Musculoskeletal, Neural, and Ocular Physiology Commons^™

The Effect Of Upper-String Musician Practice Session On Scapular Kinematics, Connor James Brown

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Background: Shoulder pain is common in the upper-string musician population. [43,49] Pain has been linked with injury and impairments. Altered scapular kinematics has been associated with patients diagnosed with shoulder injury or impairment. Fatigue of the shoulder complex through repeated arm motions has been shown to alter scapular kinematics, resulting in shoulder pathologies, including rotator cuff impingement syndrome. [12,15,28] Upper string musicians have been documented with practicing multiple hours in a day and it could be inferred those practice sessions could be fatiguing. [24,49]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of upper string musician practice session …

Ankle Muscle Activation And Mechanics During The Ebbet's Foot Drills, Quentin Adam Archuleta

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Introduction: The ankle is a complex structure of three joints that allow multiplanar motion (Brockett & Chapman, 2016). Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are the most common injury seen today in both the general and athletic populations and have a high recurrence rate. When left untreated or mistreated, it often leads to developing chronic ankle instability or osteoarthritis, which a lower quality of life. Dr. Russ Ebbets created a set of foot drills with the claim that they can strengthen the muscles of the lower leg, lessen lower leg aliments, and the chances of a severe ankle sprain (Ebbets, 2011a). …

Role Of Atp1a1 In Skeletal Muscle Growth And Metabolism, Laura C. Kutz

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Skeletal muscle comprises approximately 30% of total body mass, and loss of muscle mass and dysfunctional muscle metabolism are implicated in multiple disease states, including type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and septic shock. As such, understanding the mechanisms of skeletal muscle growth and atrophy, including pharmaceutical targets that may prove safe and effective, is therefore an important goal of current research on skeletal muscle physiology. One potential target in skeletal muscle development and function that has not been fully explored is the Na/KATPase (NKA), especially the α1 isoform. This isoform has a unique signaling function that has previously been shown …

Measurement Precision And Reliability Of Supraspinatus Tendon Strain Using Speckle Track Analysis Of Ultrasound Images, Gregory Alan Mcclanahan

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Introduction: Ultrasound speckle tracking is an emergent method in studying musculoskeletal physiology and disease. For a method to be effective and useful, it needs to be precise and reliable. The precision and reliability of supraspinatus tendon strain measurements have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to examine the precision and reliability of speckle tracking to measure supraspinatus tendon strain.

Methods: Forty-two (42) participants participated in this study. Five (5) ultrasound images of the participant’s right shoulder supraspinatus tendon were collected during a maximal voluntary isometric abduction contraction. Cine loop video files of the 5 imaging trials …

Targeted Limb Heating Augments The Actions Of Igf1 In The Growth Plate And Increases Bone Elongation In Growing Mice, Holly Lyn Racine

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Bone elongation disorders can lead to painful musculoskeletal disabilities in adulthood. Existing treatment options to correct left-right asymmetry in limb length include invasive surgeries and/or drug regimens. These are often only partially effective. Previous studies in weanling mice have shown that a daily application of mild heat (40°C) to limbs on one side of the body could be used to noninvasively enhance bone elongation. However, the impact of heat-treatment on bone at the cellular level remains elusive. The epiphyseal growth plate, the band of cartilage located at each end of long bones, is the main site of longitudinal growth and …

An Ultrasonographic Analysis Of The Structures Of The Subacromial Space, As They Relate To The Postures Of Upper String Musicians, Elliot V. Smithson

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Background: The leading source of general population shoulder pain is subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) which can contribute to rotator cuff disease (RCD). 1 It has been reported that up to 12% of musicians end their musical career due to musculoskeletal injury.2 SAIS is a common source of shoulder pain in the bowing arm of upper string musicians.3 However, the mechanisms leading to shoulder pain in upper string musicians are not well known.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize aspects of the subacromial space anatomy while in standard playing positions of upper string musicians, specifically measurements …

