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Articles 1 - 30 of 95
Full-Text Articles in Medical Education
Creating An Interactive Guide To Support Health Disparities Competency, Lauren E. Robinson, Stephanie Henderson, Cayla M. Robinson, Rebecca J. Morgan, Beth Reeder
Creating An Interactive Guide To Support Health Disparities Competency, Lauren E. Robinson, Stephanie Henderson, Cayla M. Robinson, Rebecca J. Morgan, Beth Reeder
2024 R&I Day
Authors share their educational resource developed for the health sciences, that guides users in awareness of health disparities, vulnerable populations, and social determinants of health, directing them to specific guidance and resources available through the library.
Impact Of Interprofessional Student Teams At A Remote Area Medical Event In Rural Appalachia, Emily K. Flores, Karilynn Dowling, Caroline Abercrombie Md, Rick L. Wallace
Impact Of Interprofessional Student Teams At A Remote Area Medical Event In Rural Appalachia, Emily K. Flores, Karilynn Dowling, Caroline Abercrombie Md, Rick L. Wallace
Journal of Appalachian Health
Introduction: Education in interprofessional collaboration is vital to expand healthcare access, especially in areas of higher disparity. To address this need, interprofessional faculty collaborators incorporated undergraduate and graduate health profession students into teams at an annual Remote Area Medical event in rural Appalachia between 2017 and 2020.
Purpose: This article evaluates the impact of an interprofessional student teams model on both patient care experience and students’ interprofessional collaboration attitudes and behaviors.
Methods: Student volunteers completed pre- and post-event surveys containing questions about demographics, open-ended questions, and questions from two instruments: the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised Instrument, Version 2 …
Advocating For Comprehensive Sex Education In Kentucky, Kylie Higgins
Advocating For Comprehensive Sex Education In Kentucky, Kylie Higgins
Lewis Honors College Thesis Collection
Legislation surrounding sexual education, comprehensive sexual education in particular, has always been a point of controversy. Recently however, this controversy has been brought to the forefront of political debates and media coverage. With sexual education, and the repercussions of a lack thereof, being such a timely issue, this thesis project will explore the current written literature to create an evidence-based presentation to educate future nurses on the issue and their role in promoting the implementation of comprehensive education in schools and providing it in the clinical setting. Comprehensive sex education is medically accurate, age appropriate, evidence based, and LGBTQIA+ inclusive, …
Electronic Cigarettes And Young Adults: Use Of Screening Tools And Provider Knowledge, Kayla Erin Chelf
Electronic Cigarettes And Young Adults: Use Of Screening Tools And Provider Knowledge, Kayla Erin Chelf
DNP Projects
Background: Electronic Cigarette (e-cigarette) use is now more common than traditional cigarette use in adolescents and young adults (Dinardo & Rome, 2019). There is concern that the lack of screening for use and knowledge about the health consequences of e-cigarette use is driving this growth.
Objective: The purposes of this project were to (1) assess baseline e-cigarette knowledge and screening practices from healthcare professionals, and (2) evaluate changes in knowledge after delivery of an educational intervention about e-cigarettes.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study a seven-question survey on screening practice and knowledge concerning e-cigarettes in young adults was posted on the …
Utilizing Podcast Education To Improve Nurse Knowledge, Confidence, And Behaviors Related To Palliative Care Conversations In The Intensive Care Unit, Brittany Estridge
Utilizing Podcast Education To Improve Nurse Knowledge, Confidence, And Behaviors Related To Palliative Care Conversations In The Intensive Care Unit, Brittany Estridge
DNP Projects
Background: The personal connection that Registered Nurses (RNs) build with patients and their families puts them at the forefront of many conversations during the patient’s stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Some of the most difficult conversations are related to palliative care (PC). It can be challenging to know how to respond to the complex questions posed in palliative care conversations (PCC) when patients and their caregivers are making decisions that will alter the course of the patient’s treatment, as well as affect the quality and length of their life.
