Medical Specialties Commons^™

Artificial Intelligence-Based Methodologies For Early Diagnostic Precision And Personalized Therapeutic Strategies In Neuro-Ophthalmic And Neurodegenerative Pathologies, Rahul Kumar, Ethan Waisberg, Joshua Ong, Phani Paladugu, Dylan Amiri, Jeremy Saintyl, Jahnavi Yelamanchi, Robert Nahouraii, Ram Jagadeesan, Alireza Tavakkoli

SKMC Student Presentations and Publications

Advancements in neuroimaging, particularly diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET), have significantly enhanced the early detection of biomarkers in neurodegenerative and neuro-ophthalmic disorders. These include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease. This review highlights the transformative role of advanced diffusion MRI techniques-Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging-in identifying subtle microstructural changes in the brain and visual pathways that precede clinical symptoms. When integrated with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, these techniques achieve unprecedented diagnostic precision, facilitating early detection of neurodegeneration and …

The Revised Cdc Chronic Pain Guidelines And Payer Opioid Analgesic Policies In Michigan, Victoria Tutag Lehr, Cynthia L. Arfken

Michigan Journal of Public Health

Abstract

The 2016 publication of A Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention motivated commercial and Medicaid payers to restrict their opioid prescribing policies including the imposition of hard limits on opioid daily dosages and duration. One result of these policies was an increase in abrupt opioid discontinuation and rapid tapering events for patients receiving long-term opioid therapy. Responding to this misapplication of the 2016 guideline, the 2022 revised guidelines emphasized individualized opioid therapy and exclusion of certain chronic diseases. However, it is not known if the payers changed their policies to …

Unilateral Hemicraniectomy With Titanium Cranioplasty For The Treatment Of High Intracranial Pressure In A Pediatric Patient With Camurati-Engelmann Disease: Illustrative Case, Roboan Guillen-Arguello, Nicholas Sader, J. Gordon Mccomb

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that can cause increased intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to cranial hyperostosis, which decreases intracranial volume. Surgical procedures to reduce ICP in medically refractory cases include intracranial volume expansion and ventriculoperitoneal shunting. OBSERVATIONS The authors present the case of a pediatric patient with CED and medically refractory increased ICP who underwent unilateral hemicraniectomy with titanium cranioplasty, resulting in a complete long-term resolution of symptoms. LESSONS Unilateral hemicraniectomy with titanium cranioplasty is a feasible surgical treatment for CED in pediatric patients with medically refractory increased ICP and papilledema.

Identification Of An Early Subset Of Cerebellar Nuclei Neurons In Mice, Maryam Rahimi-Balaei, Shayan Amiri, Thomas Lamonerie, Sih-Rong Wu, Huda Y Zoghbi, G Giacomo Consalez, Daniel Goldowitz, Hassan Marzban

Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications

Cerebellar nuclei (CN) neurons serve as the primary output of the cerebellum and originate from the cerebellar primordium at early stages of cerebellar development. These neurons are diverse, integrating information from the cerebellar cortex and relaying it to various brain regions. Employing various methodologies, we have characterized a specific subset of CN neurons that do not originate from the rhombic lip or ventricular zone of the cerebellar primordium. Embryos were collected at early stages of development and processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting, in situ hybridization (ISH), embryonic culture, DiI labeling, and flow cytometry analysis (FCM). Our findings indicate that …

Global Impact Of Aging On The Hemodynamic Response Function In The Gray Matter Of Human Cerebral Cortex, Nooshin J Fesharaki, Amanda Taylor, Keisjon Mosby, Ruosha Li, Jung Hwan Kim, David Ress

