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Articles 181 - 210 of 267

Full-Text Articles in Medical Pathology

Clostridium Difficile, Kristen Johnson Jul 2015

Clostridium Difficile, Kristen Johnson

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Clostridium difficile (CD) is an infectious disease that has a direct impact on our healthcare resources. “Clostridium difficile, an anaerobic, spore forming, toxin-forming, gram-positive bacillus, has become the leading cause of health care—associated infectious diarrhea (Walters & Zuckerbraun, 2014, p. 329).” I chose this topic because CD is a hypervirulent organism that is not only affecting hospitalized patients but is now emerging as a community acquired infection. Healthcare treatments and costs are on the rise due to persistent and recurrent CD infections. Understanding the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic testing, and management strategies are important in reducing the spread of CD …

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Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Angela J. Occidental Jul 2015

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy, Angela J. Occidental

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a rare, reversible form of cardiomyopathy. First cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy were described in Japan, twenty years ago (Milinis, & Fisher, 2012). takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a transient left ventricular dysfunction, typically triggered by severe emotional or physical distress. Left ventricular ballooning is characteristic of Takotsubo syndrome. Images of this ballooning resemble a takotsubo vessel used in Japan for collecting octopus, thus the reason for the syndrome name (Pelliccia, et. al, 2014). In recent years, this cardiomyopathy has been described as “Broken heart syndrome” because severe emotional stress has been implicated as the cause of this cardiomyopathy in …

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Investigating Duchenne’S Muscular Dystrophy, Ashley Beaujon Jul 2015

Investigating Duchenne’S Muscular Dystrophy, Ashley Beaujon

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Young boys usually present with disordered or delayed motor development, muscle weakness, and possible speech delays in early childhood (Ruiten et al, 2014). The first symptoms almost always show up prior to the age of six years. Parents may notice their young child with DMD having a hard time standing up, walking, or climbing stairs, and many will eventually need a wheelchair to get around (Brennan, 2014). Initial blood tests obtained are remarkable for an elevated creatine kinase (CK) and then diagnosis is typically confirmed with a genetic test showing a mutation in the dystrophin gene (Ruiten et al, 2014). …

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Acute Pancreatitis, Laura Skidmore Jul 2015

Acute Pancreatitis, Laura Skidmore

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) can be a singular incidence, a relapsing process or exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. AP is a rapidly developing inflammatory disorder of the pancreas and can affect other organ systems. The process begins when pancreatic enzymes are activated prematurely and leak into surrounding tissue. The digestive process begins before reaching the intestines. AP is characterized clinically by abdominal pain and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. The pathogenesis is not fully understood however, a number of conditions are known to induce the disorder such as gallstones and chronic alcohol abuse (Schub & Kornusky, 2014)

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Cardiac Tamponade, Ashley Miner Jul 2015

Cardiac Tamponade, Ashley Miner

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

The topic the author chose to research is cardiac tamponade. Cardiac tamponade occurs when fluid builds up in the pericardial cavity, which is the cavity that surrounds the heart. Cardiac tamponade can occur due to various reasons, including myocardial infarctions, pericarditis, traumas, and placement of pacer wires. Palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath are common symptoms that occur with cardiac tamponade. Pericardiocentesis and a pericardial window are two interventions that are commonly used to treat cardiac tamponade. Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency and without any intervention, may lead to cardiac arrest and possible death. The author chose cardiac …

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Myasthenia Gravis And Implications For The Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, Matthew Predick Jul 2015

Myasthenia Gravis And Implications For The Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, Matthew Predick

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

In healthcare and, specifically anesthesia, there are many conditions that require various considerations by the prudent provider. An example of a condition requiring special attention is myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which skeletal muscle weakness and rapid fatigue result from destruction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [7]. Although the prevalence is not overwhelmingly high with most recent estimates of prevalence around 14 to 20 per 100,000 people in the United States [5] and 20 per 100,000 worldwide [9], inappropriate perioperative management of those with this ailment can result in serious consequences. Understanding the pathophysiology, various treatments (both …

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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Understanding Has Led To Exciting Treatments, William Metz Jul 2015

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Understanding Has Led To Exciting Treatments, William Metz

