Medical Specialties Commons^™

Tp53 Germline Pathogenic Variant Frequency In Anaplastic Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Children’S Oncology Group Report, Douglas Fair, Luke Maese, Yueh-Yun Chi, Minjie Li, Douglas S Hawkins, Rajkumar Venkatramani, Erin Rudzinski, David Parham, Lisa Teot, David Malkin, Sharon E Plon, He Li, Aniko Sabo, Philip J Lupo, Joshua D Schiffman

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a well-described cancer in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, resulting from germline TP53 pathogenic variants (PVs). RMS exhibiting anaplasia (anRMS) are associated with a high rate of germline TP53 PVs. This study provides updated estimates of the prevalence of TP53 germline PVs in RMS (3%) and anRMS (11%) from a large cohort (n = 239) enrolled in five Children's Oncology Group (COG) clinical trials. Although the prevalence of germline TP53 PVs in patients with anRMS in this series is much lower than previously reported, this prevalence remains elevated. Germline evaluation for TP53 PVs should be strongly considered in patients with …

Full Issue: Volume 1, Issue 1 - May 2023

Bone Bulletin

Contents

i - Editors’ Note by Payton Boere and Ari Clements

ii - Foreword by Dr. Alan Hilibrand

7 - Injuries, Management, and Prevention in the Weekend Warrior by John Paulik

10 - A Practical Guide to Etiquette in the Orthopaedic OR for the Rotating Medical Student by Tyler Radack

13 - New Trends in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Applications: The Role of Preference Signaling by J. Liam Gibbons

16 - First Job Considerations as an Orthopaedic Surgery Attending: Picking a Practice Setting by Purab Kothari

20 - A Day in the Life of an Orthopaedic Surgeon with Dr. Rachel Shakked …

Summary Of Early Sport Specialization In Baseball, Matthew Sabitsky

Bone Bulletin

Background/Scope of the Problem

Early sport specialization, defined as playing one sport for over eight months in a year without participation in any other sports, has gained significant popularity in recent years.^1,2 Increasing numbers of young baseball players are leaving their local leagues for travel programs where they may pay thousands to play for a team year-round.³ Youth baseball players are competing in more games than ever. During the busiest months, summer travel teams routinely schedule around 80 games over the course of just three months.⁴ Putting this in perspective, Division I college programs play about 60 …

Additional Strategies To Heal A Fracture: The Impact Of Lifestyle Modifications To Improve Bone Repair, Katie Duquette

Bone Bulletin

Suffering from a bone fracture can hinder a patient’s ability to work and greatly diminish their quality of life. Depending on fracture characteristics, treatment options consist of non-operative and operative management. Regardless of intervention needed, the process of bone healing is multi-factorial. Therefore, patients who are interested in maximizing their functional recovery can make changes within their control to optimize the healing process. Changes as simple as adding beets and probiotics could have a significant impact on returning function earlier and alleviating pain sooner.

If physicians elevate their current recovery strategy advice, it may be possible to improve a patient’s …

Exploring The Use Of Robotics In Orthopaedic Surgery, Daniel Givner

Bone Bulletin

Over the last few decades, the use of robotics has dramatically increased across all surgical specialties. While initially only utilized in a few gynecological and urological procedures, robotics are now used in a wide range of surgical procedures ranging from general surgery, cardiovascular surgery, to otolaryngology and orthopaedic surgery. One study noted in the field of general surgery, roughly 15% of all surgeries are utilizing some form of robotics.1 Surgical robotics assist in a variety of ways ranging from guiding procedures by creating 3D images of the anatomic landscape, to allowing physicians to operate through telemanipulating in a separate room. …

Biologic Augmentation In Osteochondral Lesions Of The Talus, Yashas Reddy

Bone Bulletin

Introduction

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are injuries involving damage to the cartilage and bone associated with the talar dome. They occur in up to 50% of ankle sprains and 73% of ankle fractures, varying in stability and severity.¹ Standard weightbearing ankle radiographs may allow for visualization of the lesions if substantial bone fragmentation is involved but CT and MRI are more sensitive for subchondral bone damage and purely cartilaginous lesions, respectively (Figure 1). The majority of patients with OLT are active individuals in their 20s and 30s, and often present after sustaining an acute inversion injury.^{2 …}