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

In functional magnetic resonance imaging, the hemodynamic response function (HRF) is a stereotypical response to local changes in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism due to briefly (< 4 s) evoked neural activity. Accordingly, the HRF is often used as an impulse response with the assumption of linearity in data analysis. In cognitive aging studies, it has been very common to interpret differences in brain activation as age-related changes in neural activity. Contrary to this assumption, however, evidence has accrued that normal aging may also significantly affect the vasculature, thereby affecting cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism, confounding interpretation of fMRI cognitive aging studies. In this study, use was made of a multisensory task to evoke the HRF in ~87% of cerebral cortex in cognitively intact adults with ages ranging from 22 to 75 years. This widespread activation enabled us to investigate age trends in the spatial distributions of HRF characteristics within the majority of cortical gray matter, which we termed as global age trends. The task evoked both positive and negative HRFs, which were characterized using model-free parameters in native-space coordinates. We found significant global age trends in the distributions of HRF parameters in terms of both amplitudes (e.g., peak amplitude and contrast-to-noise ratio) and temporal dynamics (e.g., full-width-at-half-maximum). Our findings offer insight into how age-dependent changes affect neurovascular coupling and show promise for use of HRF parameters as non-invasive indicators for age-related pathology.

Simple Improvements In Vector Design Afford Substantial Gains In Aav Delivery Of Aggregation-Slowing Aβ Variants, Ella Borgenheimer, Cameron Trueblood, Bryan L Nguyen, William R Lagor, Joanna L Jankowsky

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy for neurological disease has gained traction due to stunning advances in capsid evolution for CNS targeting. With AAV brain delivery now in focus, conventional improvements in viral expression vectors offer a complementary route for optimizing gene delivery. We previously introduced a novel AAV gene therapy to slow amyloid aggregation in the brain based on neuronal release of an Aβ sequence variant that inhibited fibrilization of wild-type Aβ. Here we explore three coding elements of the virally delivered DNA plasmid in an effort to maximize the production of therapeutic peptide in the brain. We demonstrate that …

Clinical And Radiologic Findings In Children With Anomalous Pontine Cranial Nerves, Karen K Moeller, Brandon H Tran, Thierry A G M Huisman, Nilesh K Desai, Marcia K Kukreja, Rajan P Patel, Uma S Ramaswamy, Carol Liu, Stephen F Kralik

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings in 17 children with an aberrant cisternal cranial nerve 7 (CN7), and found that these patients had additional anomalies involving other pontine cranial nerves (CNs). The hallmark imaging feature identified in all patients was an aberrant cisternal segment of an enlarged-appearing CN7. The abnormal nerve coursed anteriorly toward the Gasserian ganglion, where it fanned out toward the internal auditory canal, Meckel cave, or both. This finding was accompanied by a small cisternal CN5, which often had a lateral bowed appearance. CN5 and CN7 were abnormally close to each other. Meckel's cave appeared …

Wearable Surface Electromyography System To Predict Freeze Of Gait In Parkinson's Disease Patients., Anna Moore, Jinxing Li, Christopher H Contag, Luke J Currano, Connor O Pyles, David A Hinkle, Vivek Shinde Patil

Neuroscience Articles

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling yet poorly understood paroxysmal gait disorder affecting the vast majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) as they reach advanced stages of the disorder. Falling is one of the most disabling consequences of a FOG episode; it often results in injury and a future fear of falling, leading to diminished social engagement, a reduction in general fitness, loss of independence, and degradation of overall quality of life. Currently, there is no robust or reliable treatment against FOG in PD. In the absence of reliable and effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, alleviating the consequences …

Spino-Plastic Surgery: Addressing Spinal Tumors With New Techniques, Casey Martinez, Isra Abdulwadood, Sebastian Winocour, Alexander E Ropper, Marco Innocenti, Michael Bohl, Maziyar Kalani, Edward M Reece

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background/Objectives: Spino-plastic surgery describes a specialized, multidisciplinary approach to addressing various spinal pathologies. The field is the innovative product of a multidisciplinary collaboration between plastic and reconstructive, orthopedic, and neurosurgery. Over the last few decades, this collaboration has borne promising surgical techniques and treatment plans geared toward restoring form, function, and aesthetics in patients with a variety of spinal conditions, including failed fusions, pseudoarthrosis, and the need for oncologic reconstruction. This paper explores the application of spino-plastic surgery in the context of post-sarcoma resection reconstructions, focusing on the efficacy in addressing the unique challenges posed by extensive tissue loss and …