Purpose: Nurses receive inadequate training in PCC. The purpose …
Uk College Of Medicine African-American Medical Students' Experience With Faculty Mentoring, Ashlee-Nicole C. Hamilton
Uk College Of Medicine African-American Medical Students' Experience With Faculty Mentoring, Ashlee-Nicole C. Hamilton
Theses and Dissertations--Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation
This research study explored the faculty mentoring experiences of African-American medical students at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine (UK COM). The purpose of the research is to determine benefits and challenges expressed by the African-American students so that UK COM can use the student voices to improve faculty mentoring for this student population. The following broad questions guided the research: 1) What are UK College of Medicine African-American medical students’ experiences with faculty mentoring? 2) What are UK College of Medicine African-American medical students’ experience with faculty mentoring on a satellite regional campus? Specifically, the investigation seeks to …
Increasing Staff Compliance With Routine Hcv Screening And Improving Linkage To Care Among Patients Testing Hepatitis C Positive In The Emergency Department, Carson G. Swartz
Increasing Staff Compliance With Routine Hcv Screening And Improving Linkage To Care Among Patients Testing Hepatitis C Positive In The Emergency Department, Carson G. Swartz
DNP Projects
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that can cause severe liver disease, cancer, and death and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Several academic medical centers including University of Kentucky Healthcare have implemented routine HCV screening for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) and have discovered a large viral burden amongst patients who are often symptomatic.
Purpose: The purpose of this doctoral project is to increase staff compliance, confidence, and education regarding the HCV screening process in an urban, Level I emergency department, as well as to evaluate whether an …
Exploring Palliative Care Education Needs And Desires Of Advanced Practice Providers In The Critical Care Setting, Jill Marie Clemmons
Exploring Palliative Care Education Needs And Desires Of Advanced Practice Providers In The Critical Care Setting, Jill Marie Clemmons
DNP Projects
Background: Critical care providers in the ICU setting are discovering that their patients are living longer with more comorbid conditions. They are confronted with palliative care situations almost daily. Recently palliative care has been thrust into the forefront of critical care and is a resource critical care nurse practitioners and physicians’ assistants need to be able to utilize. A gap in the literature has been found in the overall education of critical care providers regarding palliative care.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine what palliative care training trauma/cardiac/neurological, and pulmonary critical care providers had previously received …
The Effect Of Education On The Nida Modified Assist (Nmassist) Tool On Knowledge And Screening For Substance Use Disorder Among Clinicians, Victoria Page Arnold
The Effect Of Education On The Nida Modified Assist (Nmassist) Tool On Knowledge And Screening For Substance Use Disorder Among Clinicians, Victoria Page Arnold
DNP Projects
Background: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a disparity affecting nearly 24 million individuals in the U.S., nearly 10% of the total population. Oftentimes, the emergency department (ED) is the only medical care this population receives. There is often a lack of screening for SUD in ED’s, therefore referred care may be limited for these individuals. The National Institute on Drug Abuse Modified Assist (NMASSIST) is an evidence-based tool developed to educate and screen for SUD. This tool can be completed in a timely manner and aid in the recommended referral of care for this select population.
Purpose: The purpose of …
Art Education In Medical Education: Benefits And Challenges, Sara K. Brown
Art Education In Medical Education: Benefits And Challenges, Sara K. Brown
Theses and Dissertations--Art and Visual Studies
Humanity is synergistic with art and medicine. Likewise, art education can be impactful throughout medical education. Art as a tool to develop the next generation of healthcare differs from the clinical goals of creative art therapies. Over the prior decade, many medical schools now provide curricular offerings in the arts and humanities. Less is known about the application in postgraduate medical settings. The focus of this thesis is to review the pairing of artist-educators with postgraduate medical training programs.
One such program is ArtsCAFE (Arts Connect Around Food and Enrichment), an intercollegiate project fusing experienced arts educators with medical educators …
Activating The Patient: A Nurse Led Coaching Intervention To Engage Health Information Seeking Behaviors Using The Ideal Discharge Framework And Get Well Network, Korinne Callihan
Activating The Patient: A Nurse Led Coaching Intervention To Engage Health Information Seeking Behaviors Using The Ideal Discharge Framework And Get Well Network, Korinne Callihan
DNP Projects
Background: Cardiovascular (CV) patients are often overwhelmed by the unexpected emergence of the health condition, volume of knowledge for self-care mastery and acceptance of the responsibility for self-care upon care transition to the home setting. Low health literacy levels have been linked to poor outcomes in CV patients, requiring investigation into appropriate methods for patient education. The Get Well Network (GWN), an interactive digital patient education care plan at UK HealthCare (UKHC), is underutilized in this patient population.
