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Articles 1 - 28 of 28
Full-Text Articles in Medical Specialties
The Association Between Hospital Obstetrical Volume And Maternal Postpartum Complications, Kathy Kyser, Xin Lu, Donna Santillan, Mark Santillan, Stephen Hunter, Alison Cahill, Peter Cram
The Association Between Hospital Obstetrical Volume And Maternal Postpartum Complications, Kathy Kyser, Xin Lu, Donna Santillan, Mark Santillan, Stephen Hunter, Alison Cahill, Peter Cram
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between delivery volume and maternal complications. STUDY DESIGN: We used administrative data to identify women who had been admitted for childbirth in 2006. Hospitals were stratified into deciles that were based on delivery volume. We compared composite complication rates across deciles. RESULTS: We evaluated 1,683,754 childbirths in 1045 hospitals. Decile 1 and 2 hospitals had significantly higher rates of composite complications than decile 10 (11.8% and 10.1% vs 8.5%, respectively; P < .0001). Decile 9 and 10 hospitals had modestly higher composite complications as compared with decile 6 (8.8% and …
Single Umbilical Artery: Does Side Matter?, Mark Santillan, Donna Santillan, D. Fleener, B. Stegmann, G. Zamba, Stephen Hunter, J. Yankowitz
Single Umbilical Artery: Does Side Matter?, Mark Santillan, Donna Santillan, D. Fleener, B. Stegmann, G. Zamba, Stephen Hunter, J. Yankowitz
Stephen K. Hunter
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine if laterality of an absent umbilical artery (AUA) is associated with specific sonographic findings, chromosomal defects or postpartum birth defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, ultrasound reports and medical records of patients who received an obstetric ultrasound at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics with an identified laterality of the AUA from 1989 to 2007 (n = 405) were reviewed. Rates of sonographic abnormalities between fetuses with a right versus left AUA were compared using Fisher's exact test. Adjustments for confounding were made using logistic regression modeling. …
Development And Characterization Of An Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (Ido) Deficient Mouse Model Of Preeclampsia, Mark Santillan, Christopher Pelham, Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron, Donna Santillan, Baoli Yang, Stephen Hunter, Curt Sigmund
Development And Characterization Of An Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (Ido) Deficient Mouse Model Of Preeclampsia, Mark Santillan, Christopher Pelham, Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron, Donna Santillan, Baoli Yang, Stephen Hunter, Curt Sigmund
Stephen K. Hunter
No abstract provided.
Cell Encapsulation As A Potential Nondietary Therapy For Maternal Phenylketonuria, Donna Santillan, Mark Santillan, Stephen Hunter
Cell Encapsulation As A Potential Nondietary Therapy For Maternal Phenylketonuria, Donna Santillan, Mark Santillan, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to determine whether cells overexpressing phenylalanine (Phe) hydroxylase (PAH) can significantly reduce Phe in vitro for potential use as a therapy for preventing maternal phenylketonuria. STUDY DESIGN: Human 293T and WRL68 cell lines were transiently and stably transfected to overexpress PAH. Cells were encapsulated within microspheres of sodium alginate. Timed measurements of Phe in media were performed using tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Both nonencapsulated and encapsulated transiently transfected cells overexpressing PAH significantly reduced the Phe concentration in media by approximately 50% in comparison to mock-transfected cells. Cell line clones stably expressing PAH significantly …
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase (Ido) Deficiency Results: In Vascular Dysfunction And Proteinuria In Pregnancy, Mark Santillan, Christopher Pelham, Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron, Donna Santillan, Baoli Yang, Stephen Hunter, Curt Sigmund
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase (Ido) Deficiency Results: In Vascular Dysfunction And Proteinuria In Pregnancy, Mark Santillan, Christopher Pelham, Pimonrat Ketsawatsomkron, Donna Santillan, Baoli Yang, Stephen Hunter, Curt Sigmund
Stephen K. Hunter
No abstract provided.