A Day In The Life Of An Orthopaedic Surgeon With Dr. Rachel Shakked, Anne Cohen

Bone Bulletin

From a young age, Dr. Shakked knew she wanted to be a doctor and started medical school with an interest in pursuing medical oncology. As a third year, she did her surgery rotation with low expectations but ended up loving it and discovering the field of orthopaedics. After completing her fellowship in 2016, she is now a foot and ankle specialist at the Rothman Institute where she experiences a mix of both private and academic practice. This conversation was born from her desire to show students what life is like beyond medical school and residency, and the importance of living …

First Job Considerations As An Orthopaedic Surgery Attending: Picking A Practice Setting, Purab Kothari

Bone Bulletin

A career in medicine is a journey with many forks in the road as medical students choose specialties, then subspecialties, and finally a practice setting. Particularly with the latter, becoming familiar with the various practice options early on can lead to an easier decision when the time to join the workforce arrives. Additionally, the ability to work in a setting that aligns with one’s career goals may ultimately lead to increased job satisfaction and reduced burnout risk. The following article aims to define various practice settings, including academic, private, community, “privademics” and locum tenens, and explore key considerations orthopaedic surgery …

New Trends In Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Applications: The Role Of Preference Signaling, J. Liam Gibbons

Bone Bulletin

Introduction

Orthopaedic surgery is known to be one of the most competitive specialties for medical students to pursue. It is important for applicants to have a strong portfolio of achievements, including research, presentations, and volunteering to increase chances of matching. USMLE scores and AOA membership tend to be higher among residency applicants that match into orthopaedic surgery. Moreover, the match rate for orthopaedics is lower at 74% compared to the overall match rate of 93.8%.¹ To increase chances of matching into an orthopaedic program, it is recommended to start preparing early and stay informed about trends and strategies in …

A Practical Guide To Etiquette In The Orthopaedic Or For The Rotating Medical Student, Tyler Radack

Bone Bulletin

The Operating Room, the operating theatre, the lair of the Orthopaedic surgeon, it goes by many names. It is a place most try to avoid, but this daunting windowless room is a classroom and training ground for many. And for the medical student interested in an orthopaedic surgery career, making an impression in the operating room is vital to matching into their desired orthopaedic residency.¹

Unfortunately, making an impression in the operating room is difficult, or more precisely, making a good impression in the operating room is difficult. Furthermore, every operating room dynamic can be different, and the personalities …

Injuries, Management, And Prevention In The Weekend Warrior, John Paulik

Bone Bulletin

Introduction

Sports medicine is known for heroically returning competitors back to the big game just in the nick of time for the winning play. This storybook ending is a reality of sports medicine. However, the majority of athletes will not end up on ESPN in the newest 30 for 30. This begs the question - who is an athlete? To some, it may be defined as someone who participates in an organized sport, culminating in regular competition and requiring systematic training.¹ This definition, however, excludes those who regularly exercise with the goal of improving their health or appearance.^{2 …}

Foreword, Alan S. Hilibrand

Bone Bulletin

As the Director of Undergraduate Medical Education for the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at the Sidney Kimmel Medical College, I am thrilled to have this opportunity to introduce the inaugural issue of the Bone Bulletin. Through the activities of the DePalma Orthopaedic Society, medical students at SKMC have had an excellent venue to learn about orthopaedic surgery, and our surgeons here at Rothman Orthopaedics have enthusiastically mentored younger students interested in the field of orthopedic surgery. The DePalma leadership has worked hard on many initiatives in recent years: providing forums for orthopaedic faculty to speak about their work, assembling lists …

Editor's Note, Payton Boere, Ari Clements

Bone Bulletin

We are thrilled to introduce the inaugural issue of the Bone Bulletin, DePalma Orthopaedic Society’s student-run, non-peer reviewed journal for Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC) students. The journal’s aim is to provide yet another way to be involved with orthopaedics in medical school and to promote student interest in orthopaedics by reporting on diverse aspects of the field through editorial and opinion pieces. Under the close 1-on-1 mentorship of a physician from the Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, students have a hands-on opportunity to write about and directly engage with orthopaedic research and developments.

