Medical Specialties Commons^™

Gm1 Ganglioside In Parkinson's Disease: Pilot Study Of Effects On Dopamine Transporter Binding., Jay S. Schneider, Franca Cambi, Stephen M. Gollomp, Hiroto Kuwabara, James R. Brašić, Benjamin E. Leiby, Stephanie Sendek, Dean F. Wong

Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVE: GM1 ganglioside has been suggested as a treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), potentially having symptomatic and disease modifying effects. The current pilot imaging study was performed to examine effects of GM1 on dopamine transporter binding, as a surrogate measure of disease progression, studied longitudinally.

METHODS: Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging data were obtained from a subset of subjects enrolled in a delayed start clinical trial of GM1 in PD [1]: 15 Early-start (ES) subjects, 14 Delayed-start (DS) subjects, and 11 Comparison (standard-of-care) subjects. Treatment subjects were studied over a 2.5 year period while Comparison subjects were studied over 2 …

A Multiscale Mapping Assessment Of Lake Champlain Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, Nathan Torbick, Megan Corbiere, Yu-Pin Lin

Dartmouth Scholarship

Lake Champlain has bays undergoing chronic cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms that pose a public health threat. Monitoring and assessment tools need to be developed to support risk decision making and to gain a thorough understanding of bloom scales and intensities. In this research application, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Rapid Eye, and Proba Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) images were obtained while a corresponding field campaign collected in situ measurements of water quality. Models including empirical band ratio regressions were applied to map chlorophylla and phycocyanin concentrations; all sensors performed well with R² and root-mean-square error (RMSE) ranging …

Towards A New Global Strategy For Women’S, Children’S And Adolescents’ Health, Marleen Temmerman, Rajat Khosla, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Flavia Bustreo

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East Africa

The year 2015 marks a defining moment for the health of women, children, and adolescents. It is the end point of the United Nations’ millennium development goals, and their transition to the sustainable development goals, and also the 20th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development’s plan of action and the Beijing Declaration and platform of action.

This is a moment of reflection as well as celebration. Although great strides have been made in reducing maternal and child mortality, showing that change is possible, many countries are lagging behind in reaching millennium development goal 4 (to reduce the …

Research Design Creates Ambiguity Related To Efficacy Of Sickle Cell, Chronic Disease Specialty Clinic, Scott J. Dawsey

Clinical Research in Practice: The Journal of Team Hippocrates

A critical appraisal and clinical application of Koch KL, Karafin MS, Simpson P, Field JJ. Intensive management of high-utilizing adults with sickle cell disease lowers admissions. Am J Hematol. 2015 Jan;90(3):215-219. doi:10.1002/ajh.23912

A Prospective Highlight On Exosomal Nanoshuttles And Cancer Immunotherapy And Vaccination., Mohammad Rafi, Yadollah Omidi

Department of Neurology Faculty Papers

INTRODUCTION: Exosomes (EXOs) and ectosomes (ECTOs) are nanoscale membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from different cells mediating various cellular communications. EXOs are liberated based on the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies, while ECTOs are ubiquitously released from the plasma membranes.

METHODS: Here, in this paper, we go over the extracellular vesicular machineries and concisely highlight their clinical importance in solid tumors and their possible applications in cancer immunotherapy/vaccination.

RESULTS: In various types of cancers, these vesicles play central roles delivering cancer cell messages to the target cells, as a result both of them seem to provide a novel useful means for …

Acquired Right Atrial Appendage To Right Ventricle Accessory Pathway In A Lateral Tunnel Fontan Patient: Successful Ablation Via Transconduit Approach., John Papagiannis, Anand Pillai, Stephen Kaine, Svjetlana Tisma-Dupanovic

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

No abstract provided.

