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Articles 31 - 53 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Neurosciences
Alternating Current And Infrared Produce An Onset-Free Reversible Nerve Block, Emilie H. Lothet, Kevin L. Kilgore, Niloy Bhadra, Narendra Bhadra, Tina Vrabec, Yves T. Wang, Michael W. Jenkins, Hillel J. Chiel
Alternating Current And Infrared Produce An Onset-Free Reversible Nerve Block, Emilie H. Lothet, Kevin L. Kilgore, Niloy Bhadra, Narendra Bhadra, Tina Vrabec, Yves T. Wang, Michael W. Jenkins, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Nerve block can eliminate spasms and chronic pain. Kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) produces a safe and reversible nerve block. However, KHFAC-induced nerve block is associated with an undesirable onset response. Optical inhibition using infrared (IR) laser light can produce nerve block without an onset response, but heats nerves. Combining KHFAC with IR inhibition [alternating current and infrared (ACIR)] produces a rapidly reversible nerve block without an onset response. ACIR can be used to rapidly and reversibly provide onset-free nerve block in the unmyelinated nerves of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and may have significant advantages over either modality alone. …
Alzheimer’S Disease Cooperative Study (Adcs) Prevention Instrument Project Assessing Resource Use And Volunteer And Paid Work Among Healthy Elders, A Longitudinal Study, Peter J. Whitehouse
Alzheimer’S Disease Cooperative Study (Adcs) Prevention Instrument Project Assessing Resource Use And Volunteer And Paid Work Among Healthy Elders, A Longitudinal Study, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The End Of Alzheimer's Disease - From Biochemical Pharmacology To Ecopsychosociology: A Personal Perspective, Peter J. Whitehouse
The End Of Alzheimer's Disease - From Biochemical Pharmacology To Ecopsychosociology: A Personal Perspective, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
The future of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field involves a more complete understanding not only the state of current scientific approaches, but also the linguistic and cultural context of preclinical and clinical research and policy activities. The challenges surrounding dementia are large and growing but are only part of broader social and health concerns. In this latter context, the current state of research in the AD area is reviewed together with necessary priorities in moving forward. Creating a more optimistic future will depend less on genetic and reductionist approaches and more on environmental and intergenerative approaches that will aid in …
Transient And Selective Suppression Of Neural Activity With Infrared Light, Michael W. Jenkins, Hui Lu, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Hillel J. Chiel
Transient And Selective Suppression Of Neural Activity With Infrared Light, Michael W. Jenkins, Hui Lu, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Analysis and control of neural circuitry requires the ability to selectively activate or inhibit neurons. Previous work showed that infrared laser light selectively excited neural activity in endogenous unmyelinated and myelinated axons. However, inhibition of neuronal firing with infrared light was only observed in limited cases, is not well understood and was not precisely controlled. Using an experimentally tractable unmyelinated preparation for detailed investigation and a myelinated preparation for validation, we report that it is possible to selectively and transiently inhibit electrically- initiated axonal activation, as well as to both block or enhance the propagation of action potentials of specific …
Health-Related Resource Use And Costs In Elderly Adults With And Without Mild Cognitive Impairment, Carolyn Zhu, Peter J. Whitehouse, Marian B. Patterson
Health-Related Resource Use And Costs In Elderly Adults With And Without Mild Cognitive Impairment, Carolyn Zhu, Peter J. Whitehouse, Marian B. Patterson
Faculty Scholarship
Objectives To assess differences in resource use and cost between older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over time. Design Multicenter, longitudinal study. Setting Sixty-eight Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) sites in the United States. Participants Two hundred fifty-nine individuals diagnosed with MCI and 107 cognitively normal elderly adults followed annually for 3 years. Measurements The Resource Use Instrument (RUI) was used to capture medical and nonmedical care use. Generalized linear latent and mixed models were used to estimate differences in resource use and costs in older adults with and without MCI after controlling for clinical and demographic …
Neurotechnologies At The Intersection Of Criminal Procedure And Constitutional Law, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Neurotechnologies At The Intersection Of Criminal Procedure And Constitutional Law, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Faculty Scholarship