Purpose: the purpose of this study is to assess the effect of a nurse-to-patient coaching intervention using the IDEAL discharge framework from …
Medical Memoirs As A Teaching Tool Within Narrative Medicine, Shelby Mccubbin
Medical Memoirs As A Teaching Tool Within Narrative Medicine, Shelby Mccubbin
Gaines Fellow Senior Theses
No abstract provided.
The Use Of A Book Club To Promote Biomedical Trainee Professional Development, Jenni Ho, Stacy E. Smith, Erin J. Oakley, Nathan L. Vanderford
The Use Of A Book Club To Promote Biomedical Trainee Professional Development, Jenni Ho, Stacy E. Smith, Erin J. Oakley, Nathan L. Vanderford
Toxicology and Cancer Biology Faculty Publications
Professional development for biomedical doctoral and postdoctoral trainees is vital, especially due to the increase in individuals pursuing non-faculty career paths. We created a professional development-focused discussion group between trainees and faculty/staff by utilizing a book club format in which monthly small group meetings occurred over an 8-month period. A pre- and post-survey consisting of Likert and free-response questions was completed by participants. Results demonstrated that after the book club, trainees: 1) were more knowledgeable about a variety of career paths; 2) had improved awareness of their interests in relation to their career; 3) were more knowledgeable of their transferrable …
Stem Through Authentic Research And Training Program (Start) For Underrepresented Communities: Adapting To The Covid-19 Pandemic, Luke H. Bradley, Brittany N. Derr, Catherine E. Durbin, Michael J. Lauer, Fara Williams, Anthony P. Sinai, Julie A. Bradley, Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder
Stem Through Authentic Research And Training Program (Start) For Underrepresented Communities: Adapting To The Covid-19 Pandemic, Luke H. Bradley, Brittany N. Derr, Catherine E. Durbin, Michael J. Lauer, Fara Williams, Anthony P. Sinai, Julie A. Bradley, Margaret J. Mohr-Schroeder
Neuroscience Faculty Publications
The STEM Through Authentic Research and Training (START) Program is a new program integrating academic, social, and professional experiences, in the theme of exomedicine, to build a pipeline into college for first generation and traditionally underrepresented students by providing year-round authentic opportunities and professional development for high school students and teachers. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the START Program has worked with the local Fayette County public school and community partners to provide content to over 300 students through: virtual laboratory tours with community partner Space Tango, "meet a scientist" discussions, and online near-peer student demonstrations aimed at making …
Assessment Of Cultural Sensitivity In Dietetics Education, Julie Plasencia, Heather Norman-Burgdolf, Lorraine Weatherspoon
Assessment Of Cultural Sensitivity In Dietetics Education, Julie Plasencia, Heather Norman-Burgdolf, Lorraine Weatherspoon
Dietetics and Human Nutrition Faculty Publications
Cultural sensitivity and competency are skills needed for agricultural professionals including nutrition and dietetics practitioners. The objective of the current study was to examine the learning transference of cultural sensitivity topics taught in a cultural foods course into case study assessments of a capstone-level course. This study is a cross-sectional, content analysis of cultural sensitivity assessment rubric (CSAR) scores for two case study assessments. The study was conducted in a landgrant, research-intensive university and 55 students (60%) from a capstone-level dietetics course participated. T-tests were used to compare CSAR scores between students who had completed a cultural foods course and …
Going Global: Interest In Global Health Among Us Otolaryngology Residents, Julia Toman, Melynda Barnes Oussayef, J. Zachary Porterfield
Going Global: Interest In Global Health Among Us Otolaryngology Residents, Julia Toman, Melynda Barnes Oussayef, J. Zachary Porterfield
Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery Faculty Publications
Background: To meet the rising interest in surgical global health, some surgical residency programs offer global health experiences. The level of interest in these programs, however, and their role in residency recruitment and career planning has not been systematically evaluated.