Antibiotic-Like Actions Of Vitamin D, Franklin D. Shuler Md, Phd, Josh Hendrix, Adam Short, Sammy Hodroge

Orthopaedics

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that has expanding importance for a healthy lifestyle and disease prevention. A multitude of studies have highlighted that vitamin D acts not only in bone and calcium homeostasis but is critically important for human immunity. The discovery that the storage form of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) can be locally converted to the active form (1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3) in immune cells, epithelial cells and numerous other non-renal tissues highlights the importance of maintaining sufficient stores. When responding to a specific external stimulus, like bacterial invasion, intracrine synthesis of active vitamin D has the ability to regulate …

Submicron Bioactive Glass Tubes For Bone Tissue Engineering, Jingwei Xie, Eric Blough, Chi-Hwa Wang

MIIR Faculty Research

Herein we describe a method to fabricate submicron bioactive glass tubes using of sol-gel and co-axial electrospinning techniques for applications in bone tissue engineering. Heavy mineral oil and gel solution were delivered by two independent syringe pumps during the co-axial electrospinning process. Subsequently, submicron bioactive glass tubes were obtained by removal of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and heavy mineral oil via calcination at 600 °C for 5 h. Tubular structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. We examined the bioactivity of submicron bioactive glass tubes and fibers and evaluated their biocompatibility taking electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) …

Muscle Plasticity And Intramuscular Signaling In The Insulin-Resistant Obese Zucker Rat, Anjaiah Katta

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The ability to increase skeletal muscle mass may have important implications for the treatment of insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes [1-3]. Recent data suggest that IR muscle may adapt differently than normal muscle; however, molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this finding are not well understood [4]. Herein, we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the skeletal muscle remodeling in the IR Obese Zucker (OZ) rat.

The OZ rat is characterized by skeletal muscle insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. Compared to LZ rats, our data demonstrate that soleus muscle hypertrophy was significantly attenuated in the OZ rats after 3-weeks of muscle overload and …

Acetaminophen Improves Protein Translational Signaling In Aged Skeletal Muscle, Miaozong Wu, Hua Liu, Jacqueline Fannin, Anjaiah Katta, Yeling Wang, Ravi Kumar Arvapalli, Satyanarayana Paturi, Sunil K. Karkala, Kevin M. Rice, Eric R. Blough

MIIR Faculty Research

Background: Age-related muscle atrophy is characterized by increased oxidative stress, diminished Akt enzymatic function, and reduced phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which can be attenuated by chronic acetaminophen ingestion. Here we hypothesize that age-related impairments in Akt/ mTOR function are associated with reduced protein translational signaling, and that these changes, if present, can be attenuated by acetaminophen treatment.

Results: Compared to 6- and 27-month old animals, the expression of the mTOR-complex proteins raptor and GbL and the phosphorylation of tuberin/TSC2 (Thr1462) were reduced in the soleus muscles of very aged rats (33 months old). These changes in …

Altered Regulation Of Contraction-Induced Akt/Mtor/P70s6k Pathway Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Of The Obese Zucker Rat, Anjaiah Katta, Sunil K. Kakarla, Miaozong Wu, Satyanarayana Paturi, Murali K. Gadde, Ravi K. Arvapalli, Madhukar Babu Kolli, Kevin M. Rice, Eric R. Blough

MIIR Faculty Research

Increased muscle loading results in the phosphorylation of the 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6k), and this event is strongly correlated with the degree of muscle adaptation following resistance exercise. Whether insulin resistance or the comorbidities associated with this disorder may affect the ability of skeletal muscle to activate p70S6k signaling following an exercise stimulus remains unclear. Here, we compare the contraction-induced activation of p70S6k signaling in the plantaris muscles of lean and insulin resistant obese Zucker rats following a single bout of increased contractile loading. Compared to lean animals, the basal phosphorylation of p70S6k (Thr389; 37.2% and Thr421/Ser424; 101.4%), …