The rapid development of neurotechnologies poses novel constitutional issues for criminal law and criminal procedure. These technologies can identify directly from brain waves whether a person is familiar with a stimulus like a face or a weapon, can model blood flow in the brain to indicate whether a person is lying, and can even interfere with brain processes themselves via high-powered magnets to cause a person to be less likely to lie to an investigator. These technologies implicate the constitutional privilege against compelled, self-incriminating speech under the Fifth Amendment and the right to be free of unreasonable search and seizure …
Uncertain Progress On The Fuzzy Boundaries Of Alzheimer's Disease: Reading Between The Guidelines, Peter J. Whitehouse
Uncertain Progress On The Fuzzy Boundaries Of Alzheimer's Disease: Reading Between The Guidelines, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
The Brain In Its Body: Motor Control And Sensing In A Biomechanical Context, Hillel J. Chiel
The Brain In Its Body: Motor Control And Sensing In A Biomechanical Context, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Although it is widely recognized that adaptive behavior emerges from the ongoing interactions among the nervous system, the body, and the environment, it has only become possible in recent years to experimentally study and to simulate these interacting systems. We briefly review work on molluscan feeding, maintenance of postural control in cats and humans, simulations of locomotion in lamprey, insect, cat and salamander, and active vibrissal sensing in rats to illustrate the insights that can be derived from studies of neural control and sensing within a biomechanical context. These studies illustrate that control may be shared between the nervous system …
Disclosure Of Apoe Genotype For Risk Of Alzheimer's Disease, Peter J. Whitehouse, Melissa Barber Butson
Disclosure Of Apoe Genotype For Risk Of Alzheimer's Disease, Peter J. Whitehouse, Melissa Barber Butson
Faculty Scholarship
BACKGROUND: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype provides information on the risk of Alzheimer's disease, but the genotyping of patients and their family members has been discouraged. We examined the effect of genotype disclosure in a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. METHODS: We randomly assigned 162 asymptomatic adults who had a parent with Alzheimer's disease to receive the results of their own APOE genotyping (disclosure group) or not to receive such results (nondisclosure group). We measured symptoms of anxiety, depression, and test-related distress 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after disclosure or nondisclosure. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the …
Variable Judgments Of Decisional Capacity In Cognitively Impaired Research Subjects, Marion B. Patterson, Peter J. Whitehouse
Variable Judgments Of Decisional Capacity In Cognitively Impaired Research Subjects, Marion B. Patterson, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
OBJECTIVES: To compare assessments of the decisional capacity of cognitively impaired patients by research assistants (RAs) and by family caregiver/proxies and to determine whether either or both groups judge capacity differently depending on the specific (hypothetical) research enrollment decision being made. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Three clinics, one each in Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty-nine patients with established dementia diagnoses and their caregiver/proxies. MEASUREMENTS: As part of a longer interview, patients were asked about future enrollment in five hypothetical research projects with varying risks and benefits. After patients reported each decision and reasons for that decision, RAs (using …
Health State Valuation In Mild To Moderate Cognitive Impairment: Feasibility Of Computer-Based, Direct Patient Utility Assessment, Neal V. Dawson, Mendel E. Singer, Marian B. Patterson, Susie A. Sami, Iahn Gonsenhouser, Heather A. Lindstrom, Kathleen A. Smyth, Melissa Barber Butson, Peter J. Whitehouse
Health State Valuation In Mild To Moderate Cognitive Impairment: Feasibility Of Computer-Based, Direct Patient Utility Assessment, Neal V. Dawson, Mendel E. Singer, Marian B. Patterson, Susie A. Sami, Iahn Gonsenhouser, Heather A. Lindstrom, Kathleen A. Smyth, Melissa Barber Butson, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
Background. Most patients with dementia will, at some point, need a proxy health care decision maker. It is unknown whether persons with various degrees of cognitive impairment can reliably report their health-related preferences. Methods. The authors performed health state valuations (HSVs) of current and hypothetical future health states on 47 pairs of patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment and their caregivers using computer-based standard gamble, time tradeoff, and rating scale techniques. Results. Patients' mean (SD) age was 74.6 (9.3) years. About half of the patients were women (48%), as were most caregivers (73%), who were on average younger (mean …