Objective: (1) Define interest in global health among Otolaryngology residents in the USA. (2) Assess engagement of Otolaryngology residencies in global health training. (3) Determine barriers to global health training in residency.
Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed and sent to all Otolaryngology Residency Program Directors for distribution to all current Otolaryngology residents in the US.
Results: A total of …
Improvisation As A Teaching Tool For Improving Oral Communication Skills In Premedical And Pre-Biomedical Graduate Students, Marianne Phelps, Catrina White, Lin Xiang, Hollie I. Swanson
Improvisation As A Teaching Tool For Improving Oral Communication Skills In Premedical And Pre-Biomedical Graduate Students, Marianne Phelps, Catrina White, Lin Xiang, Hollie I. Swanson
Theatre and Dance Faculty Publications
Objective:
To evaluate the relationship between training in theatre improvisation and empathy, communication, and other professional skills.
Methods:
Undergraduate and graduate students who were participants of a 10-week summer undergraduate research program engaged in theatre improvisation techniques during a 3-hour workshop. In Study #1, a de-identified, self-report questionnaire (known as the Empathy Quotient) was administered prior to and following the workshop. Paired sample 2-tailed t-tests were performed to evaluate pre- and post-test scores. To identify additional benefits of engaging in theatre improvisation techniques, Study #2 was performed. Here, a survey was administered to the participants following their completion of …
An Experimental Education Project For Consultations Of Older Adults During The Pandemic And Healthcare Lockdown, Agnieszka Neumann-Podczaska, Mikołaj Seostianin, Konrad Madejczyk, Piotr Merks, Urszula Religioni, Zofia Tomczak, Sławomir Tobis, Daniela C. Moga, Melody Ryan, Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis
An Experimental Education Project For Consultations Of Older Adults During The Pandemic And Healthcare Lockdown, Agnieszka Neumann-Podczaska, Mikołaj Seostianin, Konrad Madejczyk, Piotr Merks, Urszula Religioni, Zofia Tomczak, Sławomir Tobis, Daniela C. Moga, Melody Ryan, Katarzyna Wieczorowska-Tobis
Pharmacy Practice and Science Faculty Publications
Objective: To develop a mentor-supervised, interprofessional, geriatric telemedicine experiential education project in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Medical and pharmacy students collaborated via remote consultations to address the coexistence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in geriatric patients. In-depth interviews of students and patients as well as Likert scale-based telephonic survey were performed for a comprehensive evaluation of the project’s significance. Results: To date, 49 consultations have been conducted. Remote consultations performed by medical and pharmacy students working collaboratively were beneficial for both students, participants. Conclusions and Practice Implications: This experimental education project provided students with authentic challenges while simultaneously delivering …
International Medical Graduates In Nephrology: Impressions Of The Implications Of Visa Status In A Cohort Of Program Directors And Division Chiefs, Flor Alvarado, Deidra C. Crews, Cynthia Delgado, Javier A. Neyra
International Medical Graduates In Nephrology: Impressions Of The Implications Of Visa Status In A Cohort Of Program Directors And Division Chiefs, Flor Alvarado, Deidra C. Crews, Cynthia Delgado, Javier A. Neyra
Internal Medicine Faculty Publications
No abstract provided.
Pace Yourself: Impact Of Covid-19 On Patient-Centered Care Experience, Kristen Wilhite, Mikael D. Jones, Clark D. Kebodeaux
Pace Yourself: Impact Of Covid-19 On Patient-Centered Care Experience, Kristen Wilhite, Mikael D. Jones, Clark D. Kebodeaux
Pharmacy Practice and Science Faculty Publications
(1) Background: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, forced colleges of pharmacy to implement new online learning methodologies to ensure that students could complete required courses. This transition was especially acute for laboratory simulation courses that require students to practice professional skills. This study aims to compare student assessment performance within a simulation-based laboratory course for students who completed the module prior to and after the online transition. (2) Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort comparison of student outcome performance with two distinct content delivery methods. Students were organized into two tracks at the beginning of the semester …
Impact Of Patient Load On The Quality Of Electronic Medical Record Documentation, Aasems Jacob, Rishi Raj, Sayee Alagusundaramoorthy, Jing Wei, Jianrong Wu, Margaret Eng
Impact Of Patient Load On The Quality Of Electronic Medical Record Documentation, Aasems Jacob, Rishi Raj, Sayee Alagusundaramoorthy, Jing Wei, Jianrong Wu, Margaret Eng
Internal Medicine Faculty Publications
Objective:
American College of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) recommends ongoing care of 10 patients per resident however its implication is unclear. We hypothesized EMR quality to vary based on patient load and call status.