Dissecting Tumor Metabolic Heterogeneity: Telomerase And Large Cell Size Metabolically Define A Sub-Population Of Stem-Like, Mitochondrial-Rich, Cancer Cells., Rebecca Lamb, Bela Ozsvari, Gloria Bonuccelli, Duncan L Smith, Richard Pestell, Ubaldo E. Martinez-Outshoorn, Md, Robert B Clarke, Federica Sotgia, Michael P Lisanti

Kimmel Cancer Center Faculty Papers

Tumor cell metabolic heterogeneity is thought to contribute to tumor recurrence, distant metastasis and chemo-resistance in cancer patients, driving poor clinical outcome. To better understand tumor metabolic heterogeneity, here we used the MCF7 breast cancer line as a model system to metabolically fractionate a cancer cell population. First, MCF7 cells were stably transfected with an hTERT-promoter construct driving GFP expression, as a surrogate marker of telomerase transcriptional activity. To enrich for immortal stem-like cancer cells, MCF7 cells expressing the highest levels of GFP (top 5%) were then isolated by FACS analysis. Notably, hTERT-GFP(+) MCF7 cells were significantly more efficient at …

Apigenin Blocks Ikkα Activation And Suppresses Prostate Cancer Progression, Sanjeev Shukla, Rajnee Kanwal, Eswar Shankar, Manish Datt, Mark R. Chance, Pingfu Fu, Gregory T. Maclennan, Sanjay Gupta

Faculty Scholarship

IKKα has been implicated as a key regulator of oncogenesis and driver of the metastatic process; therefore is regarded as a promising therapeutic target in anticancer drug development. In spite of the progress made in the development of IKK inhibitors, no potent IKKa inhibitor(s) have been identified. Our multistep approach of molecular modeling and direct binding has led to the identification of plant flavone apigenin as a specific IKKa inhibitor. Here we report apigenin, in micro molar range, inhibits IKKa kinase activity, demonstrates anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities in functional cell based assays and exhibits anticancer efficacy in experimental tumor model. …

Mir-29/Hsp47 In Ecm Network, Ren Xu

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Chimeric Cells Of Maternal Origin Do Not Appear To Be Pathogenic In The Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies Or Muscular Dystrophy., Carol M Artlett, Sihem Sassi-Gaha, Ronald C Ramos, Frederick W Miller, Lisa G Rider

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

INTRODUCTION: Microchimeric cells have been studied for over a decade, with conflicting reports on their presence and role in autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases. To determine whether microchimeric cells were pathogenic or mediating tissue repair in inflammatory myopathies, we phenotyped and quantified microchimeric cells in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIM), muscular dystrophy (MD), and noninflammatory control muscle tissues.

METHOD: Fluorescence immunophenotyping for infiltrating cells with sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on muscle biopsies from ten patients with JIIM, nine with MD and ten controls.

RESULTS: Microchimeric cells were significantly increased in MD muscle (0.079 ± 0.024 microchimeric cells/mm(2) …

Role Of The Hospitalist And Maternal Fetal Medicine Physician In Obstetrical Inpatient Care., Lisa D. Levine, Jay Schulkin, Brian M. Mercer, Daniel O'Keeffe, Vincenzo Berghella, Thomas J. Garite

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty Papers

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of hospitalists and Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) subspecialists in obstetrical inpatient care.

STUDY DESIGN: This electronic survey study was offered to members of the American College of Obstetrics & Gynecology (ACOG; n = 1,039) and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM; n = 1,813).

RESULTS: Overall, 607 (21%) respondents completed the survey. Overall, 35% reported that hospitalists provided care in at least one of their hospitals. Compared with ACOG respondents, a higher frequency of SMFM respondents reported comfort with hospitalists providing care for all women on labor and delivery …

Characterizing Ebola Transmission Patterns Based On Internet News Reports., J. C. Cleaton, Cecile Viboud, Lone Simonsen, A. M. Hurtado, G. Chowell

Global Health Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND:  Detailed information on patient exposure, contact patterns, and discharge status, is rarely available in real time from traditional surveillance systems in the context of an emerging infectious disease outbreak. Here we validate the systematic collection of Internet news reports to characterize epidemiological patterns of Ebola virus disease (EVD) infections during the West African 2014-2015 outbreak.

