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Articles 31 - 60 of 134
Full-Text Articles in Medical Sciences
Lyme Disease: A Tick’S Risky Bite, Jana Keller
Lyme Disease: A Tick’S Risky Bite, Jana Keller
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Lyme Disease is a bacterial infection transmitted primarily by the deer tick and is commonly seen in the United States. It is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a spirochete (Pearson, 2014). Lyme disease’s prevalence is confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions whom estimates that 30,000 people per year are diagnosed with Lyme disease in the Unites States (Moore, 2015). It is imperative that primary health care workers (such as Nurse Practitioners) are familiar with this disease and the early signs and symptoms. If early signs and symptoms go unnoticed or misdiagnosed …
Basal Cell Carcinoma—A Preventable Disease, Jamie Weaver
Basal Cell Carcinoma—A Preventable Disease, Jamie Weaver
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a nonmelanoma skin cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, “BCC is the most frequently occurring form of all skin cancers. More than one out of every three new cancers is a skin cancer, and the vast majority are BCC’s” (www.skincancer.org). Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is one of the main risk factors in developing a BCC. People with a lighter skin tone are at a higher risk of developing a BCC than those with a darker skin tone.
Nash: Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Jennifer Heck
Nash: Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis, Jennifer Heck
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease which refers to the presence of hepatic steatosis without significant intake of alcohol. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease develops in a variety of forms from reversible simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which if left unchecked can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and even develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (Mells et al., 2014). NAFLD is thought to be nonthreatening, but with progression over several years could lead to NASH. A strong link between obesity and NASH has been shown. In addition to obesity, insulin resistance (type II diabetes mellitus), and hyperlipidemia all …
Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Look Into Hashimoto’S Disease, Jessica Hannan
Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Look Into Hashimoto’S Disease, Jessica Hannan
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Thyroid disease is a general term utilized to describe a variety of conditions affecting the thyroid gland, including hypothyroidism, the deficient production of thyroid hormone; hyperthyroidism, the excess production of thyroid hormone; and goiter, the physiologic swelling of the thyroid gland (Cihakova, 2001; Warren, 2014). Primary hypothyroidism is the most prevalent thyroid disease in the United States, most frequently occurring as a result of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, specifically Hashimoto’s Disease (Warren, 2014). Hashimoto’s disease (HD), also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and human autoimmune thyroiditis, was named after Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese medical scientist who first described the condition in 1912 …
Lyme Disease, Jared Hostetler
Lyme Disease, Jared Hostetler
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Lyme disease is the most common vector borne illness found in the United States. Each year 30,000 people are diagnosed with the disease, with many more cases going unreported (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). The vector responsible for spreading the disease is the deer tick. The infection itself is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacteria is transmitted through the saliva from the bite of a deer tick. Diagnosis can be challenging due to the fact that multiple systems of the body can be affected with different severities. Early diagnosis and treatment is critical in the prevention …
Understanding Hereditary Hemochromatosis, Kari Davidson
Understanding Hereditary Hemochromatosis, Kari Davidson
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
One of the most common genetic diseases, hereditary hemochromatosis is a disruption of iron regulation in the body. Its geographic distribution is worldwide, but it is most common in those of northern European origin. (Roach and Di Palma, 2012). Occurrence is rare in other racial or ethnic groups. (Emanuele, Tuason, & Edwards, 2014). Symptoms are due to significant iron overload, normally as a result of HFE gene mutation. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). The HFE gene plays an important role in regulating iron absorption in the GI tract, transport, and storage. (Emanuele, et al., 2014). If excess iron …
Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation And Stroke: Novel Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin K Antagonists, Kathryn A. Viglietta
Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation And Stroke: Novel Oral Anticoagulants Versus Vitamin K Antagonists, Kathryn A. Viglietta
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Atrial fibrillation (afib) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and second most common cardiovascular condition in adults in the United States (Zarraga & Kron, 2012). •2.2 million affected, increases risk of stroke 4 to 6 times (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 2015). •Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been mainstay of therapy for over 60 years (King, Holley& Moores, 2013). •Limitations with VKAs such as variability in response, need for frequent lab draws, food and drug interactions which decrease patients adherence and under prescribing by physicians (Halperin & Goyette, 2012). •Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been approved …
The Importance Of Evaluation And Management Of Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, And Septic Shock, Katherine Herda
The Importance Of Evaluation And Management Of Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, And Septic Shock, Katherine Herda