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Pulmonary fibrosis can be described as an excessive amounts of fibrous connective lung tissue in the lung. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease(ILD). When an obvious cause cannot be determined, a diagnosis of Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is made. The mean survival for patients is approximately 3-5 years from time of diagnosis. IPF is found primarily in men over 50 years of age, with a history of cigarette smoking with concurrent environmental and occupational inhalation exposures(Leslie, 2011, p. 592). Pulmonary fibrosis has been identified by early pathologists at the beginning of the last century. During …

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Cervical Spinal Cord Injury, Melissa Schimmel Jul 2015

Cervical Spinal Cord Injury, Melissa Schimmel

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

A spinal cord injury (SCI) can occur at any level of the spinal cord. A SCI involves an interruption between the brain and the body due to an injury or damage to the spinal cord (Sheppard Center, 2011, p1.). The location and extent of the injury is important because it will determine the severity and extent of dysfunction. The higher the injury is to the spinal cord, the more severe the loss of motor function (Sheppard Center, 2011, p.4). The spinal cord injuries are classified by based on the extent of injury, motor and sensory losses. The injury is considered …

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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Silent Killer, Kristen Springer Jul 2015

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Silent Killer, Kristen Springer

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant cause of mortality in the United States. “Often asymptomatic, AAA is considered a silent killer because it frequently remains undiagnosed until the time of rupture or the patient’s death” (Gordon & Toursarkinssian, p. 242). As healthcare professionals, being aware of the pathophysiology, risk factors and symptoms influencing this disease is important in aiding early diagnosis and treatment, helping to reduce complications and mortality rates of those affected.

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Preparedness Of Nurses For Malignant Hyperthermia, Melissa Flemming Jul 2015

Preparedness Of Nurses For Malignant Hyperthermia, Melissa Flemming

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially life threatening disorder that occurs following exposure to certain inhaled anesthetics such as halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, enflurane, ether, and methoxyflurane alone or in combination with the depolarizing muscle relaxant, succinylcholine (Seifert,, Wahr, Pace, Cochrane, & Bagnola, 2014, p. 189). Patients experiencing malignant hyperthermia may progress to death if it is not recognized and treated early. Patient outcomes improve the earlier an intervention is given. Malignant hyperthermia is not a common condition and, therefore, nurses are frequently unfamiliar with the common signs, symptoms, and treatments. Malignant hyperthermia can occur in a variety of settings …

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The Importance Of Evaluation And Management Of Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, And Septic Shock, Katherine Herda Jul 2015

The Importance Of Evaluation And Management Of Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, And Septic Shock, Katherine Herda

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Sepsis is a life-threatening and complicated host response to the presence of infection that is affecting millions of individuals around the world each year (Dellinger et al., 2013, p. 583). According to Gray et al. (2013), sepsis is not only one of the primary causes of hospital admission but it is also a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (p. 397). Severe sepsis and septic shock are the more advanced and detrimental stages of sepsis, which are starting to increase in incidence and are killing one in four (and sometimes more) individuals infected (Dellinger et al., 2013, p. 583). …

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Novel Advances In Alzheimer's Disease, Jacob P. Naumann May 2015

Novel Advances In Alzheimer's Disease, Jacob P. Naumann

The Downtown Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Written and Peer-Reviewed by Mandel Honors College Students at Cleveland State University

Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia in adults, is a progressive degenerative neurological disease that affects memory, cognition, and behavior. Dr. Alois Alzheimer discovered and diagnosed the irreversible disease in 1906 after documenting the famous case of Auguste Deter.1 Since the discovery of the disease, numerous advances have made it possible to not only better understand the causal factors, but also to improve the medical diagnosis and preventative measures that healthcare providers can implement. For the first time since 1984, the National Institute on Aging (NIAA) and the Alzheimer’s Association (AA) proposed and published new diagnostic guideline …

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A Coding Variant In Tmc8 (Ever2) Is Associated With High Risk Hpv Infection And Head And Neck Cancer Risk, Caihua Liang, Karl T. Kelsey, Michael D. Mcclean, Brock C. Christensen, Carmen J. Marsit Jan 2015