Biodegradable Microspheres Containing Group B Streptococcus Vaccine: Immune Response In Mice, Stephen Hunter, M. Andracki, A. Krieg
Biodegradable Microspheres Containing Group B Streptococcus Vaccine: Immune Response In Mice, Stephen Hunter, M. Andracki, A. Krieg
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to show the feasibility of producing a group B Streptococcus (GBS) vaccine, which is capable of producing both a local IgA immune response at the mucosal surface where GBS is colonized and a humoral IgG response, which is capable of transplacental passive immunization. STUDY DESIGN: Inactivated GBS antigen was microencapsulated in poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLG) with a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion technique. Immunostimulatory synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs were coencapsulated as a potent adjuvant. The ICR strain of mouse was used in these studies. Female mice with normal immune systems were immunized with the PLG …
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents In Pregnancy, N. Tran, Stephen Hunter, J. Yankowitz
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents In Pregnancy, N. Tran, Stephen Hunter, J. Yankowitz
Stephen K. Hunter
Pregnancies in diabetic women are associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, preeclampsia, preterm labor, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and cesarean section. Advances in antepartum cares and strict adherence to dietary and insulin regimens have been shown to significantly reduce the rate of maternal morbidity as well as perinatal morbidity and mortality. Historically, reports of potential fetal teratogenicity and hypoglycemic effects on the fetus contraindicated the use of oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancies complicated with either type II diabetes mellitus (DM) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Recently, physicians increasingly prescribe newer generations of oral hypoglycemic agents to treat GDM …
Maternal Parenting Stress And Mothers' Reports Of Their Infants' Mastery Motivation, T. Sparks, Stephen Hunter, T. Backman, G. Morgan, R. Ross
Maternal Parenting Stress And Mothers' Reports Of Their Infants' Mastery Motivation, T. Sparks, Stephen Hunter, T. Backman, G. Morgan, R. Ross
Stephen K. Hunter
No abstract provided.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Identification And Management, D. Peleg, Colleen Stockdale, Stephen Hunter
Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Identification And Management, D. Peleg, Colleen Stockdale, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common diagnosis in obstetrics and carries an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Identification of IUGR is crucial because proper evaluation and management can result in a favorable outcome. Certain pregnancies are at high risk for growth restriction, although a substantial percentage of cases occur in the general obstetric population. Accurate dating early in pregnancy is essential for a diagnosis of IUGR. Ultrasound biometry is the gold standard for assessment of fetal size and the amount of amniotic fluid. Growth restriction is classified as symmetric and asymmetric. A lag in fundal height of …
Antidepressants May Mitigate The Effects Of Prenatal Maternal Anxiety On Infant Auditory Sensory Gating, Stephen Hunter, J. Mendoza, K. D'Anna, G. Zerbe, L. Mccarthy, C. Hoffman, R. Freedman, R. Ross
Antidepressants May Mitigate The Effects Of Prenatal Maternal Anxiety On Infant Auditory Sensory Gating, Stephen Hunter, J. Mendoza, K. D'Anna, G. Zerbe, L. Mccarthy, C. Hoffman, R. Freedman, R. Ross
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: Prenatal maternal anxiety has detrimental effects on the offspring's neurocognitive development, including impaired attentional function. Antidepressants are commonly used during pregnancy, yet their impact on offspring attention and their interaction with maternal anxiety has not been assessed. The authors used P50 auditory sensory gating, a putative marker of early attentional processes measurable in young infants, to assess the impact of maternal anxiety and antidepressant use. METHOD: A total of 242 mother-infant dyads were classified relative to maternal history of anxiety and maternal prenatal antidepressant use. Infant P50 auditory sensory gating was recorded during active sleep at a mean age …
Can Myoglobin Expression In Pancreatic Beta Cells Improve Insulin Secretion Under Hypoxia? An Exploratory Study With Transgenic Porcine Islets, Himantha Tilakaratne, Baoli Yang, Stephen Hunter, Mark Andracki, Victor Rodgers
Can Myoglobin Expression In Pancreatic Beta Cells Improve Insulin Secretion Under Hypoxia? An Exploratory Study With Transgenic Porcine Islets, Himantha Tilakaratne, Baoli Yang, Stephen Hunter, Mark Andracki, Victor Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
No abstract provided.
Liver Transplant After Massive Spontaneous Hepatic Rupture In Pregnancy Complicated By Preeclampsia, Stephen Hunter, M. Martin, J. Benda, F. Zlatnik
Liver Transplant After Massive Spontaneous Hepatic Rupture In Pregnancy Complicated By Preeclampsia, Stephen Hunter, M. Martin, J. Benda, F. Zlatnik
Stephen K. Hunter
BACKGROUND: Spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with preeclampsia is a rare but life-threatening situation. Several different surgical treatments have been described, depending on the severity of the rupture. Liver transplantation has become the mainstay for patients with end-stage liver disease. Transplantation in the setting of liver trauma or massive parenchymal disruption is not well defined. To our knowledge, this treatment has not been reported for spontaneous hepatic rupture in pregnancy. CASE: Massive, spontaneous hepatic rupture occurred in a patient at 36 weeks' gestation as a result of severe preeclampsia. Conventional surgical therapies were unsuccessful in controlling the massive hemorrhage. As a …
Information From Your Family Doctor. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: When Your Baby Stops Growing Before Birth, D. Peleg, Colleen Stockdale, Stephen Hunter
Information From Your Family Doctor. Intrauterine Growth Restriction: When Your Baby Stops Growing Before Birth, D. Peleg, Colleen Stockdale, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
No abstract provided.