Within the pages of this journal, you …

Review Of Gynaecological Cancer Among Aboriginal And/Or Torres Strait Islander People In Australia, Aime Powell, Ami Morseu-Diop, Maya Morton Ninomiya, Uday Narayan Yadav, Emily Phillips, Devendra Raj Singh, Tamara Butler, Emma Allanson, Lisa J. Whop

Journal of the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet

Gynaecological cancers bear a significant burden on the health of Australians. Whilst Australia has made great strides in reducing the overall gynaecological cancer burden nationally, Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women continue to experience disproportionately high rates of gynaecological cancers.

This review focuses on the social, cultural, and historical contexts that contribute to inequitable gynaecological cancer rates among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women. An in-depth discussion on cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer are described; including the incidence, mortality, survival, and management of these diseases for Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander women.

It highlights both the persistent barriers …

Sarcopenia And Cardiovascular Diseases, Abdulla A Damluji, Maha Alfaraidhy, Noora Alhajri, Namit N Rohant, Manish Kumar, Christina Al Malouf, Samira Bahrainy, Min Ji Kwak, Wayne B Batchelor, Daniel E Forman, Michael W Rich, James Kirkpatrick, Ashok Krishnaswami, Karen P Alexander, Gary Gerstenblith, Peggy Cawthon, Christopher R Defilippi, Parag Goyal

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle strength, mass, and function, which is often exacerbated by chronic comorbidities including cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer. Sarcopenia is associated with faster progression of cardiovascular diseases and higher risk of mortality, falls, and reduced quality of life, particularly among older adults. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are complex, the broad underlying cause of sarcopenia includes an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic muscle homeostasis with or without neuronal degeneration. The intrinsic molecular mechanisms of aging, chronic illness, malnutrition, and immobility are associated with the development of sarcopenia. Screening and testing for sarcopenia may be …

Fiducial Markers Allow Accurate And Reproducible Delivery Of Liver Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy, Marina Moskalenko, Bernard L. Jones, Adam Mueller, Shirley Lewis, Jay C. Shiao, Sara J. Zakem, Tyler P. Robin, Karyn A. Goodman

Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty Papers

Fiducial markers are utilized for image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) alignment during the delivery of liver stereotactic body radiosurgery (SBRT). There are limited data demonstrating the impact of matching fiducials on the accuracy of liver SBRT. This study quantifies the benefit of fiducial-based alignment and improvements in inter-observer reliability. Nineteen patients with 24 liver lesions were treated with SBRT. Target localization was performed using fiducial markers on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Each CBCT procedure was retrospectively realigned to match both the liver edge and fiducial markers. The shifts were recorded by seven independent observers. Inter-observer variability was analyzed by calculating the …

Diagnostic Role Of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide In Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Relationship With Gastric And Duodenal Eosinophils., Panamdeep Kaur, Rachel Chevalier, Craig A. Friesen, Jamie Ryan, Ashley K. Sherman, Stephanie Page

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an eosinophilic-predominant inflammation of the esophagus diagnosed by upper endoscopy and biopsies. A non-invasive and cost-effective alternative for management of EoE is being researched. Previous studies assessing utility of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in EoE were low powered. None investigated the contribution of eosinophilic inflammation of the stomach and duodenum to FeNO.

AIM: To assess the utility of FeNO as a non-invasive biomarker of esophageal eosinophilic inflammation for monitoring disease activity.