METHODS:  Based on 58 news reports, we analyzed a total of 79 EVD clusters (286 cases) of size ranging from 1 to 33 cases between January 2014 and February 2015 in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:  The great majority of reported …

Relationships Between Cancer Pattern, Country Income And Geographical Region In Asia., Chirk Jenn Ng, Chin Hai Teo, Nurdiana Abdullah, Wei Phin Tan, Hui Meng Tan

Department of Surgery Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Cancer incidence and mortality varies across region, sex and country's economic status. While most studies focused on global trends, this study aimed to describe and analyse cancer incidence and mortality in Asia, focusing on cancer site, sex, region and income status.

METHODS: Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates of cancer were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2012 database. Cancer mortality to incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated to represent cancer survival. The data were analysed based on the four regions in Asia and income.

RESULTS: Cancer incidence rate is lower in Asia compared to the West but for MIR, it is the …

Review Of Fluorescence Guided Surgery Visualization And Overlay Techniques, Jonathan T. Elliott, Alisha V. Dsouza, Scott C. Davis, Jonathan D. Olson, Keith Paulsen, David Roberts, Brian Pogue

Dartmouth Scholarship

In fluorescence guided surgery, data visualization represents a critical step between signal capture and display needed for clinical decisions informed by that signal. The diversity of methods for displaying surgical images are reviewed, and a particular focus is placed on electronically detected and visualized signals, as required for near-infrared or low concentration tracers. Factors driving the choices such as human perception, the need for rapid decision making in a surgical environment, and biases induced by display choices are outlined. Five practical suggestions are outlined for optimal display orientation, color map, transparency/alpha function, dynamic range compression, and color perception check.

Phase Iii Study Of Pasireotide Long-Acting Release In Patients With Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors And Carcinoid Symptoms Refractory To Available Somatostatin Analogues, Edward M. Wolin, Barbara Jarzab, Barbro Eriksson, Thomas Walter, Christos Toumpanakis, Michael A. Morse, Paola Tomassetti, Matthias M. Weber, David R. Fogelman, John Ramage, Donald Poon, Brian Gadbaw, Jiang Li, Janice L. Pasieka, Abakar Mahamat, Fredrik Swahn, John Newell-Price, Wasat Mansoor, Kjell Öberg

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

In a randomized, double-blind, Phase III study, we compared pasireotide long-acting release (pasireotide LAR) with octreotide long-acting repeatable (octreotide LAR) in managing carcinoid symptoms refractory to first-generation somatostatin analogues. Adults with carcinoid tumors of the digestive tract were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive pasireotide LAR (60 mg) or octreotide LAR (40 mg) every 28 days. Primary outcome was symptom control based on frequency of bowel movements and flushing episodes. Objective tumor response was a secondary outcome. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated in a post hoc analysis. Adverse events were recorded. At the time of a planned interim analysis, the data …

Risk Factors Of Pulmonary Hypertension In Brazilian Patients With Sickle Cell Anemia., Clarisse Lopes De Castro Lobo, Emilia Matos Do Nascimento, Renato Abelha, Ana Maria Mach Queiroz, Philippe Connes, Gilberto Perez Cardoso, Samir K. Ballas

Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research

This study was a prospective cross-sectional cohort study of 125 patients with sickle cell anemia (SS) between the ages of 16 to 60 years. Enrolled patients were followed-up prospectively for 15 months. Demographic, clinical, hematological and routine biochemical data were obtained on all patients. Six-minute walk test and Doppler Echocardiography were performed on all patients. A tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRJV) < 2.5 m/sec was considered normal, 2.5 ≤ TRJV ≤ 3.0 was considered mild-moderate and > 3.0 m/sec, severe. Patients with abnormal TRJV were significantly older and more anemic, had significantly higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, reticulocyte count and incidence of death. The logistic multimodal model implemented for the 125 patients indicated that age was …

