteran benefit expenses …

Virtual Surgical Planning In Craniomaxillofacial Surgery: A Structured Review, Kaye Verlarde, Rentor Cafino, Armando Isla Jr., Karen Mae Ty, Xavier-Lewis Palmer, Lucas Potter, Larry Nadorra, Luchin Valrian Pueblos, Lemuel Clark Velasco

Electrical & Computer Engineering Faculty Publications

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is a challenging and very demanding field that involves the treatment of congenital and acquired conditions of the face and head. Due to the complexity of the head and facial region, various tools and techniques were developed and utilized to aid surgical procedures and optimize results. Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) has revolutionized the way craniomaxillofacial surgeries are planned and executed. It uses 3D imaging computer software to visualize and simulate a surgical procedure. Numerous studies were published on the usage of VSP in craniomaxillofacial surgery. However, the researchers found inconsistency in the previous literature which prompted the …

Haircare Practice And Dandruff Problems Among Indonesian Medical Students, Jessica Rosemary Wikanto, Lorettha Wijaya, Yunisa Astiarani, Regina Regina

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Dandruff is an understated hair and scalp problem that causes striking social and concentration issues among medical students. Haircare practice among them may or may not be related to the dandruff incident.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 74 pre-clinical medical students at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia. Trained health staff assessed dandruff prevalence by physical examination, and the haircare practice was measured using a questionnaire. Bivariate analysis was utilized to assess the association between haircare practice and dandruff prevalence’s.

Result: Among respondents, 85.1% of them have dandruff. Respondents who shampooed less than five …

Clinicodemographic And Laboratory Characteristics Of Cutaneous Tuberculosis At Tertiary Referral Hospital In West Java, Indonesia, Anisa Sediadini, Hendra Gunawan, Risa Miliawati Nurul Hidayah

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease affecting the skin caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). It constitutes 1–1.5% of extrapulmonary TB, with Indonesia being the third-highest TB burden country worldwide. Cutaneous TB is difficult to diagnose due to its varied presentations. This study aimed to describe the clinicodemographic and laboratory characteristics of cutaneous TB in a tertiary referral hospital in West Java, Indonesia.

Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the medical record of patients with cutaneous TB in the Tropical Dermatology Clinic of Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung, West Java, …

The Difference In Transepidermal Water Loss (Tewl) Values Between Sun-Exposed And Non-Sun-Exposed Skin Among Male Medical Students, Ihsany Arafiasetyanto Prihadi, Endra Yustin Ellistasari, Arie Kusumawardani

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) is the amount of water released from the human body into the atmosphere through a diffusion process per unit of time. Changes in TEWL indicate impaired skin barrier function. Exposure to ultraviolet light for an extended period can cause photoaging, characterized by rough and dry skin (xerosis cutis). TEWL will increase significantly in the skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation. This study aims to determine the difference in the TEWL values among male medical students in the sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed skin areas.

Methods: An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Dermatology and …

Risk Factors For Hiv-Positive Status In Condyloma Acuminata, Izazi Hari Purwoko, Putri Laksmi Karim, Suroso Adi Nugroho, Theresia Toruan, Fitriani .

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Condyloma acuminata (CA) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 6 and 11. The number of HPV infections increases in immunosuppressed conditions, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Risk factors in CA patients such as gender, sexual partner, sexual orientation, and sexual intercourse can increase HIV status.

Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study with a cohort retrospective design. The subjects are all CA patients who visited the polyclinic STI Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia, between 2016-2020. The number of CA patients included in the study were 115 patients …

A Case Of Longitudinal Melanonychia In A Child: Benign Or Malignant?, Heffi Anindya Putri, Ennesta Asri, Qaira Anum

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Longitudinal melanonychia (LM) describes a longitudinal brown-to-black band of discoloration affecting a finger, thumb, or toenail. Discoloration of the nails can be a sign of benign or malignant nail disorders. Although nail melanoma rarely occurs in children, health practitioners should be aware of melanonychia. Dermoscopy and histopathology are helpful in the diagnosis.