METHODS: Patients aged 6-21 years undergoing scheduled upper endoscopy with biopsy for suspected EoE were recruited in our observational study. Patients on steroids …

Cancer Stem Cell Assay-Guided Chemotherapy Improves Survival Of Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma In A Randomized Trial, Tulika Ranjan, Soma Sengupta, Michael J. Glantz, Richard M. Green, Alexander Yu, Dawit Aregawi, Rekha Chaudhary, Ricky Chen, Mario Zuccarello, Christine Lu-Emerson, Hugh D. Moulding, Neil Belman, Jon Glass, Aaron Mammoser, Mark Anderson, Jagan Valluri, Nicholas Marko, Jason Schroeder, Steven Jubelirer, Frances Chow, Pier Paolo Claudio, Anthony M. Alberico, Seth T. Lirette, Krista L. Denning, Candace M. Howard

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Therapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) contribute to the poor clinical outcomes of patients with recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) who fail standard of care (SOC) therapy. ChemoID is a clinically validated assay for identifying CSC-targeted cytotoxic therapies in solid tumors. In a randomized clinical trial (NCT03632135), the ChemoID assay, a personalized approach for selecting the most effective treatment from FDA-approved chemotherapies, improves the survival of patients with rGBM (2016 WHO classification) over physician-chosen chemotherapy. In the ChemoID assay-guided group, median survival is 12.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.2–14.7) compared with 9 months (95% CI, 4.2–13.8) in the physician-choice group (p = …

Association Of Brain Age, Lesion Volume, And Functional Outcome In Patients With Stroke, Sook-Lei Liew, Nicolas Schweighofer, James H. Cole, Artemis Zavaliangos-Petropulu, Bethany P. Lo, Laura K.M. Han, Tim Hahn, Lianne Schmaal, Miranda R. Donnelly, Jessica N. Jeong, Zhizhuo Wang, Aisha Abdullah, Jun H. Kim, Alexandre Hutton, Giuseppe Barisano, Michael R. Borich, Lara A. Boyd, Amy Brodtmann, Cathrin M. Buetefisch, Winston D. Byblow, Jessica M. Cassidy, Charalambos C. Charalambous, Valentina Ciullo, Adriana Bastos Conforto, Rosalia Dacosta-Aguayo, Julie A. Dicarlo, Martin Domin, Adrienne N. Dula, Natalia Egorova-Brumley, Wuwei Feng, Fatemeh Geranmayeh, Chris M. Gregory, Colleen A. Hanlon, Kathryn Hayward, Jess A. Holguin, Brenton Hordacre, Neda Jahanshad, Steven A. Kautz, Mohamed Salah Khlif, Hosung Kim, Amy Kuceyeski, David J. Lin, Jingchun Liu, Martin Lotze, Bradley J. Macintosh, John L. Margetis, Maria Mataro, Feroze B. Mohamed, Emily R. Olafson, Gilsoon Park, Fabrizio Piras, Kate P. Revill, Pamela Roberts, Andrew D. Robertson, Nerses Sanossian, Heidi M. Schambra, Na Jin Seo, Surjo R. Soekadar, Gianfranco Spalletta, Cathy M. Stinear, Myriam Taga, Wai Kwong Tang, Greg T. Thielman, Daniela Vecchio, Nick S. Ward, Lars T. Westlye, Carolee J. Winstein, George F. Wittenberg, Steven L. Wolf, Kristin A. Wong, Chunshui Yu, Steven C. Cramer, Paul M. Thompson

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Functional outcomes after stroke are strongly related to focal injury measures. However, the role of global brain health is less clear. In this study, we examined the impact of brain age, a measure of neurobiological aging derived from whole-brain structural neuroimaging, on poststroke outcomes, with a focus on sensorimotor performance. We hypothesized that more lesion damage would result in older brain age, which would in turn be associated with poorer outcomes. Related, we expected that brain age would mediate the relationship between lesion damage and outcomes. Finally, we hypothesized that structural brain resilience, which we define in …

From Bugs To Drugs: Bacterial 3-Iaa Enhances Efficacy Of Chemotherapy In Pancreatic Cancer, Y David Seo, Jennifer A Wargo

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Tintelnot et al. identified enrichment of indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA), a tryptophan metabolite produced by gut microbiota, as a predictor of chemotherapy response in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recapitulated in mouse models, 3-IAA represents a novel potential therapeutic approach for chemotherapy sensitization.