Aging-Associated Dysfunction Of Akt/Protein Kinase B: S-Nitrosylation And Acetaminophen Intervention, Miaozong Wu, Anjaiah Katta, Murali K. Gadde, Hua Liu, Sunil K. Kakarla, Jacqueline Fannin, Satyanarayana Paturi, Ravi K. Arvapalli, Kevin M. Rice, Yeling Wang, Eric R. Blough

MIIR Faculty Research

Background: Aged skeletal muscle is characterized by an increased incidence of metabolic and functional disorders, which if allowed to proceed unchecked can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanism(s) underlying the development of these disorders in aging skeletal muscle are not well understood. Protein kinase B (Akt/PKB) is an important regulator of cellular metabolism and survival, but it is unclear if aged muscle exhibits alterations in Akt function. Here we report a novel dysfunction of Akt in aging muscle, which may relate to S-nitrosylation and can be prevented by acetaminophen intervention.

Principal Findings: Compared to 6- and 27-month rats, …

Lean And Obese Zucker Rats Exhibit Different Patterns Of P70s6 Kinase Regulation In The Tibialis Anterior Muscle In Response To High-Force Muscle Contraction, Anjaiah Katta, Sunil K. Karkala, Miaozong Wu, Sarath Meduru, Devashish H. Desai, Kevin M. Rice, Eric R. Blough

MIIR Faculty Research

Increased phosphorylation of the 70-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6k) signaling is strongly correlated with the degree of muscle adaptation following exercise. Herein we compare the phosphorylation of p70S6k, Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of lean and obese Zucker rats following a bout of eccentric exercise. Exercise increased p70S6k (Thr389) phosphorylation immediately after (33.3 ± 7.2%) and during [1 h (24.0 ± 14.9%) and 3 h (24.6 ± 11.3%)] recovery in the lean TA and at 3 h (33.5 ± 8.0%) in the obese TA Zucker rats. mTOR (Ser2448) phosphorylation was elevated in …

Regulation Of Alpha- And Beta-Actin Isoforms In The Contracting A7r5 Smooth Muscle Cell, Dawn Leah Brown-Turner

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Two isoforms of actin have been found to be present in A7r5 smooth muscle cells, α- and β-actin. This body of work sets out to examine the different regulatory factors of the two actin isoforms during smooth muscle contraction. The response of the actin isoforms to phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) is markedly different. α-Actin remodels to podosomes around the periphery of the cell, while β-actin merely shortens. One protein involved in smooth muscle contraction induced by PDBu is protein kinase C (PKC). Two inhibitors of PKC, staurosporine and bisindolymaleimide, were used prior to PDBu stimulation and after PDBu stimulation to …

Effects Of Aging And Gender On Regulators Of Muscle Adaptation In F344/Bn Rat Model, Satyanarayana Paturi

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging. Here we examine the effects of aging and gender on the regulation of molecules believed to regulate muscle growth and adaptation in the F344/BN rat. In male animals, soleus and EDL muscle/body weight ratio declined continuously with aging while muscle atrophy in female animals plateaued at 26-months and remained constant thereafter. Aging increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase-B (Akt) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the female but not male soleus muscle. This finding was associated with the attenuation of muscle atrophy observed in female …

Impaired Overload-Induced Hypertrophy In Obese Zucker Rat Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscle, Anil Kumar Gutta

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

How insulin resistant muscle responds to mechanical overload (MOV) is not well understood. Using immunohistochemical analysis and immunoblotting, we investigated whether Lean Zucker (LZ) and insulin resistant Obese Zucker rats (OZ) respond in a similar fashion to MOV. Five young adult (2 months old) male LZ and OZ rats were subjected to a surgical ablation of the gastrocnemius muscle and overloaded for 8 weeks. MOV-induced increases in soleus muscle mass and average fiber cross-sectional area were attenuated in OZ compared to LZ animals. This reduction in OZ muscle adaptation was associated with decreased activity / phosphorylation levels of STAT3, β-catenin …

Mlck/Actin Interaction In The Contracting A7r5 Cell And Vascular Smooth Muscle, Sean Eric Thatcher