Case Illustration: A case of LM in a thirteen-year-old girl was reported with a complaint of brownish-black discoloration, sometimes painful, on her right thumb since 1 year ago. She had no history of trauma, nail damage, or bleeding tendency. Dermatological examination found a homogeneous brownish-black …

Seborrheic Keratosis Profile At Dr. Hasan Sadikin Central General Hospital Bandung 2015-2019, Eva Krishna Sutedja, Resti Gradia, Tri Aswila Latifah

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is adults’ most prevalent benign skin tumor. SK originates from the proliferation of keratinocyte cells with varying morphology and degree of pigmentation. The lesions often resemble other types of malignancy. There are still many discrepancies in SK in Indonesia; hence, SK needs further understanding. This study aimed to describe the profile of seborrheic keratosis cases based on age, sex, location of lesions, and therapy at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Central General Hospital, Bandung, for five years

Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study with total sampling. Secondary data were collected from medical records of SK …

Non-Pustular Annular Psoriasis With Signs Of High Disease Activity, Nevi Yasnova, Windy Keumala Budianti, Melody Febriana Andardewi

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Non-pustular annular psoriasis is a rare condition in which a type of plaque psoriasis appears with ring-like lesions and a clearer central appearance. The disease activities in psoriasis may be evaluated clinically. It is essential to provide a more meaningful approach to treatment management.

Case illustration: A 33-year-old woman complained of a one-year history of multiple erythematous, scaly, and annular plaques with central clearing. Some lesions were surrounded by discrete pinpoint papules on several parts of her body. The lesions worsened during seven weeks of topical and systemic therapy.

Discussion: Psoriasis is a chronic, multisystem inflammatory …

Clinicodemographic Characteristics Of Cutaneous Larva Migrans: A 10-Year Study In Tertiary Referral Hospital-West Java, Indonesia, Tuesi Fredella Avissa, Hendra Gunawan, Risa Miliawati Nurul Hidayah

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is the most common helminthic dermatosis caused by animal hookworm, commonly reported in tropical and subtropical regions. Most studies are on travellers returning from endemic areas, paradoxically very few reports in endemic countries, including Indonesia, where they mostly take place. This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of CLM patients for 10 years in a tertiary referral hospital in West Java, Indonesia.

Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. The data were obtained from the medical record of patients who was diagnosed as CLM in Tropical Dermatology Clinic Hasan …

Correlation Between Serum 25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels And The Worst Pain Intensity In Postherpetic Neuralgia, Wizar Putri Mellaratna, Nelva K. Jusuf, Ariyati Yosi

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is persistent pain in the affected dermatome that occurs more than three months after the eruption of the herpes zoster has disappeared. Vitamin D has a role in Schwann cell regeneration and stimulates the release of nerve growth factors.

Methods: Blood sampling was performed to test serum 25(OH)D levels. Patients filled out their worst pain intensity using the Zoster Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire. The score was reported in Likert score (0-10), 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating the most severe pain. Spearman correlation test was used, and p 0.05) and PHN durations (p …

Torch Re-Activation Concomitant With Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome Shows Erythema Multiforme-Like And Vasculitis Clinical Features, Windy Keumala Budianti, Rahadi Rihatmadja, Izzah Aulia, Isaak Effendy

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) can be associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, besides induced by drugs. We report a case of DIHS with prolonged atypical clinical features and vasculitis precipitated by drug allergy, CMV, and other viral infections.

Case illustration: A 54-year-old female presented with generalized follicular erythematous papules and waxy palmoplantar keratoderma since one month before admission. The symptoms started as a purpuric lesion on the upper extremities, spreading as erythematous papules on the trunk with facial edema, accompanied by fever and chronic cough. She had been previously treated with ambroxol and cephalosporin. Cutaneous drug allergy reaction …

Reporting Of Mycetoma Cases From Skin And Soft Tissue Biopsies Over A Period Of Ten Years: A Single Center Report And Literature Review From Pakistan, Mohammad Zeeshan, Saira Fatima, Joveria Farooqi, Kauser Jabeen, Arsalan Ahmed, Afreen Haq, Muhammad Omer Arif, Afia Zafar