Cyclic Changes In Glycemia Assessed By Continuous Glucose Monitoring System During Multiple Complete Menstrual Cycles In Women With Type 1 Diabetes, W. Goldner, V. Kraus, W. Sivitz, Stephen Hunter, J. Dillon
Cyclic Changes In Glycemia Assessed By Continuous Glucose Monitoring System During Multiple Complete Menstrual Cycles In Women With Type 1 Diabetes, W. Goldner, V. Kraus, W. Sivitz, Stephen Hunter, J. Dillon
Stephen K. Hunter
Many women with diabetes notice changes in glucose control perimenstrually. To describe the pattern of changes in glucose control throughout the complete menstrual cycle, and the reproducibility of these changes, we performed a pilot study evaluating glycemic profiles continuously for three cycles in four women with type 1 diabetes. All participants had hemoglobin A1c <7.5% and regular menstrual periods off oral contraceptives. They used Medtronic MiniMed (Northridge, CA) Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) devices continuously for three complete menstrual cycles, checked capillary glucose measurements six times daily, changed their own sensors every 3 days, and were seen seven times per …
In Vivo Biocompatibility Evaluation Of Cibacron Blue-Agarose, J. Kao, R. Rose, M. Yousef, Stephen Hunter, V. Rodgers
In Vivo Biocompatibility Evaluation Of Cibacron Blue-Agarose, J. Kao, R. Rose, M. Yousef, Stephen Hunter, V. Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
This study investigated the biocompatibility of Cibacron blue-agarose as a biomaterial for microencapsulation. Cibacron blue-agarose is known to have an affinity for albumin under certain pH conditions and in the proper steric environment. Thus it was postulated that the material's high affinity for host albumin might reduce a secondary immune response and reduce the fibrotic overgrowth that often accompanies transplanted foreign materials. In vivo tests were performed using the Lewis rat model. Both Cibacron blue-agarose and plain agarose disks were prepared, with some disks from each group being pre-exposed to sera from Lewis rats. The disks were transplanted into the …
Promotion Of Neovascularization Around Hollow Fiber Bioartificial Organs Using Biologically Active Substances, Stephen Hunter, J. Kao, Y. Wang, J. Benda, V. Rodgers
Promotion Of Neovascularization Around Hollow Fiber Bioartificial Organs Using Biologically Active Substances, Stephen Hunter, J. Kao, Y. Wang, J. Benda, V. Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
A limiting factor of the long-term function of bioartificial organs is oxygen delivery to the encapsulated tissue. This study determined whether incorporation of endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) into the alginate core of a hollow fiber bioartificial organ will induce neovascularization around the hollow fiber. Polyethersulfone (PES) and polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF) hollow fibers were examined. Endothelial cell growth factor was incorporated into sodium alginate, extruded into the lumen of hollow fibers, and cured in calcium chloride. Samples without ECGF were fabricated and used as controls. Hollow fibers were implanted into 16 rats. For each rat, two implants were placed subcutaneously …
Perinatal Management Of Women With Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Survey Of United States Perinatologists, D. Peleg, Stephen Hunter
Perinatal Management Of Women With Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Survey Of United States Perinatologists, D. Peleg, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine how perinatologists in the United States manage the care of women with immune thrombocytopenic purpura with respect to mode of delivery. Study Design: US members of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians were surveyed with a 4-question questionnaire. Two mailings were sent. Questions 1 and 2 asked for a response regarding the perinatal management of delivery for women with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura and new-onset disease. The options were cordocentesis or fetal scalp blood sampling and cesarean delivery if the platelet count was <50,000 cells/microL, cesarean delivery if the maternal platelet count …
Periodontal Disease In Pregnancy Complicated By Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, J. Guthmiller, J. Hassebroek-Johnson, D. Weenig, G. Johnson, H. Kirchner, F. Kohout, Stephen Hunter
Periodontal Disease In Pregnancy Complicated By Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, J. Guthmiller, J. Hassebroek-Johnson, D. Weenig, G. Johnson, H. Kirchner, F. Kohout, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
BACKGROUND: Systemic disease and hormonal changes have been implicated as complicating factors for periodontal disease. Diabetes has been identified as a risk factor for periodontal disease, and diabetics can experience periodontal destruction at an earlier age than non-diabetic individuals. Increased hormone levels during pregnancy can contribute to increased gingival inflammation. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) on the periodontal status of pregnant women. METHODS: Thirty-three (13 diabetic and 20 non-diabetic) subjects, 20 to 39 weeks gestation, participated in this study. The mean age of the diabetics and non-diabetics was 28.5 …
