Medical Specialties Commons^™

Frequency Of Diabetes Mellitus In Patients Diagnosed With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Study From A Tertiary Care Setting, Harwindar Kumar, Sadiq Ali Shah, Syed Azaz Ali Shah, Noor Ul Wahab

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve when it passes through the wrist. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of diabetes mellitus in patients diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the neurology unit of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from December 2019 to June 2020. A total of 140 patients aged 20–60 years with electrophysiologically confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome were included using non-probability consecutive sampling. Diabetes mellitus was established based on prior diagnosis, use of antidiabetic medications, or laboratory …

Frequency Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Hospital Workers Using Ultrasonography: A Cross-Sectional Study, Shakeela Ghazala, Sadaf Nasir, Riaz Mahmood, Ghulam Mujtaba, Ayesha Ishaq, Saima Shan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective: Non-invasive ultrasound imaging has emerged as a robust diagnostic tool to examine the median nerve and identify early signs of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), contributing to the early detection and management. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of CTS among hospital workers using ultrasonography technique.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional conducted at Department of neurology, Federal Government Polyclinic Hospital, from September 7, 2023 to March 6, 2024. All eligible individuals meeting inclusion criteria, were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Following clinical examination, participants were referred to the radiology department for CTS diagnosis using …

Patterns Of Central Nervous System Infections In Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study, Zainab Memon, Safia Awan, Ibrar Rafq, Shafaq Saleem, Saleem Barech, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Syed Ahmed Asif, Haris Majid Rajput

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective: In low- and middle-income countries, central nervous system infections are amongst the neurological entities associated with significant disability. Despite the availability of both preventative and antimicrobial treatment, management of CNS infections continues to be a great challenge. The objective of this study was to assess the pattern of CNS infections across multiple urban and rural centers in Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted across 39 outpatient neurology centers in Pakistan, including both public and private setups from August 2017 to December 2019. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and categorization of CNS infections were obtained from the …

Unveiling Gender Disparities In Cerebrovascular Accident Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis, Anjali Shankar, Tahira Maqsood, Suhail Ahmed Aghani, Marvi Lakhair, Abdul Ghafoor Magsi, Alam Ibrahim Siddiqui

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and objective: Cerebrovascular accidents cause significant global mortality and disability. Sex-specific disparities in presentation and recovery may affect prognosis, especially in resource-limited settings like Pakistan. The objective of this study was to investigate gender-based differences in clinical profiles, comorbidities, and short-term outcomes of acute stroke patients in a tertiary care centre in Larkana, Pakistan.

Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 194 patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke confirmed through CT or MRI scan. Among them, 110 (56.7%) were females and 84 (43.2%) were males, with an overall mean age of 41.5 ± 5 years (range 18–65 years). …

Bilateral Paramedian Thalamic Infarction Presenting With Atypical Pseudobulbar Effect: A Diagnostic Challenge, Tahira Siddiqui, Mehwish Butt, Muhammad Imran, Abdullah Al-Asmi, Arunodaya R Gujjar

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Mechanistic Architecture Of Emerging Neurotherapeutics - Natural Bioactive And Synthetic Drugs As Multi-Target Modulators: A Narrative Review, Priya Tufail

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and objective: Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) represent a major global healthcare challenge, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. These disorders are characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive and motor functions. Current therapeutic strategies offer only limited disease modification, highlighting the urgent need for more effective treatment approaches. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward both natural and synthetic compounds as potential preventive and therapeutic agents for NDs. The objective of this narrative review was to investigate and summarize the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potential of natural and synthetic compounds in the prevention and management of NDs.