Rna Splicing As A Biomarker And Phenotypic Driver Of Meningioma Dna-Methylation Groups, Nathan K Leclair, Abrar Choudury, William C Chen, Stephen T Magill, Kathleen Mccortney, Craig M Horbinski, Zhenhong Chen, Ezequiel Goldschmidt, Charlotte D Eaton, Ketan R Bulsara, Wenya Linda Bi, Akash J Patel, Felix Sahm, David Raleigh, Olga Anczukow

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

BACKGROUND: Advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of meningiomas have led to significant gains in the ability to predict patient prognosis and tumor recurrence and to identify novel targets for therapeutic design. Specifically, classification of meningiomas based on DNA methylation has greatly improved our ability to risk stratify patients, however new questions have arisen in terms of the underlying impact these DNA-methylation signatures have on meningioma biology.

METHODS: This study utilizes RNA-sequencing data from 486 meningioma samples corresponding to 3 meningioma DNA-methylation groups (merlin-intact, immune-enriched, and hypermitotic), followed by in vitro experiments utilizing human meningioma cell lines.

RESULTS: …

3d Genome Topology Distinguishes Molecular Subgroups Of Medulloblastoma, John J Y Lee, Michael J Johnston, Hamza Farooq, Huey-Miin Chen, Subhi Talal Younes, Raul Suarez, Melissa Zwaig, Nikoleta Juretic, William A Weiss, Jiannis Ragoussis, Nada Jabado, Michael D Taylor, Marco Gallo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Four main medulloblastoma (MB) molecular subtypes have been identified based on transcriptional, DNA methylation, and genetic profiles. However, it is currently not known whether 3D genome architecture differs between MB subtypes. To address this question, we performed in situ Hi-C to reconstruct the 3D genome architecture of MB subtypes. In total, we generated Hi-C and matching transcriptome data for 28 surgical specimens and Hi-C data for one patient-derived xenograft. The average resolution of the Hi-C maps was 6,833 bp. Using these data, we found that insulation scores of topologically associating domains (TADs) were effective at distinguishing MB molecular subgroups. TAD …

Sk609, A Novel Dopamine D3 Receptor Agonist And Norepinephrine Transporter Blocker With Putative Pro-Cognitive Actions, Does Not Induce Psychostimulant-Like Increases In Risky Choice During Probabilistic Discounting, Christopher P. Knapp, Brooke Fallon, Sandhya Kortagere, Barry D. Waterhouse, Stan B Floresco, Rachel L Navarra

Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Departmental Research

RATIONALE: Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine (AMPH) and methylphenidate (MPH), non-selectively elevate extracellular concentrations of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), and are common pharmacological strategies used to improve prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognitive dysfunction. However, this approach can be problematic given AMPH has been shown to increase preference for risky choices in a rodent assay of risk/reward decision making. SK609 is a novel NE reuptake blocker that selectively activates DA D3 receptors without affinity for the DA transporter. SK609 has been shown to improve cognitive performance without increasing psychostimulant-like spontaneous locomotor activity, suggesting SK609 may benefit neurocognitive function without …

30- And 90-Day Readmission Rates Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analyses, Marjan Hesari, Seyed Danial Alizadeh, Hamid Malekzadeh, Reza Tabrizi, Mohammad-Rasoul Jalalifar, Alireza Shahmohammadi, Zahra Eskandari, Zahra Ghodsi, James Harrop, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar

Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers

Study Design

Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.

Objective

To assess the 30- and 90-day readmission rates after a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods

A systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase was performed. The period was from inception to June 2022, with no language restrictions. All studies investigating the 30- and/or 90-day readmission rate following traumatic SCI were included. A random-effects model to combine effect sizes in our meta-analysis was applied.