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Sepsis is a life-threatening and complicated host response to the presence of infection that is affecting millions of individuals around the world each year (Dellinger et al., 2013, p. 583). According to Gray et al. (2013), sepsis is not only one of the primary causes of hospital admission but it is also a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (p. 397). Severe sepsis and septic shock are the more advanced and detrimental stages of sepsis, which are starting to increase in incidence and are killing one in four (and sometimes more) individuals infected (Dellinger et al., 2013, p. 583). …
Turning Up The Heat On Malignant Hyperthermia, Katie Carroll
Turning Up The Heat On Malignant Hyperthermia, Katie Carroll
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Surgeries are common, everyday procedures within the walls of America’s hospitals. According to Orser, Mazer, and Baker (2008), more than forty million patients in North America are given anesthetics annually. One of the major complications of anesthesia is malignant hyperthermia: a hyper-metabolic state that affects skeletal muscles. If left uncontrolled, malignant hyperthermia can cause multiple reactions within the body leading to metabolic and respiratory acidosis, cardiac dysrhythmias, kidney failure, coagulopathy, neurologic injury, and ultimately death (Seifert, Wahr, Pace, Cochrane, & Bagnola 2014). The incidence of this condition is estimated to be 1:15,000 in children and 1:20,000-50,000 in adults (Redmond, 2001). …
Deep Venous Thrombosis In Surgical Orthopedic Patients, Kelly Marsh
Deep Venous Thrombosis In Surgical Orthopedic Patients, Kelly Marsh
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
•The term venous thromboembolism (VTE) is defined as a syndrome that collectively comprises both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Each year approximately 350,000-900,000 people in the United States develop VTE and approximately 100,000 people die according to this cause (Streiff et al., 2014). Unfortunately, the reoccurrence rate for VTE remains very high, with an estimated risk of 10%-30% of VTE patients will develop another VTE within five years of the first incident (Streiff et al., 2014). •Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is blood clot that forms in a large vein, usually in areas of slow blood flow such …
Syphilis ‘The Great Imitator’, Leslie Gompf
Syphilis ‘The Great Imitator’, Leslie Gompf
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease, which is seen in many different patient populations, is on the rise in the United States. According to Chan et al. (2015), “In 2012, the Rhode Island Department of Health (RIDOH) reported 68 cases of infectious syphilis, a 300% increase from 2006. This trend is observed across the country.” More recently if you live in the Columbus area you may have seen an increasing number of billboards focused directly on testing for sexually transmitted diseases and markedly focused on syphilis. Syphilis can affect patient populations across genres, ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds. Which in turn makes …
Clostridium Difficile, Kristen Johnson
Clostridium Difficile, Kristen Johnson
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Clostridium difficile (CD) is an infectious disease that has a direct impact on our healthcare resources. “Clostridium difficile, an anaerobic, spore forming, toxin-forming, gram-positive bacillus, has become the leading cause of health care—associated infectious diarrhea (Walters & Zuckerbraun, 2014, p. 329).” I chose this topic because CD is a hypervirulent organism that is not only affecting hospitalized patients but is now emerging as a community acquired infection. Healthcare treatments and costs are on the rise due to persistent and recurrent CD infections. Understanding the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnostic testing, and management strategies are important in reducing the spread of CD …
Acute Pancreatitis, Laura Skidmore
Acute Pancreatitis, Laura Skidmore
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Acute pancreatitis (AP) can be a singular incidence, a relapsing process or exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. AP is a rapidly developing inflammatory disorder of the pancreas and can affect other organ systems. The process begins when pancreatic enzymes are activated prematurely and leak into surrounding tissue. The digestive process begins before reaching the intestines. AP is characterized clinically by abdominal pain and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. The pathogenesis is not fully understood however, a number of conditions are known to induce the disorder such as gallstones and chronic alcohol abuse (Schub & Kornusky, 2014)
The Pathology Of Heart Failure, Kevin Ahman
The Pathology Of Heart Failure, Kevin Ahman
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The topic I have chosen to research is heart failure. I have chosen this topic because I have treated many patients in the ICU with this condition, and find it an interesting pathology. Heart failure affects a significant portion of the patient population, and the rates are increasing. 5.1 million Americans ≥20 years of age have heart failure, projections show that by 2030, the prevalence of HF will increase 25% from 2013 estimates. At 40 years of age, the lifetime risk of developing HF for both men and women is 1 in 5. At 80 years of age, remaining lifetime …
Tuberculosis, Lindsay Mackey
Tuberculosis, Lindsay Mackey
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and mostly affects the lungs and sometimes other organs such as the kidneys, spine, and brain (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). In 2013, the CDC (2015) estimated that approximately 9 million people were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide and approximately 1.5 million deaths were a result of TB. Tuberculosis is an airborne infection which can be spread through the air from an infected individuals cough, sneeze, or speech. Individuals infected with TB can either have latent or active stage. Latent TB is when an individual becomes infected …
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Silent Killer, Kristen Springer
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Silent Killer, Kristen Springer
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant cause of mortality in the United States. “Often asymptomatic, AAA is considered a silent killer because it frequently remains undiagnosed until the time of rupture or the patient’s death” (Gordon & Toursarkinssian, p. 242). As healthcare professionals, being aware of the pathophysiology, risk factors and symptoms influencing this disease is important in aiding early diagnosis and treatment, helping to reduce complications and mortality rates of those affected.