Encapsulated Beta-Islet Cells As A Bioartificial Pancreas To Treat Insulin-Dependent Diabetes During Pregnancy, Stephen Hunter, Y. Wang, C. Weiner, Jennifer Niebyl
Encapsulated Beta-Islet Cells As A Bioartificial Pancreas To Treat Insulin-Dependent Diabetes During Pregnancy, Stephen Hunter, Y. Wang, C. Weiner, Jennifer Niebyl
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effectiveness of the bioartificial pancreas technique in correcting (1) maternal carbohydrate metabolism and (2) fetal malformation rates in a pregnant diabetic animal model. STUDY DESIGN: Insulin secretion from encapsulated rat islets cultured in the presence of homologous rat prolactin was determined and compared with that of controls. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Balb/c mice were then transplanted with rat islet cells encapsulated within alginate microbeads and were then bred. Blood glucose determinations were made after transplantation and throughout gestation. Pups were delivered by cesarean section on day 19 of gestation. Outcome parameters from the transplanted study …
Group B Streptococci Causing Neonatal Bloodstream Infection: Antimicrobial Susceptibility And Serotyping Results From Sentry Centers In The Western Hemisphere, J. Andrews, D. Diekema, Stephen Hunter, P. Rhomberg, M. Pfaller, R. Jones, G. Doern
Group B Streptococci Causing Neonatal Bloodstream Infection: Antimicrobial Susceptibility And Serotyping Results From Sentry Centers In The Western Hemisphere, J. Andrews, D. Diekema, Stephen Hunter, P. Rhomberg, M. Pfaller, R. Jones, G. Doern
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: Group B streptococcal infection is a common cause of neonatal sepsis. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype frequencies of invasive group B streptococci is important to ensure the effectiveness of therapeutic regimens and to guide vaccine development. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective surveillance of neonatal bloodstream infection was performed at all Western Hemisphere sites participating in the SENTRY Program. From January 1997 through December 1999, a total of 122 isolates of bloodstream infections with group B streptococci were collected and sent to the University of Iowa for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping. RESULTS: No isolates were resistant to penicillin. More than …
Characterizing Short-Term Release And Neovascularization Potential Of Multi-Protein Growth Supplement Delivered Via Alginate Hollow Fiber Devices, H. Tilakaratne, Stephen Hunter, Mark Andracki, Jo Benda, V. Rodgers
Characterizing Short-Term Release And Neovascularization Potential Of Multi-Protein Growth Supplement Delivered Via Alginate Hollow Fiber Devices, H. Tilakaratne, Stephen Hunter, Mark Andracki, Jo Benda, V. Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
No abstract provided.
Protective Immunization In Mice Against Group B Streptococci Using Encapsulated C5a Peptidase, Donna Santillan, M. Andracki, Stephen Hunter
Protective Immunization In Mice Against Group B Streptococci Using Encapsulated C5a Peptidase, Donna Santillan, M. Andracki, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to test whether C5a peptidase encapsulated within a biodegradable polymer can act as a vaccine and elicit an immune response to prevent group B streptococci (GBS) infection in mice and provide protection to pups. STUDY DESIGN: C5a peptidase was encapsulated in semipermeable microspheres of poly(lactide-co-glycolide). Female ICR mice were immunized with encapsulated C5a peptidase, free C5a peptidase, or empty microparticles. Booster doses were given at days 21 and 42. Antibody responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Challenge with GBS type III was performed 4 days after the final booster in the vaginal …
Theoretical Prediction Of Induction Period From Transient Pore Evolvement In Polyester-Based Microparticles, A. Zhao, Stephen Hunter, V. Rodgers
Theoretical Prediction Of Induction Period From Transient Pore Evolvement In Polyester-Based Microparticles, A. Zhao, Stephen Hunter, V. Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
A model was developed and compared to experimental results for prediction of the induction period during drug delivery from various compositions of biodegradable copolymer PLGA microparticles. The uniqueness of this model is that it considers transient pore evolvement and uses the kinetic parameters of polymer degradation, which are independent of experimental measurements of microparticle erosion, in its analysis. Delivery data from PLGA microparticles (50:50, 75:25, and 85:15) releasing ovalbumin (OVA, 46 kDa) and bovine serum albumin (BSA, 66 kDa) were determined and used as the model systems. Experimental measurements were carried out from 85 to 150 days depending on the …