Incorporating Ethnicity Into Genetic Risk Assessment For Alzheimer Disease: The Reveal Study Experience, Peter J. Whitehouse, Melissa Barber Butson
Incorporating Ethnicity Into Genetic Risk Assessment For Alzheimer Disease: The Reveal Study Experience, Peter J. Whitehouse, Melissa Barber Butson
Faculty Scholarship
PURPOSE: To describe how investigators in a multisite randomized clinical trial addressed scientific and ethical issues involved in creating risk models based on genetic testing for African American participants. METHODS: The following informed our decision whether to stratify risk assessment by ethnicity: evaluation of epidemiological data, appraisal of benefits and risks of incorporating ethnicity into calculations, and feasibility of creating ethnicity-specific risk curves. Once the decision was made, risk curves were created based on data from a large, diverse study of first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer disease. RESULTS: Review of epidemiological data suggested notable differences in risk between African …
Neuromechanics Of Multifunctionality During Rejection In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Neuromechanics Of Multifunctionality During Rejection In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
How are the same muscles and neurons used to generate qualitatively different behaviors? We studied this question by analyzing the biomechanical and neural mechanisms of rejection responses in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and compared these mechanisms with those used to generate swallowing responses (Ye et al., 2006). During rejection, the central grasper of the feeding structure closes to push inedible food out of the buccal cavity. This contrasts with swallowing, during which the grasper is open as it moves toward the jaws (protracts). We examined how the shape change of the grasper during rejection mechanically reconfigured the surrounding musculature. …
Neuromechanics Of Coordination During Swallowing In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Neuromechanics Of Coordination During Swallowing In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Bernstein (1967) hypothesized that preparation of the periphery was crucial for correct responses to motor output. To test this hypothesis in a behaving animal, we examined the roles of two identified motor neurons, B7 and B8, which contribute to feeding behavior in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Neuron B7 innervates a hinge muscle and has no overt behavioral effect during smaller-amplitude (type A) swallows, because the hinge muscle is too short to exert force. Neuron B8 activates a muscle (I4) that acts solely to grasp material during type A swallows. During larger-amplitude (type B) swallows, the behavioral actions of both …
Vinpocetine For Cognitive Impairment And Dementia, Peter J. Whitehouse
Vinpocetine For Cognitive Impairment And Dementia, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
Background: Vinpocetine is a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine, a vinca alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the Lesser Periwinkle (Vinca minor) and discovered in the late 1960s. Although used in human treatment for over twenty years, it has not been approved by any regulatory body for the treatment of cognitive impairment. Basic sciences studies have been used to claim a variety of potentially important effects in the brain. However, despite these many proposed mechanisms and targets, the relevance of this basic science to clinical studies is unclear. Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of vinpocetine in the treatment …
Informed Consent For Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials: A Survey Of Clinical Investigators, Peter J. Whitehouse
Informed Consent For Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials: A Survey Of Clinical Investigators, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Ethical Issues In Dementia, Peter J. Whitehouse
Ethical Issues In Dementia, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
The growing number of individuals affected by dementia will intensify the ethical issues that emerge in clinical practice and research, issues early in disease relate to genetic testing, use of medications in mildly affected persons, and diagnostic disclosure. Research issues relate to appropriate informed consent processes, conflict of interests, and research design issues, such as the use of placebos and the use of biological tissues. In the later stages of disease concern about appropriate therapeutic goals and end-of-life care is appropriate.