What You Need To Know About Hiv/Aids, Lauren Mcclain
What You Need To Know About Hiv/Aids, Lauren Mcclain
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Thirty years ago, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was recognized as the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since that time, HIV/AIDS continues to be an ongoing problem worldwide. Even with persistent public heath campaigns and advancements in antiretroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality (Aggleton, Yankah, & Crewe, 2011). Although the annual number of new HIV/AIDS infections has remained stable, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS has continued increased. In the United States alone, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1,201,100 people are living with HIV infection, in …
Gout, Lorrie Listebarger
Gout, Lorrie Listebarger
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Gout is a syndrome caused by an inflammatory response creating an over production of uric acid increasing uric acid levels in the blood and body fluids. Gout is defined as a disorder resulting from tissue deposition of MSU crystals (in joints, bursae, bone, and certain other soft tissues, such as ligaments, tendons and occasionally, skin) and/or crystallization of uric acid within the renal collecting system (tubules and renal pelvis) that typically occurs in acid urine” (Terkeltaub & Edwards, 2013, p. 20). Gout is among the oldest diseases affecting approximately 3.9% of adults in America (Terkeltaub & Edwards, 2013, p. xv). …
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Mario Bianconi
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Mario Bianconi
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
According to “Statistics About Diabetes” (2014), in 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had diabetes. Additionally, of the 29.1 million, 21 million of the population were diagnosed, and 8.1 million were undiagnosed. With such a high prevalence, it is imperative that the hospital nurse is aware not only how to treat diabetes, but also how to look for complications of diabetes. One of the severe complications of diabetes is Diabetic Ketoacidosis, or DKA. DKA occurs as a result of prolonged untreated diabetes. It is the result of the body not being able to produce, or use, insulin …
Multiple Myeloma, Matthew Crowley
Multiple Myeloma, Matthew Crowley
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Multiple myeloma a rare and largely incurable malignant disease the affects the plasma cells. (Bilotti, Gleason, McNeill, and the International Myeloma Foundation Nurse Leadership Board, 2011). Understanding the pathophysiology of Multiple Myeloma (MM) and treatment options in Oncology and Hematology nursing can be difficult. It is the goal of this poster to outline the pathophysiology, prognosis, treatment options available to multiple myeloma patients. Multiple myeloma accounts for about 10% of hematologic malignancies in the U.S. (Kuo, Fenves, Mehta, 2011). MM is the second most common hematologic malignancy with twenty-four thousand new MM cases each year (Bianchi, and Anderson, 2014 )
Chikungunya Virus: A Case Study Of The Emerging Vector-Borne Disease, Lindsay D. Sullivan
Chikungunya Virus: A Case Study Of The Emerging Vector-Borne Disease, Lindsay D. Sullivan
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has spread like a wildfire in the Americas. Since its emergence in Sub-Saharan Africa as early at the 18th century, CHIKV has caused many isolated outbreaks in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Over the last decade, the vector-borne disease has inflicted millions of people on islands in the Indian Ocean, India, and now the Americas with the aid of viral mutations and international travel (Weaver and Lecuit, 2015). The first case of local CHIKV transmission in the Western Hemisphere was fairly recent. On the island of St. Martin in October 2013, an individual carrying an Asian …
Myasthenia Gravis And Implications For The Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, Matthew Predick
Myasthenia Gravis And Implications For The Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, Matthew Predick
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
In healthcare and, specifically anesthesia, there are many conditions that require various considerations by the prudent provider. An example of a condition requiring special attention is myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which skeletal muscle weakness and rapid fatigue result from destruction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors [7]. Although the prevalence is not overwhelmingly high with most recent estimates of prevalence around 14 to 20 per 100,000 people in the United States [5] and 20 per 100,000 worldwide [9], inappropriate perioperative management of those with this ailment can result in serious consequences. Understanding the pathophysiology, various treatments (both …
Neurological, Nutritional And Cognitive Effects Of Environmental Lead Exposure In Infants And Children, Melissa Bianchi
Neurological, Nutritional And Cognitive Effects Of Environmental Lead Exposure In Infants And Children, Melissa Bianchi
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Environmental lead exposure is a pertinent public health risk that affects our rural population in Wyandot County, Ohio. Children exposed to lead hazards through toys, home remodeling and contaminated soil and water are at a greater risk for developing neurological, cognitive and behavioral issues than are children not exposed to lead (Cecil et al., 2011). Wyandot County parents are not adequately educated on the risks and consequences of elevated blood lead levels in their children. As a child advocate and director of the Women, Infant and Children program for Wyandot County there is an obligation to educate and inform parents …