Results

Seven out of 2959 reports met eligibility. The mean age of the patients was 50.2 ± 19.9, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4:1. The most common traumatic SCI was …

The Use Of Cloud Based Machine Learning To Predict Outcome In Intracerebral Haemorrhage Without Explicit Programming Expertise, Ajay Hegde, Deepu Vijaysenan, Pitchaiah Mandava, Girish Menon

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Machine Learning (ML) techniques require novel computer programming skills along with clinical domain knowledge to produce a useful model. We demonstrate the use of a cloud-based ML tool that does not require any programming expertise to develop, validate and deploy a prognostic model for Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH). The data of patients admitted with Spontaneous Intracerebral haemorrhage from January 2015 to December 2019 was accessed from our prospectively maintained hospital stroke registry. 80% of the dataset was used for training, 10% for validation, and 10% for testing. Seventeen input variables were used to predict the dichotomized outcomes (Good outcome mRS 0-3/ …

Prenatal Assessment Of Brain Malformations On Neuroimaging: An Expert Panel Review, Ivana Pogledic, Kshitij Mankad, Mariasavina Severino, Tally Lerman-Sagie, Andras Jakab, Efrat Hadi, Anna C Jansen, Nadia Bahi-Buisson, Natalya Di Donato, Renske Oegema, Christian Mitter, Ivan Capo, Matthew T Whitehead, Parthiv Haldipur, Grazia Mancini, Thierry A G M Huisman, Andrea Righini, Bill Dobyns, James A Barkovich, Natasa Jovanov Milosevic, Gregor Kasprian, Maarten Lequin

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Brain malformations represent a heterogeneous group of abnormalities of neural morphogenesis, often associated with aberrations of neuronal connectivity and brain volume. Prenatal detection of brain malformations requires a clear understanding of embryology and developmental morphology through the various stages of gestation. This expert panel review is written with the central aim of providing an easy-to-understand road map to improve prenatal detection and characterization of structural malformations based on the current understanding of normal and aberrant brain development. For every developmental stage, the utility of each available neuroimaging modality, including prenatal multiplanar neuro sonography, anatomical MRI and advanced MRI techniques, as …

Neurofeedback: New Territories And Neurocognitive Mechanisms Of Endogenous Neuromodulation, James Sulzer, T Dorina Papageorgiou, Rainer Goebel, Talma Hendler

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Neurofeedback (NF) is endogenous neuromodulation of circumscribed brain circuitry. While its use of real-time brain activity in a closed-loop system is similar to brain-computer interfaces, instead of controlling an external device like the latter, the goal of NF is to change a targeted brain function. In this special issue on NF, we present current and future methods for extracting and manipulating neural function, how these methods may reveal new insights about brain function, applications, and rarely discussed ethical considerations of guiding and interpreting the brain activity of others. Together, the articles in this issue outline the possibilities of NF use …

Individualized Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neuromodulation Enhances Visuospatial Perception: A Proof-Of-Concept Study, Anthony Allam, Vincent Allam, Sandy Reddy, Eric M Rohren, Sameer A Sheth, Emmanouil Froudarakis, T Dorina Papageorgiou

Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications

This proof-of-concept study uses individualized functional magnetic resonance imaging neuromodulation (iNM) to explore the mechanisms that enhance BOLD signals in visuospatial perception (VP) networks that are crucial for navigation. Healthy participants (n = 8) performed a VP up- and down-direction discrimination task at full and subthreshold coherence through peripheral vision, and superimposed direction through visual imagery (VI) at central space under iNM and control conditions. iNM targets individualized anatomical and functional middle- and medial-superior temporal (MST) networks that control VP. We found that iNM engaged selective exteroceptive and interoceptive attention (SEIA) and motor planning (MP) networks. Specifically, iNM increased …

Epidemiology Of Stroke And Risk Factors In Punjab, Pakistan: A Comprehensive Hospital-Based Study, Saima Ahmad, Adnan Khan, Fatima Gul Chaudhary, Haseeb Manzoor, Hira Jamil, Hamid Mahmood, Kausar Tayyab, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective

Stroke is a significant global health challenge, particularly burdening low- and middle-income countries where it leads to substantial mortality and disability-adjusted life years. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of stroke and its subtypes among adults in Pakistan's Punjab region.

Methods

This retrospective hospital-based study was conducted at Lahore General Hospital in Punjab, Pakistan, serving as the primary referral center for stroke cases. Medical records from January 2019 to December 2020 were reviewed using the International Classification of Diseases. A structured data collection form captured demographics, stroke types, risk factors, medical histories, and …

Electrodiagnostic Patterns In Neuromuscular Disorders: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study From A Tertiary Care Hospital, Ayisha Farooq Khan, Sajid Hameed, Dureshahwar Kanwar, Sara Khan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective

Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) are essential for diagnosing neuromuscular disorders and differentiating various peripheral nervous system conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and trends of neuromuscular disorders based on EMG/NCS findings in a tertiary care center in Pakistan.

Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the neurophysiology laboratory of Aga Khan University Hospital from 1st January 2023 to 31st December 2023. A total of 961 EMG/NCS records were analyzed, including both inpatient and outpatient cases. Data was extracted from the EMG registry, and findings were categorized into mononeuropathy, …

Clinical And Radiological Profile Of Patients Presenting With Neurolisteriosis: A Retrospective Study From A Tertiary Care Hospital, Zainab Memon, Muhammad Abdullah, Fatima Mubarak

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective

Neurolisteriosis, a central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical and radiological data from the patients of this disease presenting to a tertiary care hospital.

Methods

This retrospective review analyzed clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging data from 12 patients diagnosed with neurolisteriosis at Aga Khan University Hospital between September 2018 and March 2024. Diagnosis was confirmed through blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid cultures or polymerase chain reaction assays. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for …

Houge-Janssens Syndrome-1 Associated With Protein Phosphatase 2 Regulatory Subunit B’ Delta And Epilepsy: A Case Report, Dua Saleem, Fizza Akbar, Noor Zeeshan, Rabab Jafry, Salman Kirmani, Sidra Kaleem Jafri

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Houge-Janssens syndrome 1 is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with approximately 100 case reports worldwide. Here, we present a case of a Pakistani toddler who presented with epilepsy and developmental delay. Family history was significant with reported and documented developmental delays in both father and elder sister, with subsequent improvement. Trio-whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Sanger sequencing were performed, revealing a heterozygous LP variant NM_006245.4: c.626A>C, p.(His209Pro) in the girl. The same variant was also identified in her father and sister. This case sheds light on the variability of phenotypic expression amongst affected individuals and recommends the need for further …

High Dose Methylprednisolone In Children With Severe Headache In Viral Encephalitis: A Case Series, Abia Abdullah, Jay Kumari, Prem Chand

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Severe headache is a common symptom in children with viral encephalitis (VE), yet effective symptom-specific therapies are limited. In this case series, we present three children of ages 15, 14, and seven diagnosed with VE who presented with severe headaches unresponsive to standard analgesics but showed significant clinical improvement following high-dose methylprednisolone therapy. Although this is not first line treatment, these cases suggest a possible role for methylprednisolone in alleviating severe VE-associated headaches. Further controlled studies are needed to establish its effectiveness and safety in such settings.

Acute Flaccid Myelitis Caused By Enterovirus Infection- A Case Report, Ahmad Bilal, Tipu Sultan, Zia Ur Rehman, Arshad Mehmood, Amber Shabir, Javeria Raza

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Enterovirus is a member of the Picornaviridae family, an enterovirus. It is suspected of causing a polio-like disorder called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). This case report aims to present a 10-year-old boy who presented with neurological manifestations of weakness of lower limbs and urinary retention. He had reduced tone, absent reflexes, and palpable bladder. MRI spine revealed inflammation in grey matter of spinal cord. He was treated with high dose steroids and IVIG but no improvement was observed. Enterovirus was isolated from his stool sample. The patient received supportive care and physiotherapy with gradual improvement after months, having no evidence …

Myosin Xva Isoforms Participate In The Mechanotransduction-Dependent Remodeling Of The Actin Cytoskeleton In Auditory Stereocilia, Ana I. López-Porras, Ava M. Kruse, Mark T. Mcclendon, A. Catalina Vélez-Ortega

Neurology Faculty Publications

Auditory hair cells form precise and sensitive staircase-like actin protrusions known as stereocilia. These specialized microvilli detect deflections induced by sound through the activation of mechano-electrical transduction (MET) channels located at their tips. At rest, a small MET channel current results in a constant calcium influx which regulates the morphology of the actin cytoskeleton in the shorter ‘transducing’ stereocilia. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this novel type of activity-driven plasticity in the stereocilium cytoskeleton are currently unknown. Here, we tested the contribution of myosin XVA (MYO15A) isoforms, given their known roles in the regulation of stereocilia dimensions during hair …