A Coding Variant In Tmc8 (Ever2) Is Associated With High Risk Hpv Infection And Head And Neck Cancer Risk, Caihua Liang, Karl T. Kelsey, Michael D. Mcclean, Brock C. Christensen, Carmen J. Marsit

Dartmouth Scholarship

HPV infection is a causal agent in many epithelial cancers, yet our understanding of genetic susceptibility to HPV infection and resultant cancer risk is limited. Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis is a rare condition of extreme susceptibility to cutaneous HPV infection primarily attributable to mutations in TMC6 and TMC8. Genetic variation in the TMC6/TMC8 region has been linked to beta-type HPV infection and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, cervical cancer, HPV persistence and progression to cervical cancer. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that the common TMC8 SNP rs7208422 is associated with high-risk HPV infection and risk of head and neck …

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Development Of Models For The Study Of The Molecular Mechanisms Of Host Restriction And Adaptation Of Hantaviruses., Ryan Carroll Mcallister 1988- Dec 2014

Development Of Models For The Study Of The Molecular Mechanisms Of Host Restriction And Adaptation Of Hantaviruses., Ryan Carroll Mcallister 1988-

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hantaviruses, family Bunyaviridae, are present throughout the globe in a variety of mouse, rat, mole, vole, shrew, or bat species. Hantaviruses persist for the lifetime of the animal reservoir, while causing no signs or symptoms of disease. Only the rodent-borne hantaviruses cause disease in humans. In contrast, a “spillover” infection of a hantavirus into a nonreservoir rodent species results in an asymptomatic acute infection. We and others in the field are interested in understanding the biology of these virus-host interactions and mechanisms that underlie these three very different outcomes. The second chapter of my thesis focused on probing the intrahost …

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Analysis Of Differential Mrna And Mirna Expression In An Alzheimer’S Disease Mouse Model, Amanda Hazy, Matthew Dalton Oct 2014

Analysis Of Differential Mrna And Mirna Expression In An Alzheimer’S Disease Mouse Model, Amanda Hazy, Matthew Dalton

Other Undergraduate Scholarship

Research has shown that changes in gene expression play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Our project will evaluate genome-wide RNA expression patterns from brain and blood in an AD mouse model. This analysis will provide insight regarding the mechanisms of AD pathology as well as determine a possible diagnostic tool utilizing RNA expression patterns found in the blood as biomarkers for AD.

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Brian Flowers Oct 2014

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Brian Flowers

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

In healthcare, there are many interesting and intriguing conditions that are vital to understand from both a clinical and a pathophysiological standpoint. Comprehending and knowing how to treat these conditions effectively, ultimately leads to the best care and patient outcomes. As a current critical care nurse and future advanced practice nurse, it was important to select a research topic of interest to explore that would benefit a high risk group of patients. Based on this precedent, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was chosen. As a critical care nurse, exposure to respiratory conditions and mechanical ventilation management is something nurses are …

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Management Of A Dka Patient With Severe Metabolic And Ketoacidosis With Chronic Renal Insufficiency, Brian Albany Oct 2014

Management Of A Dka Patient With Severe Metabolic And Ketoacidosis With Chronic Renal Insufficiency, Brian Albany

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) serves as one the leading causes of mortality in diabetic patients [14]. The mortality has decreased over the past several decades due to the rapid recognition of the disease state and the improvement of management of DKA [14]. Despite a decline in mortality rates over the past twenty years from 7.96% to 0.67%, errors in management of the disease state are associated with significant morbidity and mortality [2]. Utilization of DKA protocols in the acute care setting have allowed congruency in care and delivery of effective lifesaving treatment. Despite advances in standardized DKA protocols, there still remains …

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Necrotizing Fasciitis, Holly Herron Oct 2014

Necrotizing Fasciitis, Holly Herron

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Necrotizing fasciitis also known as necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) is a rare life-threatening infection that involves the skin and soft tissue. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of NSTIs must be identified by healthcare providers to diminish morbidity and mortality. NSTIs are characterized by progressive necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and fascia involving large areas of tissue (Lin, Chang, Lai, Lin, & Chen, 2013). Hippocrates (500 BC) described necrotizing fasciitis as “diffuse erysipelas caused by trivial accidents [where] flesh, sinews, and bones fell away in large quantities, [leading to] death in many cases” (Lancerotto, Tocco, Salmaso, Vindigni & Bassetto, 2012). In …