Time-Dependent Effects Of Cx3cr1 In A Mouse Model Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Heidi Y. Febinger, Hannah E. Thomasy, Maria N. Pavlova, Kristyn M. Ringgold, Paulien R. Barf, Amrita M. George, Jenna N. Grillo, Adam D. Bachstetter, Jenny A. Garcia, Astrid E. Cardona, Mark R. Opp, Carmelina Gemma

Sanders-Brown Center on Aging Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is an important secondary mechanism that is a key mediator of the long-term consequences of neuronal injury that occur in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglia are highly plastic cells with dual roles in neuronal injury and recovery. Recent studies suggest that the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1, FKN) mediates neural/microglial interactions via its sole receptor CX3CR1. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling modulates microglia activation, and depending upon the type and time of injury, either protects or exacerbates neurological diseases.

METHODS: In this study, mice deficient in CX3CR1 were subjected to mild controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), a model of TBI. We evaluated …

Behavioral And Morphological Parameters Of Neurons Predict The Inhibitory Potential Of Cspg Motifs: A Novel Technique, Edward Matin Kobraei

Kaleidoscope

Our lab aims to systematically identify the structural elements of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that inhibit regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). CSPGs are extracellular matrix molecules produced by astrocytes of glial scar tissue following SCI. Central to this project is the use of CSPGs referred to as “Designer PGs,” which contain engineered modifications in the GAG chains and/ or the protein core of the neural CSPG aggrecan. Using established bioassays in vitro, we qualitatively and quantitatively measure growth cone behaviors and morphology as they interact with Designer PG molecules. These measurements are then translated into a composite inhibitory quotient …

Medical Education Digest, Vol. 17 No. 5 (September-October 2015), Nova Southeastern University

Medical Education Digest

No abstract provided.

Smartphone Mobile Application To Enhance Diagnosis Of Skin Cancer: A Guide For The Rural Practitioner, Shane E. Cook, Louis C. Palmer Md, Franklin D. Shuler Md, Phd

MIIR Faculty Research

Primary care physicians occupy a vital position to impact many devastating conditions, especially those dependent upon early diagnosis, such as skin cancer. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States and despite improvements in skin cancer therapy, patients with a delay in diagnosis and advanced disease continue to have a grave prognosis. Due to a variety of barriers, advanced stages of skin cancer are more prominent in rural populations. In order to improve early diagnosis four things are paramount: increased patient participation in prevention methods, establishment of screening guidelines, increased diagnostic accuracy of malignant lesions, and easier …

Near Misses And Unsafe Conditions Reported In A Pediatric Emergency Research Network, Richard M. Ruddy, James M. Chamberlain, Prashant V. Mahajan, Tomohiko Funai, Karen J. O'Connell, Et Al.

Emergency Medicine Faculty Publications

Objective Patient safety may be enhanced by using reports from front-line staff of near misses and unsafe conditions to identify latent safety events. We describe paediatric emergency department (ED) near-miss events and unsafe conditions from hospital reporting systems in a 1-year observational study from hospitals participating in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN).

Design This is a secondary analysis of 1 year of incident reports (IRs) from 18 EDs in 2007–2008. Using a prior taxonomy and established method, this analysis is of all reports classified as near-miss (events not reaching the patient) or unsafe condition. Classification included type, …

Student Educational Background, Perceptions And Expectations Towards Optometry: An Emerging Eye Health Profession Mozambique., James Loughman, Ving Fai Chan, Vanessa Raquel Moodley, Luigi Bilotto, Kovin Naidoo