Methods: A comprehensive review …

Anatomical Localization In The Age Of Investigations: The Skill That Still Defines A Neurologist, Wajid Jawaid

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Seizure Spectrum In Children With Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Cross-Sectional Study From A Tertiary Care Center, Naveed Anjum, Faisal Zafar, Muhammad Tariq Aziz, Arif Zulqarnain, Aysha Fayyaz, Amir Hanif

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Long-Term Follow-Up Of A Child With Hypermanganesemia With Dystonia, Polycythemia And Cirrhosis, Durray Shahwar, Jay Kumari, Prem Chand

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Hypermanganesemia with dystonia, polycythemia and cirrhosis (HMDPC) is a rare but treatable inherited metal deposition syndrome, which occurs due to mutation in SLC30A10 gene. This leads to increase in manganese (Mn) levels in the blood and its deposition in the brain, muscles and liver which results in extrapyramidal symptoms, polycythemia and/or liver cirrhosis. This case report describes a five-year follow-up of a child with HMDPC treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as chelation therapy. This case also highlights the importance of early recognition and initiation of treatment for children with HMDPC and emphasizes the need for screening of siblings for early …

Brain Death And End-Of-Life Decision Making: An Islamic Perspective, Safa Younis, Mohammad Wasay, Abdurrahman Husain, Rafaqat Rashid

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Challenges Of Neurological Care In A Public Sector Hospital In Pakistan, Anila Umer

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Neurology Residency Training In Pakistan: Current Status And Future, Bashir Soomro

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis In A 24-Month-Old Child: A Rare Early Onset And Alarming Presentation, Arshad Mehmood, Javeria Raza Alvi, Sameen Qureshi, Ahmed Bilal, Shaila Ali, Tipu Sultan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by persistent measles virus infection. Early-onset SSPE in children under five years is uncommon but often rapidly progressive. We report a 24-month-old unvaccinated male who presented with progressive myoclonic seizures, gait difficulty, and rapid neurodevelopmental regression. Electroencephalography (EEG) showed periodic generalized discharges, and CSF measles antibody titers were elevated, fulfilling modified Dyken criteria. The child was classified as stage III SSPE. Symptomatic therapy including anti-seizure medications and supportive care, along with a planned ketogenic diet, was initiated but neurological outcome remained poor. This case emphasizes the aggressive …

Visual And Brainstem Evoked Potentials: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Audit From A Tertiary Care Hospital In Pakistan, Zuha Amin Alvi, Sundus Mehtab Shafee, Zahra Talib Shah, Dureshahwar Kanwar, Sajid Hameed

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective:

Visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (VEPs and BAEPs) are standard techniques for evaluating the integrity of visual and auditory pathways respectively. The objective of our audit study was to assess demographic trends,referral indications, and electrophysiological outcomes of patients undergoing VEP and BAEP testing in a tertiary care neurophysiology laboratory in Pakistan.

Methods:

A retrospective, cross-sectional audit was conducted of 952 patient records (VEP, n=219; BAEP, n=733) over a three-year period from neurophysiology laboratory of Aga Khan University Hospital. Demographic characteristics,clinical referral indications, and electrophysiological findings were collected. Standard ACNS guidelines were used for all recordings. Statistical …

Spectrum Of Headache Disorders In Pakistan: A Multicenter Study, Amina Javed, Shafaq Saleem, Safia Awan, Saba Zaidi, Manzoor Lakhair, Fahad Saleem, Waleed Shahzad, Ahmed Wali

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective:

Headache disorders represent some of the most prevalent neurological conditions worldwide. While community-based

studies provide general prevalence, data on their diagnostic spectrum in specialized clinical settings in Pakistan remain

limited. The objective of this multicenter study was to evaluate the demographic distribution and spectrum of headache

disorders among patients presenting to neurological services across Pakistan.