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Necrotizing Fasciitis: The “Flesh Eating” Disease, John Neukam Oct 2014

Necrotizing Fasciitis: The “Flesh Eating” Disease, John Neukam

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Necrotizing fasciitis, often referred to as the “flesh-eating disease”, is a rare bacterial infection with an extremely high mortality rate with symptoms that begin subtle but can quickly ravish the human body.1 While the prevalence of this disease is relatively low, evidence of this disease can be traced back as far as the 5th century BC where it was initially described by Hippocrates.2 It wasn’t until 1952 however that Dr. Bob Wilson termed the disease “necrotizing fasciitis”.3 The rapid progression of this disease and the acute deterioration it causes in a patient is extremely intriguing. This “flesh-eating disease” can present …

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Accurate Intervention In Visceral Aneurysms, Megan Hoying Oct 2014

Accurate Intervention In Visceral Aneurysms, Megan Hoying

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

A 30 year old male presented to the ED with a one week history of fever, abdominal pain, and poor PO intake due to nausea and emesis. He was given a GI cocktail and sent home for a presumed diagnosis of gastritis. After having persistent pain the patient returned to the ER the following day and was admitted for further testing. The patient died 3 days later. This is an interesting case presentation, and was in no way straightforward.

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Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, Tiffany Branson Oct 2014

Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, Tiffany Branson

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy or HOCM, is a genetic disease that is described as hypertrophy or enlargement of the left ventricle which obstructs the blood flow to the body (Yue-Cheng et al., 2012). HOCM is a disease that cannot be cure, but can be treated. One of the main goals of treatment is to focus on treating the symptoms. HOCM can be asymptomatic or symptomatic and can cause some major complications. Some of the complications of HOCM are arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, “which is defined as natural death to due cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness within one …

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Dvt And Economy Class Syndrome, Troy Perkins Oct 2014

Dvt And Economy Class Syndrome, Troy Perkins

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Traveling long distances can be very stressful on the body. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has often been linked to long air flights or long distance travel in a vehicle. DVT is a blood clot usually formed in the legs. Economy Class Syndrome (ECS) has been referred to as the formation of a DVT occurring during (or just after) a long airplane flight, especially in economy class where there is the least space allotted per passenger and one’s legs especially tend to be immobilized for lack of leg room (MedicineNet, 2012). Developing a DVT can lead to other life-threatening illnesses such …

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Does Your Child Have Reflux Or Could There Be More To It Than That, Cody Elam Oct 2014

Does Your Child Have Reflux Or Could There Be More To It Than That, Cody Elam

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is differentiated from Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) by endoscopic and histopathologic examination. The hallmark of EE is eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus. EE has been defined as “a clinicopathologic entity, combining clinical data on (1) relevant symptoms (distinct in the pediatric or adult populations with mostly food impaction and dysphagia in adults and feeding intolerance, failure to thrive, and GERD symptoms in children); (2) esophageal biopsies with adequate histologic findings in the esophageal biopsies (>15 eosinophils/high power field [HPF]); and (3) exclusion of other diseases with overlapping features, especially GERD” (Genevay, Rubbia-Brandt, & Rougemont, 2010, p.816). …

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Therapeutic Hypothermia Following Cardiac Arrest, Cassandra Patrick Oct 2014

Therapeutic Hypothermia Following Cardiac Arrest, Cassandra Patrick

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

According to the Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation (2014), each year, 424,000 people in the U.S. (more than 1,000/day) experience EMS-assessed out-of-hospital non-traumatic sudden cardiac arrest. This is roughly equivalent to the number of people who die from Alzheimers’ disease, assault with firearms, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, diabetes, HIV, house fires, motor vehicle accidents, prostate cancer and suicides combined (Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation, 2014). It is estimated that the likelihood of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) to hospital discharge can be as low as 6% to 8% (Williams, Calder, Cocchi & Donnino, 2013). Additionally an estimated 200,000 hospitalized …