Articles

Background: The University of Lurio, School of Optometry in Mozambique is a new program in Africa. The school, the first to serve Portuguese-speaking Africa, can act as a template for such initiatives in other African countries and other limited-resource settings around the world. A major challenge facing such programs is the lack of knowledge about the profession, which impacts the recruitment of students and their expectations of the program. This study was conducted to understand students’ pre-enrollment educational background, perceptions and career expectations as an optometrist in Mozambique so as to inform future enrollment and other similar initiatives. Methods: First-year …

The Tri-State Experience: Outcome Analysis Of Patients With Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treated At Marshall University, Laurie Matt Md, Mph, Mohammad Mozayen Md, Todd W. Gress Md, Maria Tria Tirona Md

Internal Medicine

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women in the United States. It is the second most common malignancy to cause death, with approximately 39,000 women dying of breast cancer in the United States in 2013. Triple negative breast cancer is defined as the absence of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 receptors. It has been associated with a higher incidence in African American women, a younger age and a more advanced stage at diagnosis, and an inferior overall survival. To recognize the differences of our West Virginia community population when compared to the national …

Multiple Intussusceptions Associated With Polycythemia In An Anabolic Steroid Abuser , A Case Report And Literature Review, Y. Cavanagh, Nihar Shah Md, A. B. Thomas, A. Gupta

Gastroenterology

Intussusceptions are generally associated with mechanical lead points or localized inflammation that function as foci for intestinal telescoping. We present the case of a patient whose abuse of anabolic steroids resulted in the development of multiple simultaneous intussusceptions. Our patient had no additional identifiable risk factors for intussusception. Consistent with previous reports, corticosteroid induced polycythemia and its consequent hyperviscosity led to intravascular sludging and mesenteric ischemia with associated bowel wall thickening. The localized intestinal induration then served as mechanical foci for intussusception. Due to the illicit nature of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse, the physiologic effects of supraphysiologic doses are …

Evidence For Differential Viral Oncolytic Efficacy In An In Vitro Model Of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Metastasis, Jessica G. Tong, Yudith Ramos Valdes, John W. Barrett, John C. Bell, David Stojdl, Grant Mcfadden, J. Andrea Mccart, Gabriel E. Dimattia, Trevor G. Shepherd

Obstetrics & Gynaecology Publications

Epithelial ovarian cancer is unique among most carcinomas in that metastasis occurs by direct dissemination of malignant cells traversing throughout the intraperitoneal fluid. Accordingly, we test new therapeutic strategies using an in vitro three-dimensional spheroid suspension culture model that mimics key steps of this metastatic process. In the present study, we sought to uncover the differential oncolytic efficacy among three different viruses—Myxoma virus, double-deleted vaccinia virus, and Maraba virus—using three ovarian cancer cell lines in our metastasis model system. Herein, we demonstrate that Maraba virus effectively infects, replicates, and kills epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells in proliferating adherent cells and …

Discordant Identification Of Pediatric Severe Sepsis By Research And Clinical Definitions In The Sprout International Point Prevalence Study, S. L. Weiss, J. C. Fitzgerald, F. A. Maffei, J. M. Kane, A. Rodriguez-Nunez, Michael C. Spaeder, +260 Additional Authors

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

Introduction

Consensus criteria for pediatric severe sepsis have standardized enrollment for research studies. However, the extent to which critically ill children identified by consensus criteria reflect physician diagnosis of severe sepsis, which underlies external validity for pediatric sepsis research, is not known. We sought to determine the agreement between physician diagnosis and consensus criteria to identify pediatric patients with severe sepsis across a network of international pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).

Methods

We conducted a point prevalence study involving 128 PICUs in 26 countries across 6 continents. Over the course of 5 study days, 6925 PICU patients <18 years of age were screened, and 706 with severe sepsis defined either by physician diagnosis or on the basis of 2005 International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference consensus criteria were enrolled. The primary endpoint was agreement of pediatric severe sepsis between physician diagnosis and consensus criteria as measured using Cohen’s κ. Secondary endpoints included characteristics and clinical outcomes for patients identified using physician diagnosis versus consensus criteria.