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is an enzyme that phosphorylates the serine-19 residue on myosin regulatory light chains (MLCs) which serves to activate the Mg2+-ATPase of myosin. This catalytic activity is thought to be the primary role of MLCK; however, it has recently been suggested that MLCK’s actin binding and bundling properties may also be of importance in smooth muscle contraction. In the absence of calcium and calmodulin (CaM), MLCK will bundle actin filaments with its N-terminus. During calcium influx and subsequent CaM activation, MLCK binding to actin decreases resulting in unbundling of actin filaments and allows myosin and actin …

Shear Stress Induced Mtor Signaling In Cultured A7r5 Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Line, Sriram Prasad Mupparaju

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Vascular intervention procedures such as balloon angioplasty and stent implantation lead to denudation of endothelium exposing the underlying smooth muscle layer to effects of blood shear stress. The effect of shear stress on smooth muscle cell signaling has not been studied in depth. In this study, we examined time dependent changes in activation of Akt, mTOR and p70S6k related signaling in response to orbital shear stress on cultured A7r5 cells. A7r5 cells cultured to subconfluence on 150mm culture dishes were subjected to orbital shear of 9.8dynes/cm 2 for zero, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1h, 4h and 24h. The …

Association Of Smooth Muscle Myosin And Its Carboxyl Isoforms With Actin Isoforms In Aorta Smooth Muscle, Jason Edward Black

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The contraction mechanism of smooth muscle is not fully understood. The primary interaction that leads to the formation of tension, the myosin-actin crossbridge, has been studied extensively. However, even this aspect of the contraction has proven not to be as simple as it might seem. There are several isoforms of smooth muscle myosin and actin, and the differences in the activities of these isoforms and their interactions during the contractile process are largely unknown. The studies to be discussed are directed at the determination of the interaction of these isoforms during the contraction of rat aortic smooth muscle. Chapter II …

Lean And Obese Zucker Rats Exhibit Different Patterns Of P70s6kinase Regulation In The Tibialis Anterior Muscle In Response To High Force Muscle Contraction, Anjaiah Katta

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Increased muscle loading results in phosphorylation of the 70 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (p70s6k) signaling pathway and this event strongly correlates with degree of muscle adaptation following resistance exercise. Here, we compared the basal and contraction- induced phosphorylation of p70s6k, Akt and mTOR in tibialis anterior muscles of lean and obese Zucker rats. Immunoblotting demonstrated differences in level of basal p70S6k phosphorylation (Thr 389) in the normal and diabetic TA. HFES had an increase in p70S6k (Thr389) phosphorylation at 0-, 1- and 3-hr in lean TA and only at 3-hr in obese TA. mTOR (Ser 2448) Phosphorylation was elevated in …

Diverse Roles Of Pkcα In Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction, Ava Caudill Dykes

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

A complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying smooth muscle contractility has proven elusive due to the many interacting factors thought to influence contractile behavior in this muscle type. One such factor, protein kinase Cα (PKCα), is proposed to play a central role in both the activation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction. PKCα is activated through a G-protein coupled receptor and is subsequently translocated to its site of action. Although the mechanisms regulating PKCα site specific translocation are not completely understood, it is thought that this process is essential for PKCα specificity of action within the cell. In chapter II …

Pkcα Translocation And Actin Remodeling In Contracting A7r5 Smooth Muscle Cells, Chenwei Li

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

Recent research indicates that protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in smooth muscle contraction. Because PKC activation and specificity of substrate phosphorylation is believed to be associated with the relocalization of the enzyme to specific cell sites, we first investigated the subcellular translocation of PKCα in A7r5 smooth muscle cells by confocal microscopy through use of standard immunohistologic staining and PKCα - enhanced green fluorescent protein (PKCα -EGFP) fusion protein expression. PKCα was diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol in the unstimulated A7r5 cell. Upon stimulation with phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (PDBu), PKCα was translocated primarily to either the …