Clinical Trials In Alzheimer Disease: Debate On The Use Of Placebo Controls, Peter J. Whitehouse
Clinical Trials In Alzheimer Disease: Debate On The Use Of Placebo Controls, Peter J. Whitehouse
Faculty Scholarship
During the past 10 years, there has been a rapidly growing number of pharmaceutical industry-sponsored drug trials for treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. As public awareness and concerns about AD have grown, so has interest in developing drug therapies for retarding symptom progression, delaying onset, and ultimately curing the disease. Ethical debate on the use of placebo control trials in AD research has come of age in the United States with the availability of treatments approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The experts and the public agree that more effective therapies are necessary, and new …
Hallucinations, Peter J. Whitehouse, Marian B. Patterson, Milton E. Strauss, David S. Geldmacher, James L. Mack, Grover C. Gilmore, Elizabeth Koss
Hallucinations, Peter J. Whitehouse, Marian B. Patterson, Milton E. Strauss, David S. Geldmacher, James L. Mack, Grover C. Gilmore, Elizabeth Koss
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Can Modulate The Outputs Of Buccal-Cerebral Interneurons In Aplysia Via Presynaptic Inhibition, Hillel J. Chiel
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Can Modulate The Outputs Of Buccal-Cerebral Interneurons In Aplysia Via Presynaptic Inhibition, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
We have identified 2 buccal-cerebral interneurons (BCIs), B17 and B18, that appear to be involved in the coordination of feeding behavior in Aplysia. The BCIs have their cell bodies in the buccal ganglion, but send axons to the cerebral ganglion via the cerebral-buccal connectives. The BCIs appear to make monosynaptic connections with neurons in the cerebral ganglion that modulate extrinsic muscles involved in feeding behavior. B17 and B18 are activated antiphasically during a motor program induced by stimulating the esophageal nerve and appear to 'read out' different phases of the buccal program to different cells in the cerebral ganglion. B17 …
Activity Of An Identified Histaminergic Neuron, And Its Possible Role In Arousal Of Feeding Behavior In Semi-Intact Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Activity Of An Identified Histaminergic Neuron, And Its Possible Role In Arousal Of Feeding Behavior In Semi-Intact Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
The possible functions of histaminergic neuron C2 were studied in an isolated head preparation from which it was possible to obtain intracellular recordings while the buccal mass exhibited feeding-like responses. Application of food to the lips of the isolated head preparation elicited rhythmic buccal movements that appeared to be ingestion responses, since they moved seaweed into the buccal cavity and towards the esophagus, and their frequency and regularity was similar to the ingestion responses studied in a group of intact animals. The ingestion responses of the buccal mass consisted of 2 main phases of movement of the radula from a …
Sensory Function And Gating Of Histaminergic Neuron C2 In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Sensory Function And Gating Of Histaminergic Neuron C2 In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
This paper explores the possible sensory function of the identified histaminergic neuron C2. Mechanical stimulation of a narrow region around the mouth of the animal (perioral zone) elicits brief depolarizing potentials in C2. Extracellular recordings from the peripheral axons of C2 indicate that the depolarizing potentials are due to action potentials that are conveyed from the periphery but do not invade the cell body, since they fail at a region with a low safety factor within the cerebral ganglion. These blocked axonal spikes (A- spikes) function as if they were excitatory synaptic inputs to C2, since the synaptic output of …
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Modulates Feeding Motor Circuitry In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Modulates Feeding Motor Circuitry In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
An identified histaminergic neuron, C2, in the marine mollusk Aplysia is a complex mechanoafferent which appears to contribute to the maintenance of food arousal by means of its synaptic connections to the metacerebral cell (MCC). Because C2 also has extensive synaptic outputs to neurons other than the MCC, we studied its possible motor functions. We identified several synaptic followers of C2 and found that some were excitatory motor neurons for extrinsic muscles of the buccal mass, while others were modulatory motor neurons that inhibited contractions. In addition, we found that these neurons and other synaptic followers of C2 received powerful …