Results

Of the …

Csf And Blood Levels Of Gfap In Alexander Disease(1,2,3)., Paige L Jany, Guillermo E Agosta, William S Benko, Jens C Eickhoff, Stephanie R Keller, Adeline Vanderver, +13 Additional Authors

Neurology Faculty Publications

Alexander disease is a rare, progressive, and generally fatal neurological disorder that results from dominant mutations affecting the coding region of GFAP, the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein, the major intermediate filament protein of astrocytes in the CNS. A key step in pathogenesis appears to be the accumulation of GFAP within astrocytes to excessive levels. Studies using mouse models indicate that the severity of the phenotype correlates with the level of expression, and suppression of GFAP expression and/or accumulation is one strategy that is being pursued as a potential treatment. With the goal of identifying biomarkers that indirectly reflect …

Erbb3-Erbb2 Complexes As A Therapeutic Target In A Subset Of Wild-Type Braf/Nras Cutaneous Melanomas., Claudia Capparelli, Sheera Rosenbaum, Lisa D. Berman-Booty, Amel Salhi, Nadège Gaborit, Tingting Zhan, Inna Chervoneva, Jason Roszik, Scott E. Woodman, Michael A. Davies, Yulius Y. Setiady, Iman Osman, Yosef Yarden, Andrew E. Aplin

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

The treatment options remain limited for patients with melanoma who are wild-type for both BRAF and NRAS (WT/WT). We demonstrate that a subgroup of WT/WT melanomas display high basal phosphorylation of ErbB3 that is associated with autocrine production of the ErbB3 ligand neuregulin-1 (NRG1). In WT/WT melanoma cells displaying high levels of phospho-ErbB3, knockdown of NRG1 reduced cell viability and was associated with decreased phosphorylation of ErbB3, its coreceptor ErbB2, and its downstream target, AKT. Similar effects were observed by targeting ErbB3 with either siRNAs or the neutralizing ErbB3 monoclonal antibodies huHER3-8 and NG33. In addition, pertuzumab-mediated inhibition of ErbB2 …

Rac1 P29s Regulates Pd-L1 Expression In Melanoma., Ha Linh Vu, Sheera Rosenbaum, Timothy J. Purwin, Michael A. Davies, Andrew E. Aplin

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

Whole exome sequencing of cutaneous melanoma has led to the detection of P29 mutations in RAC1 in 5-9% of samples, but the role of RAC1 P29 mutations in melanoma biology remains unclear. Using reverse phase protein array analysis to examine the changes in protein/phospho-protein expression, we identified cyclin B1, PD-L1, Ets-1, and Syk as being selectively upregulated with RAC1 P29S expression and downregulated with RAC1 P29S depletion. Using the melanoma patient samples in TCGA, we found PD-L1 expression to be significantly increased in RAC1 P29S patients compared to RAC1 WT as well as other RAC1 mutants. The finding that PD-L1 …

Expression Of The Il-11 Gene In Metastatic Cells Is Supported By Runx2-Smad And Runx2-Cjun Complexes Induced By Tgfβ1., Xuhui Zhang, Hai Wu, Jason R. Dobson, Gillian Browne, Deli Hong, Jacqueline Akech, Lucia R. Languino, Gary S. Stein, Jane B. Lian

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

In tumor cells, two factors are abnormally increased that contribute to metastatic bone disease: Runx2, a transcription factor that promotes expression of metastasis related and osteolytic genes; and IL-11, a secreted osteolytic cytokine. Here, we addressed a compelling question: Does Runx2 regulate IL-11 gene expression? We find a positive correlation between Runx2, IL-11 and TGFβ1, a driver of the vicious cycle of metastatic bone disease, in prostate cancer (PC) cell lines representing early (LNCaP) and late (PC3) stage disease. Further, like Runx2 knockdown, IL-11 knockdown significantly reduced expression of several osteolytic factors. Modulation of Runx2 expression results in corresponding changes …