Rotary Culture Enhances Pre-Osteoblast Aggregation And Mineralization, S. Facer, R. Zaharias, M. Andracki, J. Lafoon, Stephen Hunter, G. Schneider
Rotary Culture Enhances Pre-Osteoblast Aggregation And Mineralization, S. Facer, R. Zaharias, M. Andracki, J. Lafoon, Stephen Hunter, G. Schneider
Stephen K. Hunter
Three-dimensional environments have been shown to enhance cell aggregation and osteoblast differentiation. Thus, we hypothesized that three-dimensional (3D) growth environments would enhance the mineralization rate of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) pre-osteoblasts. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential use of rotary cell culture systems (RCCS) as a means to enhance the osteogenic potential of pre-osteoblast cells. HEPM cells were cultured in a RCCS to create 3D enviroments. Tissue culture plastic (2D) cultures served as our control. 3D environments promoted three-dimensional aggregate formations. Increased calcium and phosphorus deposition was significantly enhanced three- to 18-fold (P < 0.001) in …
Leukemia In Pregnancy And Fetal Response To Multiagent Chemotherapy, W. Hansen, P. Fretz, Stephen Hunter, J. Yankowitz
Leukemia In Pregnancy And Fetal Response To Multiagent Chemotherapy, W. Hansen, P. Fretz, Stephen Hunter, J. Yankowitz
Stephen K. Hunter
BACKGROUND: Leukemia is rare in pregnancy and treatment with intensive, multiagent chemotherapy produces complete remission in most adults, but might have deleterious effects on fetuses. CASE: A 24-year-old gravida 3 para 2 presented at 24 weeks with pruritus, rash, pancytopenia, and hepatitis. A bone marrow biopsy found acute lymphocytic leukemia. She completed three cycles of intensive multiagent chemotherapy with transient oligohydramnios in each cycle. Although there was decreased fetal growth rate, umbilical artery Doppler scans were normal. She delivered a normal 2150-g male infant at 36 weeks. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with newly diagnosed leukemia should not delay treatment, but multiagent …
Bioartificial Pancreas Use In Diabetic Pregnancy, Stephen Hunter, Y. Wang, V. Rodgers
Bioartificial Pancreas Use In Diabetic Pregnancy, Stephen Hunter, Y. Wang, V. Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of Bioartificial Pancreas (BAP) technology use during diabetic pregnancy. In particular, the study asked 1) can microencapsulated islet cells effectively correct carbohydrate metabolism during diabetic pregnancy and 2) will such therapy, if initiated before conception, eliminate diabetes-induced congenital malformations in the fetus? Streptozotocin-induced diabetic female mice (ICR) received transplants of rat islets encapsulated within alginate microbeads. Animals were placed with male mice and bred. Random, nonfasting blood glucose (BG) determinations were made posttransplantation and throughout pregnancy. Pups were delivered by cesarean section on day 19 of gestation. Outcome …
Present And Future Perspectives On The Use Of Free Or Encapsulated Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation As A Treatment Of Pregnancy Complicated By Type 1 Diabetes, Stephen Hunter
Stephen K. Hunter
Pregnancies complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) pose significant health risks to both the mother and her developing fetus. Congenital malformations in the offspring of diabetic mothers have an incidence which is 2-5 times that seen in the background. Euglycemia in the first trimester of pregnancy can reduce this incidence, but achieving euglycemia with conventional exogenous insulin therapy is both costly and difficult. Even with intense insulin dosage adjustments, the blood glucose profile of the diabetic pregnant patient does not mimic that seen in nondiabetic patients. Both the difficulties and inadequacies of conventional therapy for IDDM-complicated pregnancy provide a stimulus …
Mathematical Modeling Of Myoglobin Facilitated Transport Of Oxygen In Devices Containing Myoglobin-Expressing Cells, H. Tilakaratne, Stephen Hunter, V. Rodgers
Mathematical Modeling Of Myoglobin Facilitated Transport Of Oxygen In Devices Containing Myoglobin-Expressing Cells, H. Tilakaratne, Stephen Hunter, V. Rodgers
Stephen K. Hunter
Low pO(2) is perhaps the most significant factor in artificial pancreas failure. In these environments, not only is the beta cell production of insulin reduced, but the cell death rate is also significantly higher. Mathematical models are developed to test the feasibility of facilitated oxygen transport in enhancing O(2) flux to genetically engineered cells in a bioartificial device such as a pancreas. For this device, it is proposed that beta cells be genetically engineered to express myoglobin throughout the cell. In addition, the significance of including myoglobin throughout the alginate matrix present to provide immuno-protection for the transplanted cells is …