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Mycetoma is an important neglected tropical disease associated with debilitation, disfigurement and death if not diagnosed and treated adequately. In Pakistan, mycetoma cases have frequently been diagnosed in histopathology and microbiology laboratories. However, there is scarcity of published data from this country. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency and type of mycetoma reported in skin and soft tissue biopsies from a single center over 10 years and review of published literature from Pakistan.
Method: This descriptive observational retrospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital laboratory, Karachi, Pakistan. Laboratory data from 2009-2018 …

The Vaginal Microbiota, Indah Kencana, Satya Wydya Yenny

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

The vagina is an ecosystem consisting of various species of microorganisms (microbiota) that play important role in maintaining vaginal health. The vaginal ecosystem includes a variety of species classified into aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms which are vaginal microbiota (VMB). In the vagina of a healthy woman, 70% of normal microbiota is dominated by the Lactobacillus species. Lactobacillus is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium, and belongs to the group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB produces lactic acid which plays a role in maintaining vaginal acidity at pH

Microneedling And Platelet-Rich Plasma (Prp) Treatment For Mixed Melasma, Puteri Wulandari, Nelva Karmila Jusuf, Khairina Nasution

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Melasma, or chloasma, is an acquired pigmentary disorder caused by increased melanin in the epidermal and dermal layers, characterized by brown or gray patches on the face and neck. There are many treatment options available; however, the difficulties in treating melasma are frequent recalcitrants, high recurrence rate, irregularity in treatment, and the tendency of the patients to self-medicate.
Case Ilustration: We report a case of mixed melasma treated by microneedling and topical PRP administration. Thirteen weeks following the therapy, the patient showed a favorable response brighter skin and substantial disappearance of brown patches.
Discussion: Studies assessing …

Cutaneous Manifestation Of Thyroid Carcinoma In A 64-Year-Old Filipino Woman: A Case Report, Andrean Linata, Benedicto Dl Carpio, Eileen Regalado-Morales

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Cutaneous metastasis is a rare phenomenon of thyroid carcinoma. Several mechanisms regarding cutaneous metastasis from internal malignancies have been proposed. Various treatment options are available, including surgical procedures, radioiodine therapy, thyroid hormone therapy, and other possible therapies. The prognosis of thyroid carcinoma with cutaneous manifestation is poor.
Case Illustration: We presented a case of 64-year-old female patient with previously diagnosed thyroid carcinoma admitted with enlarged and tender nodules on the right side of the anterior neck. No surgical intervention was done and patient was treated with chemotherapy using doxorubicin 80 mg as the agent of choice. Levothyroxine …

Bacterial Sensitivity Pattern To Antibiotics In Acne Vulgaris At Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital Medan, Indonesia In 2019, Lovena Sari, Nelva Karmila Jusuf, Imam Budi Putra

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: The association between psoriasis and metabolic syndrome is appealing as the two may share a similar cross-linking systemic inflammation process. The inflammation processes occurring in obesity and psoriasis may aggravate one another. This raised the question of whether a low-calorie diet would possibly reverse the aforementioned process. This study aims to determine whether calorie restriction reduces psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) in obese patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis receiving conventional treatment compared to no calorie restriction.
Methods: We searched Pubmed/Pubmed Central, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library, EBSCOhost, and Scopus databases using keywords derived from our clinical question. The inclusion …

Combined Use Of Cross Tca And Modified Subcision With Prp Administration For Acne Scars, Ahmad Fiqri, Moerbono Mochtar, Dendy Zulfikar

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Acne vulgaris is a skin disease that can cause permanent scarring. Various therapeutic options are available to treat atrophic scars, but combination therapy is still the best choice according to different types of scars in a single patient. Chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS) trichloroacetic acid (TCA), modified subcutaneous incisionless (subcision), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can be used as a combination therapy to treat acne scars.
Case Illustration: A 25-year-old man complained of acne scars on both sides of his face. Dermatologic findings were blackheads, icepick, boxcar, and rolling scars. Clinically he had moderate to severe acne …

Comparison Between Oral Pentoxifylline + Corticosteroid Andoral Corticosteroid Alone For Severe Erythema Nodosum Leprosum, Martinus Martinus, Rahadi Rihatmadja, Sri Linuwih Menaldi