Exercise As A Therapeutic Intervention And Its Effects On The Quality Of Life Of Those Diagnosed With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Theresa Stettner, Helen Carey, Cynthia Haynes

Fall 2024 OTD Capstone Symposium

The standard of care for those with ALS includes range of motion, limb relaxation, trunk balance, and gait training (Braga et al., 2018). This study examines perceived quality of life in ALS clients before and after an in-person exercise program and home exercise program to evaluate the benefits of exercise as exercise does not exacerbate symptoms of ALS (Meng et al., 2020). Daily occupation performance requires functional ability which may be preserved through exercise (Kalron et al., 2021).

Blood Biomarkers In Down Syndrome: Facilitating Alzheimer's Disease Detection And Monitoring, Melissa Petersen, Lisi Flores-Aguilar, Elizabeth Head, Laia Montoliu-Gaya, Andre Strydom, Sarah Pape, Juan Fortea, Nicholas Ashton, Chinedu Momoh, Sid O'Bryant

Brain and Mind Institute

Blood-based biomarkers continue to be explored for disease detection, monitoring of progression, and therapeutic outcomes as the diagnostic determination of Alzheimer's Disease in Down Syndrome (DS-AD) remains challenging in clinical settings. This perspective highlights the current status of this effort. Overall, amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (AT[N]) blood-based biomarkers have been shown to increase with disease pathology for individuals with DS. Phosphorylated tau biomarkers (p-tau217, p-tau181) have been consistently shown to track disease progression for DS-AD and are likely good candidates for use in clinical settings. Biomarkers of inflammation (glial fibrillary acidic protein) also show promise; however, additional work …

Burden Of Vascular Neurological Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study, Shafaq Saleem, Safia Awan, Ibrar Rafiq, Muhammad Hassan Shaikh, Anjum Farooq, Maimoona Siddiqui, Zainab Aslam Saeed Memon, Alam Ibrahim Siddiqui

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective

Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a particularly high burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Pakistan. Despite its growing prevalence, limited nationwide data exist on vascular diseases, their risk factors, and disability outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency and age-stratified type of vascular disease incidence among in-patient hospital admissions.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted across 39 neurology centers in Pakistan, spanning both public and private sectors from August 2017 to December 2019. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and stroke type were systematically collected …

Electrographic Significance Of Periodic Discharges And Association With Etiology And Outcome In A Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Hina Imtiaz, Zainab Memon, Ayisha Farooq Khan, Dureshahwar Kanwar, Safia Awan

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

Background and Objective

Periodic discharges on electroencephalograms (EEGs) are rhythmic waveforms that may indicate acute or subacute brain injury. This aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of periodic discharge subtypes on EEG and to assess their association with underlying etiologies and clinical outcomes in a tertiary care hospital.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study included neurological patients aged ≥18 years admitted to the medical ICU or ward of Aga Khan University Hospital between January 1, 2021, and January 1, 2023, with periodic discharges on EEG. Patients with prior traumatic brain injury were excluded. Data on demographics, …

Epilepsy In Pakistani Adolescents Amid The Vaping Epidemic, Maheen Kalwar, Eisha Tur Raazia, Harmain Naz Shaikh

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

No abstract provided.

New Onset Seizures Evolving Into Refractory Status Epilepticus In The Setting Of Covid-19: A Case Report, Mahira Mushtaq, Zuha Amin, Shafaq Saleem, Fowzia Siddiqui

Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)

The novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been shown to involve the nervous system (both central and peripheral), with or without respiratory involvement in multiple ways. Although not much is known about this disease yet, seizures and status epilepticus which may evolve into refractory status epilepticus have been associated with it along with other manifestations like encephalopathy, neuropathies etc. The mechanism for development of seizures with COVID-19 related disease is not entirely known however it can be the consequence of “cytokine release syndrome” or “cytokine storm” which has been associated with this virus. Patients with COVID-19 infection who develop resistant status …