Evaluation Of 89zr-Labeled Anti-Pd-L1 Monoclonal Antibodies Using Dfo And Novel Hopo Analogues As Chelating Agents For Immuno-Pet, Bhasker Radaram, Sarah E Glazer, Ping Yang, Chia-Wei Li, Mien-Chie Hung, Seth T Gammon, Mian Alauddin, David Piwnica-Worms

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a type 1 transmembrane immunosuppressive protein that is expressed on a wide range of cell types, including cancer cells. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy and have led to improved outcomes for subsets of cancer patients, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. As a result, PET imaging of PD-L1 protein expression in cancer patients has been explored for noninvasive detection of PD-L1 expressing tumors as well as monitoring response to anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy. Previous studies have indicated that the in vivo stability and in vivo target detection of antibody-based radio-conjugates can be dramatically …

Apolipoprotein E Dyslipidemia And Nephrotic Syndrome: A Rare Connection, Sahana Tito, Avica Atri, Shivaraj Patil, Saima Dean, Sweta Carpenter

Einstein Health Papers

Severe hyperlipidemia warrants an extensive evaluation. We report a case of a 25-year-old man of Chinese descent seen in the cardiology-lipid clinic. He was found to have a serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 12.12 mmol/L (468 mg/dL) and serum triglycerides of 2.29 mmol/L (203 mg/dL) during routine screening. Work-up revealed nephrotic-range proteinuria, and renal biopsy showed dilated glomerular capillary loops with lipid deposits, pathognomonic of lipoprotein glomerulopathy. Genetic studies showed apolipoprotein E3/E4 phenotype. He was treated with a high-intensity statin and fibrate therapy, which resulted in a marked improvement in dyslipidemia and proteinuria.

Low Educational Attainment Is Associated With Higher All-Cause And Cardiovascular Mortality In The United States Adult Population, Najah Khan, Zulqarnain Javed, Isaac Acquah, Kobina Hagan, Madiha Khan, Javier Valero-Elizondo, Ryan Chang, Umair Javed, Mohamad B. Taha, Salim S. Virani

Office of the Provost

Introduction: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of health (SDOH) for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between educational attainment and all-cause and CVD mortality has not been longitudinally evaluated on a population-level in the US, especially in individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In this nationally representative study, we assessed the association between educational attainment and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in the general adult population and in adults with ASCVD in the US.
Methods: We used data from the 2006-2014 National Death Index-linked National Health Interview Survey for adults ≥ 18 years. We generated …

Next-Generation Boron Drugs And Rational Translational Studies Driving The Revival Of Bnct, Danushka S Seneviratne, Omran Saifi, Yuri Mackeyev, Timothy Malouff, Sunil Krishnan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BNCT is a high-linear-energy transfer therapy that facilitates tumor-directed radiation delivery while largely sparing adjacent normal tissues through the biological targeting of boron compounds to tumor cells. Tumor-specific accumulation of boron with limited accretion in normal cells is the crux of successful BNCT delivery. Given this, developing novel boronated compounds with high selectivity, ease of delivery, and large boron payloads remains an area of active investigation. Furthermore, there is growing interest in exploring the immunogenic potential of BNCT. In this review, we discuss the basic radiobiological and physical aspects of BNCT, traditional and next-generation boron compounds, as well as translational …

Expanding Endoscopic Boundaries: Endoscopic Resection Of Large Appendiceal Orifice Polyps With Endoscopic Mucosal Resection And Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, Ankur P Patel, Mai A Khalaf, Margarita Riojas-Barrett, Tara Keihanian, Mohamed O Othman

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Large appendiceal orifice polyps are traditionally treated surgically. Recently, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) have been utilized as alternative resection techniques.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection techniques for the management of large appendiceal orifice polyps.

METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted to assess the feasibility and safety of EMR and ESD for large appendiceal orifice polyps. This project was approved by the Baylor College of Medicine Institutional Review Board. Patients who underwent endoscopic resection of appendiceal orifice polyps ≥ 1 cm from 2015 to 2022 at a tertiary …

Traf4-Mediated Nonproteolytic Ubiquitination Of Androgen Receptor Promotes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Ramesh Singh, Huan Meng, Tao Shen, Lance Edward V Lumahan, Steven Nguyen, Hong Shen, Subhamoy Dasgupta, Li Qin, Dileep Karri, Bokai Zhu, Feng Yang, Cristian Coarfa, Bert W O'Malley, Ping Yi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) poses a major clinical challenge with the androgen receptor (AR) remaining to be a critical oncogenic player. Several lines of evidence indicate that AR induces a distinct transcriptional program after androgen deprivation in CRPCs. However, the mechanism triggering AR binding to a distinct set of genomic loci in CRPC and how it promotes CRPC development remain unclear. We demonstrate here that atypical ubiquitination of AR mediated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF4 plays an important role in this process. TRAF4 is highly expressed in CRPCs and promotes CRPC development. It mediates K27-linked ubiquitination at the C-terminal …

Break The "Hold": The Need To Strengthen The Management Of Hypertension, Obesity, Lipids, And Diabetes (Hold) And Improve Cardiovascular Health In People With Diabetes, Layla A Abushamat, Vijay Nambi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Low Educational Attainment Is Associated With Higher All-Cause And Cardiovascular Mortality In The United States Adult Population, Najah Khan, Zulqarnain Javed, Isaac Acquah, Kobina Hagan, Madiha Khan, Javier Valero-Elizondo, Ryan Chang, Umair Javed, Mohamad B Taha, Michael J Blaha, Salim S Virani, Garima Sharma, Ron Blankstein, Martha Gulati, Elias Mossialos, Adnan A Hyder, Miguel Cainzos Achirica, Khurram Nasir

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Introduction: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of health (SDOH) for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between educational attainment and all-cause and CVD mortality has not been longitudinally evaluated on a population-level in the US, especially in individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In this nationally representative study, we assessed the association between educational attainment and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality in the general adult population and in adults with ASCVD in the US.

Methods: We used data from the 2006-2014 National Death Index-linked National Health Interview Survey for adults ≥ 18 years. We generated …

Traf4-Mediated Nonproteolytic Ubiquitination Of Androgen Receptor Promotes Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Ramesh Singh, Huan Meng, Tao Shen, Lance Edward V Lumahan, Steven Nguyen, Hong Shen, Subhamoy Dasgupta, Li Qin, Dileep Karri, Bokai Zhu, Feng Yang, Cristian Coarfa, Bert W O'Malley, Ping Yi

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) poses a major clinical challenge with the androgen receptor (AR) remaining to be a critical oncogenic player. Several lines of evidence indicate that AR induces a distinct transcriptional program after androgen deprivation in CRPCs. However, the mechanism triggering AR binding to a distinct set of genomic loci in CRPC and how it promotes CRPC development remain unclear. We demonstrate here that atypical ubiquitination of AR mediated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF4 plays an important role in this process. TRAF4 is highly expressed in CRPCs and promotes CRPC development. It mediates K27-linked ubiquitination at the C-terminal …

Education As A Source Of Hope: An Examination Of Teacher Beliefs And The Lack Of Support For Children With Chronic Health Conditions, Marissa Schow

Education | Master's Theses

As survival rates increase, more children with chronic health conditions are returning to K-12 classrooms after receiving medical treatments. Research has shown that many teachers believe that students with chronic health conditions should not have to worry about school while they are going through treatment (Irwin & Elam, 2011; Legislative Alliance for Students with Health Conditions, 2017). Research also suggests that many schools are violating the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 by withdrawing students from the district due to chronic absenteeism (Eaton, 2012; Wilkie, 2012). The purpose of this mixed methods study was to explore and examine the ways …