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The Mystery Of Transverse Myelitis: Can It Happen To You?, Jessica Castle Oct 2014

The Mystery Of Transverse Myelitis: Can It Happen To You?, Jessica Castle

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Imagine a day like any other, as a healthy performs daily tasks without any particular difficulty. Then, the first fall happens. After standing and recovering, two more falls occur; however, despite all physical effort, standing proves to be a complete impossibility. Imagine the fear. What is going on? This unexplainable scenario happened to an 81 woman diagnosed with idiopathic transverse myelitis (TM) in May 2011, leaving her permanently paralyzed below the mysteriously appearing T9 lesion. This woman had only a personal history of asthma and breast cancer, and nothing significant in her family history. After 60 days of lumbar punctures, …

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Jaqueline Yunker Oct 2014

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Jaqueline Yunker

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is an inflammatory response resulting from injury to the alveolar-­‐capillary membrane. This injury is caused by a systemic inflammatory response that involves either direct trauma to the lung cells, such as a pneumonia, or indirect, such as sepsis. The inflammatory response that is triggered results in leaky alveolar-­‐capillary beds and infiltration of the lungs (Villar, 2011). This is very common with approximately 150,000 cases annually in the United States and a very high mortality rate of 60,000 deaths per year (Pipeling & Fan, 2010). Despite the high mortality rate, 15-­‐35%, there is no set of guidelines …

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Licorice Consumption Causing Hypokalemia And Lethal Dysrhythmias, Gina Grosscup Oct 2014

Licorice Consumption Causing Hypokalemia And Lethal Dysrhythmias, Gina Grosscup

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

This report describes a case in which approximately a two-month exposure of licorice root tea consumption containing glycyrrhizic acid (GA) produced generalized weakness, secondary hypertension, hyporeflexia and hypokalemia, leading to a reentry dysrhythmia of ventricular fibrillation. Although licorice root has been used for medicinal purposes dating back centuries the potential toxic side effects can be life threatening without early recognition. Most licorice candies in the western world contain artificial flavoring but the use of actual licorice root containing GA is common in many Middle-Eastern, Far Eastern and European countries. The purpose of this report is two-fold, first to describe the …

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Basics Of Oncologic Type B Lactic Acidosis: Increased Awareness For Better Outcomes?, Erin E. Steiner Oct 2014

Basics Of Oncologic Type B Lactic Acidosis: Increased Awareness For Better Outcomes?, Erin E. Steiner

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

The most common and best known form of lactic acidosis, Type A, presents in the environment of tissue hypoxia. The lesser known form, Type B, does not involve tissue hypoxia, is not well understood, and very often results in death. No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing treatment modalities currently exist (Ruiz, Singh, & Hart, 2011). Increased recognition by medical and nursing disciplines may result in quicker diagnosis, opportunity to implement treatment, possibility for RCTs, and better outcomes.

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Myasthenia Gravis: A Closer Look, Erin L. Ricker Oct 2014

Myasthenia Gravis: A Closer Look, Erin L. Ricker

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare, chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction (Mestecky, 2013). MG causes fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue. According to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) (2010), 20 per 100,000 patients are diagnosed with MG, although researchers believe several more patients are misdiagnosed or missed entirely. Several neurological disorders have similar clinical presentations to MG making it difficult for inexperienced practitioners to identify and properly diagnose patients. Patients are often misdiagnosed and delayed proper treatment for one to two years after initial presentation of symptoms …

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Pathophysiology, Incidence And Implications In Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasia Of The Pancreas, Ericka Haverick Oct 2014

Pathophysiology, Incidence And Implications In Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasia Of The Pancreas, Ericka Haverick

Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are uncommon tumors arising from the main pancreatic duct, branching pancreatic ducts, or both. The “overall incidence of invasive carcinoma associated with resected IPMN has been reported to be 20-40%” (Mohri et al., 2011). Due to their malignant potential, these lesions, along with mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN), are considered more worrisome, and often require surgical resection (Gallucci, Langellotto, De Ritis, & Uomo, 2012). Even after removal of a primary lesion, patients remain under surveillance to monitor for recurrence, the rate of which is approximately 6 % (Gallucci et al., 2012), and patients with main duct …

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