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury, Melissa Schimmel
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury, Melissa Schimmel
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
A spinal cord injury (SCI) can occur at any level of the spinal cord. A SCI involves an interruption between the brain and the body due to an injury or damage to the spinal cord (Sheppard Center, 2011, p1.). The location and extent of the injury is important because it will determine the severity and extent of dysfunction. The higher the injury is to the spinal cord, the more severe the loss of motor function (Sheppard Center, 2011, p.4). The spinal cord injuries are classified by based on the extent of injury, motor and sensory losses. The injury is considered …
Preparedness Of Nurses For Malignant Hyperthermia, Melissa Flemming
Preparedness Of Nurses For Malignant Hyperthermia, Melissa Flemming
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a potentially life threatening disorder that occurs following exposure to certain inhaled anesthetics such as halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, enflurane, ether, and methoxyflurane alone or in combination with the depolarizing muscle relaxant, succinylcholine (Seifert,, Wahr, Pace, Cochrane, & Bagnola, 2014, p. 189). Patients experiencing malignant hyperthermia may progress to death if it is not recognized and treated early. Patient outcomes improve the earlier an intervention is given. Malignant hyperthermia is not a common condition and, therefore, nurses are frequently unfamiliar with the common signs, symptoms, and treatments. Malignant hyperthermia can occur in a variety of settings …
Diabetic Gastroparesis, Noreen Burris Welch
Diabetic Gastroparesis, Noreen Burris Welch
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
According to the 2014 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 9.3% of the United States Population have diabetes (National diabetes statistics report, “2014, p.1). One of the complications of diabetes is gastroparesis. Gastroparesis is “a delay in the emptying of ingested food in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the stomach or duodenum ‘’ (Koch & Calles-Escandon, 2015, p. 40). Mortality in the diabetic patient with gastroparesis is higher than the diabetic patient without gastroparesis (Koch & Calles-Escandon, 2015). Patients with either type 1 diabetes (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) may experience he clinical symptoms of early satiety, prolonged fullness, …
Sle And Pregnancy, Patricia Graham
Sle And Pregnancy, Patricia Graham
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a life-long, life-threatening autoimmune disease which can affect any organ in the body (Marks & Tullus, 2011). SLE disproportionately affects women in a ratio of 9:1 compared to men with most women being affected during child-bearing age (15-50 years) (Ferenkeh-Koroma, 2012). Pregnancy represents a challenge for the patient with SLE. Pregnant patients with SLE are considered high-risk for multiple medical and obstetric complications, as flares are related to increased irreversible organ damage (Ateka- Barrutia & Khamashta, 2013). Severe flares are also associated with poor fetal outcomes (Peart & Clowse, 2014). Successful pregnancies happen in 67% …
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State: A Diabetic Emergency, Rachel Fisher
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State: A Diabetic Emergency, Rachel Fisher
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is an acute complication associated with diabetes mellitus. HHS has been known by several other names in the past. These labels include Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma, and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (Hackel, 2014). HHS is characterized by severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and is often accompanied by altered mental status. Less than 1% of diabetes-related admissions are due to HHS, but mortality rates are estimated to be 10% to 20% (Lenahan & Holloway, 2015). HHS typically affects the older adult population, with the average age of HHS patients being 60 years (Collopy, Kivlehan, & …
The Pathophysiology Of Sepsis, Rachel Hamilton
The Pathophysiology Of Sepsis, Rachel Hamilton
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
Sepsis is still a leading cause of hospital admissions and often leads to death if not identified early and treated properly (Pilcher, Cooper & Bellomo, 2015). In the US there are approximately 200,000 deaths annually due to sepsis (Puskarich, Illich, & Jones, 2014). It is important for advance practice nurses to recognize risk factors for sepsis. By understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis nurse practitioners will be able to recognize early signs and symptoms of this inflammatory disease process and implement early medical management. Early medical treatment in septic patients is crucial to increase patient survival rates.
Hashimoto’S Disease: The Underactive Thyroid Disease, Patty Anderson
Hashimoto’S Disease: The Underactive Thyroid Disease, Patty Anderson
Nursing Student Class Projects (Formerly MSN)
The thyroid gland is part of the endocrine system and has a widespread function that controls multiple organ systems and processes. The main function of the thyroid gland is to produce and secrete two different thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), both of which help to meet the metabolic demands of the entire body. When the thyroid gland fails to produce T3/T4 hormones (primary gland failure) or is not activated successfully by the pituitary gland (by the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)), or hypothalamus, this results in low levels of circulating thyroid hormone. As low levels of the …