Methods:

This cross-sectional observational study was carried out at 39 neurology centers across Pakistan, from August 2017

to December 2019. Diagnosis was made using International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition

(ICHD-3). Demographic details, and headache subtypes were compared across gender and …

A Retrospective Analysis Of Relapse Rates And Medication Compliance In Bipolar I And Bipolar Ii Disorders: A Comparative Study, Nasir Mehmood, Qudsia Tariq

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and objective:

Bipolar disorder is a chronic, serious mental health condition characterized by mood episodes, and medication non-compliance is a significant predictor of relapse. The objective of this study was to investigate the relapse rates and medication compliance in patients with bipolar I and II disorders.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study was conducted at Karwan-e-Hayat Institute for Mental Health Care, Karachi, Pakistan. Medical records of 377 patients diagnosed with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder between July 2019 and June 2022 were retrieved from the Hospital Management System (HMS). Diagnosis was confirmed using DSM-IV criteria. Medication compliance was assessed …

Electrophysiological Localization And Prognostic Indicators In Radial Neuropathy Presenting As Wrist Drop: A Three-Year Retrospective Observational Study, Assad Ullah Khan, Muhammad Farooq, Saad Ali, Sadiq Ali Shah

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective:

Radial neuropathy is a common cause of wrist drop, and accurate lesion localization is essential for appropriate

management and prognostication. The objective of this study was to analyze electrophysiological localization patterns

of radial nerve lesions presenting as wrist drop and to assess whether earlier referral for electrophysiological evaluation

was associated with recovery outcomes.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, a tertiary care setting, over

a three-year period (January 2022–December 2024). Adult patients with wrist drop and electrophysiological confirmed

radial neuropathy were included. Nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography were used to …

Alarming Rate Of Hemorrhagic Stroke Showing An Urgent Need For Hypertension Control: A Retrospective Study From A Major Stroke Center In Sindh, Sana Ghous, Muhammad Hashim Kalwar, Muhammad Hassan Butt, Irfan Ali Vighio, Mehfooz Ali Shah, Javed Khurshed Shaikh, Mansoor Hassan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective:

Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for approximately 18–20% of the global stroke burden and is associated with high mortality and disability. It poses a significant challenge in low- and middle-income countries, where delayed presentation and inadequate risk factor control worsen outcomes. Hypertension remains the most important modifiable risk factor, particularly when poorly controlled. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke at a major stroke center and its association with uncontrolled hypertension.

Methods:

This retrospective study was conducted at Sindh institute of cardiovascular diseases (SICVD) Sukkur over three months, from May to July 2024. …

Lack Of Multidisciplinary Collaboration In Stroke Rehabilitation In Pakistan: A Call For Integrated Care Models, Etisam Wahid, Shahzad Ahmad, Nimrah Humayoon

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Corrigendum: Correction Of Second Author’S Name And Affiliation In “Chorea As A Rare Manifestation Of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case Report”, Editor Pjns

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Blood- Borne Biomarkers: Exploring The Frontiers Of Minimally-Invasive Diagnosis Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Sidra Afzal, Minahil Fatima, Nimra Afzal

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Anemia: An Uncommon Cause Of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis, Iqra Athar, Afrah Malik, Neelma Naz Khattak, Tashfain Shifa, Zukhruf Zayian

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a multifactorial illness seen more commonly in females as compared to males. Its diagnosis is often delayed due to variable clinical presentations. It is now identified more often due to advancements in neuroimaging modalities. We present an uncommon case of CVST caused by anemia in a 23-year-old female. Our patient presented with complaints of headache since the past two days and left sided hemiplegia since past one day. Later on during her hospital stay she developed generalized tonic clonic seizures. MRI and MRV brain with contrast revealed right cerebral venous (vein of Trolard) thrombosis. …

Retraction Notice, Editor Pjns

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Predictors And Prevention Of Neurological Disability In Adult Bacterial Meningitis: A Narrative Review With Clinical Perspective, Sadiq Ali Shah

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and objective: Bacterial meningitis remains a neurological emergency in adults, with substantial mortality and long-term sequelae, including cognitive impairment, hearing loss, seizures, and focal deficits. The objective of this narrative review was to summarize current evidence on predictors of neurological disability and highlight strategies for prevention and long-term care.

Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for English-language studies published between 2000 and 2025. Keywords included bacterial meningitis, neurological sequelae, predictors, and adults. A total of 40 studies were included after screening 200 abstracts . Key prospective studies, clinical trials, and reviews were …

Correlation Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings With Clinical Outcomes In Acute Transverse Myelitis: A Comprehensive Retrospective Study, Anjlee Shankar, Faheem Soomro, Dipanty Khastoori, Tahira Maqsood, Sajjad Jalbani, Alam Ibrahim Siddiqui

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective: Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is an inflammatory spinal cord disorder presenting with motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. The objective of this study was to assess the prognostic value of spinal MRI findings and treatment timing in predicting neurological outcomes in patients with acute transverse myelitis.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 90 patients diagnosed with ATM at Chandka Medical College Hospital, Larkana, between January 2021 and December 2023. All patients underwent spinal MRI at presentation, and imaging characteristics—including lesion location, longitudinal extent, and enhancement pattern—were recorded. Clinical outcomes were assessed at one month, three months, and …

Neurosurgery Research In Pakistan: An Analysis Of Publications, Citations, And Gender Disparities, Waseem Hassan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

Clinicoradiological Findings And Outcome Of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome In Children: A Cross-Sectional Study, Zia Ur Rehman Muhammad, Shaila Ali, Shumaila Rafiq, Javeria Raza Alvi, Tipu Sultan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinicoradiological syndrome characterised by altered sensorium, seizures, visual impairment and behavioural changes. The objective of the study was to evaluate clinicoradiological findings and outcome of PRES in children.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at department of pediatric neurology, the Children’s Hospital Lahore from October 2020 to September 2023. Clinical and demographic data were colllected on a structured proforma. Investigations comprised complete blood count, biochemistry, urinalysis, complement levels, inflammatory markers, immune panel, lipid profile and abdominal ultrasonography. All patients underwent MRI brain. Outcome was categorized as complete recovery or …

Role Of Rituximab In Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Report Of Two Cases, Salman Farooq, Shafaq Saleem, Muhammad Bilal Tariq

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a form of autoimmune encephalitis that predominantly affects young individuals and often presents with neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is frequently misdiagnosed as a primary psychiatric disorder due to its initial presentation. Although first-line immunotherapy typically includes corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or plasmapheresis, a subset of patients shows limited response and requires escalation to second-line agents such as Rituximab. We report two adult male patients, aged 35 and 41 years, who initially presented with behavioral disturbances, confusion, memory deficits, and speech abnormalities. Both were initially misdiagnosed with psychiatric illnesses, delaying appropriate treatment. Diagnostic workups including MRI, EEG, …

Hope In The Face Of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: A Case Report Of Complete Remission With Isoprinosine, Nimra Shafique, Syed Muhammad Essa, Amanullah Kakar

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare and relentless neurodegenerative disorder linked to persistent measles virus infection. We present a case of a 16-year-old female with gradually worsening rigidity, cognitive decline, and myoclonic seizures, minimally responsive to valproic acid. A history of measles infection at the age of two years emerged. Positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG and IgM anti-measles antibodies, along with an elevated CSF/serum antibody index, confirmed SSPE. Treatment with Inosine pranobex and clonazepam yielded significant motor and seizure control improvements. This case highlights the importance of early SSPE diagnosis and tailored interventions, shedding light on clinical progression and …

Spectrum Of Demyelinating Diseases In Pakistan: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study, Zainab Aslam Saeed Memon, Safia Awan, Haris Majid Rajput, Qamar Un Nisa, Muhammad Subhan, Lal Chand, Muhammad Wazir Ali Khan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective: Demyelinating diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders of the central nervous system, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Data from South Asia remain scarce, despite potential regional variations in disease spectrum and outcomes. The objective of this study was to characterize the demographic, clinical, and disability profile of patients with demyelinating disorders across Pakistan.

Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2017 and December 2019 across 39 neurology centers in Pakistan. Adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with demyelinating disorders using standardized criteria were included. Data on …