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Severe erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is common but difficult to treat. Long term use of systemic corticosteroid causes side effects. This study compares the use of a combination of pentoxifylline + oral corticosteroids with a single oral corticosteroid in leprosy patients with severe ENL reactions. Parameters measured include skin RSA score, systemic RSA, total corticosteroid dose, resolution time of skin lesions, improvement of pain VAS and treatment side effects.
Methods: 29 subjects with severe ENL reactions are allocated randomly into two groups which receive oral pentoxifylline + methylprednisolone, and oral placebo + methylprednisolone for 12 weeks. The …

Allergen Profile Of Facial Acd To Cosmetics Among Patients At Tertiary Referral Hospital In Yogyakarta, Alessandro Alfieri, Niken Indrastuti, Sri Awalia Febriana, Satiti Retno Pudjiati, Fajar Waskito

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Cosmetics are a part of life for most of the population and may cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), especially on the face, as the primary exposure of cosmetics is on the face area.
Methods: This research was conducted retrospectively using secondary data. The research subjects and demographic data were taken from the registered list of patients at Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Clinic Dr. Sardjito General Hospital with a clinical picture of facial ACD due to cosmetics. Patch tests were carried out from January 2017 to December 2020.
Results: From three years period, 26 patients were diagnosed …

The Relationship Between Increased Body Mass Index With Transepidermal Water Loss: A Comparative Study, Muhammad Yurizar Yudhistira, Arie Kusumawardani, Suci Widhiati, Nurachmat Mulianto

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Background: Obesity affect significant populations on all ages. The relationship between obesity and metabolic diseases is known but a dermatological link is rarely explained. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is one of the measurement tools used to define the skin’s barrier function by measuring the amount of water that evaporates through the skin in aspecific amount of time. Although several studies on TEWL are available but discussion about the correlation between TEWL and body mass index (BMI) is still limited. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between TEWL and BMI.
Methods: This research is a single-center study with …

Recent Progress In Immunotherapy For Skin Cancer, Fadhli Aulia Mughni, Rinadewi Astriningrum, Aida Sd Hoemardani, Kusmarinah Bramono, Adhimukti T. Sampurna, Agassi Suseno Sutarjo

Journal of General - Procedural Dermatology and Venereology Indonesia

Skin cancer is a global health concern due to its growing incidence and high mortality rate. The most common therapeutic modalities in skin cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, those therapies do not specifically target cancer cells and may damage healthy tissues. Cancer induces immune response by releasing soluble antigens and danger signals caused by tumor cellular stress or death, while the immune system continuously monitor and control malignant proliferation through cancer immunoediting. Therefore, targeting this mechanism is a promising approach to manage cancer, especially those unresponsive to conventional therapies. Immunotherapy is a specific therapy that manipulates the immune …

A Clinical Study Of Venereal And Non Venereal Genital Dermatoses In Women, Lakkireddygari Sujana, Savitha L. Beergouder, Alekhya Rallapalli, Prasanthi Chidipudi, Sujatha Alla

Engineering Management & Systems Engineering Faculty Publications

Background: Any genital lesion or related symptoms are erroneously considered to be sexually transmitted as it is the most covered regions of the body and seems truly to be a forgotten pelvic organ it is the significant and important group of dermatological conditions may be associated with considerable morbidity, discomfort, and embarrassment. The most common conditions seen in a Dermatology Clinic are vulvar dermatoses, which comprise of lichen sclerosis, lichen planus, vulvar eczema, and psoriasis. Other conditions such as vulvar pain syndromes, vulvar disorders associated with systemic diseases, and blistering diseases are also seen.

Materials and Methods: This was a …

In Vitro And In Vivo Correlation Of Skin And Cellular Responses To Nucleic Acid Delivery, M. Bosnjak, K. Znidar, A. Sales Conniff, T. Jesenko, B. Markelc, Nina Semenova, J. Tur, K. Kohena, S. Kranjc Brezar, L. Heller, M. Cemazar

Bioelectrics Publications

Skin, the largest organ in the body, provides a passive physical barrier against infection and contains elements of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Skin consists of various cells, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells. This diversity of cell types could be important to gene therapies because DNA transfection could elicit different responses in different cell types. Previously, we observed the upregulation and activation of cytosolic DNA sensing pathways in several non-tumor and tumor cell types as well in tumors after the electroporation (electrotransfer) of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Based on this research and the innate immunogenicity of …