Methods:
We conducted a double-blind, single-center, retrospective observational study between 2017 and 2019 to investigate the quality and accuracy of resident documentation using the Responsible Electronic Documentation (RED) Checklist, a validated scoring system.
Results:
A total of 234 independent charts were analyzed and 80 met scoring criteria. Average patients per residents was 4, 9.1, 7.2, and 5.5 on “call” day (D0), “post-call” day (D1), “mid-call” day …
Other People’S Families: How Social Ties Shape Entrance Into The Medical Profession, Lillian Sims
Other People’S Families: How Social Ties Shape Entrance Into The Medical Profession, Lillian Sims
Theses and Dissertations--Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation
Not enough members of low-income, rural, and minoritized populations are successfully prepared for and recruited into medical school, exacerbating issues of unequal access to healthcare and limiting access to the profession. While a multitude of factors contribute to this problem, early social exposure to others in a field can act as a key contributor to career interest and a key advantage for entering the profession. Meanwhile, students without early social exposure to healthcare may take unconventional paths to medical school or may struggle to fit into the unique culture of medicine when they do enter training, especially if they belong …
Promotion Of Most Forms Through Education About Importance Of Advance Care Planning In Seriously Ill Patients, Nidhi More
DNP Projects
Abstract
Purpose: To establish the importance of early Advance Care Planning (ACP) and improve the utilization of Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment (MOST) forms in seriously ill patients by educating providers and nurses to identify patients who meet specified criteria. The goals of this intervention are reduction of readmissions and better quality of life for this patient population.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used for evaluation of an Educational intervention to promote MOST forms, Advance Directives (AD) and Palliative Care (PC) consults. A retrospective and prospective chart review was conducted to determine the number of patients who met criteria …
Evaluating The Effect Of An Electronic Health Record Patient Portal On The Management Of Hypertension, Ashley Hall
Evaluating The Effect Of An Electronic Health Record Patient Portal On The Management Of Hypertension, Ashley Hall
DNP Projects
Background: Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and affects individuals globally, nationally, and locally. Consequences of uncontrolled hypertension include atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, and renal disease. The electronic health portal is a patient-specific, interactive tool that has been shown to promote adherence to provider recommendations and improve chronic disease management.
Purpose: The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of education via an electronic healthcare portal on the blood pressure management of adults at a primary care clinic in a small town in Kentucky.
Methods: This study was a one-group pre/post intervention designed to evaluate provider …
Effectiveness Of Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Education For Advanced Practice Providers, Nicole Brumfield
Effectiveness Of Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Education For Advanced Practice Providers, Nicole Brumfield
DNP Projects
Abstract
Background: Provider shortages and demands for inpatient providers have led to an increase in the utilization of Advanced Practice Providers (APPs). The increased use and specialization of APPs has brought attention to education and skills that have been instituted for other provider types but remains missing from the APP curricula. One such example is point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education. This technology and skill set have been shown to enhance clinical skills, confidence levels, and provide useful information for the provider to enhance clinical decision making for the patient.
Purpose: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of …
Precision Nutrition And Advanced Culinary Medicine, Sara B. Police
Precision Nutrition And Advanced Culinary Medicine, Sara B. Police
Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Textbook Gallery
This electronic textbook (eBook) accompanies NS801, Precision Nutrition and Advanced Culinary Medicine, a 1-credit, 8-week online medical elective course for the University of Kentucky College of Medicine Office of Medical Education. The eBook provides module-based background information including text, tables, and figures to support each module of the online course:
- Introduction
- Culinary Challenges Preparation
- Emerging Concepts in Precision Nutrition
- Cardiovascular Disease & Nutritional Considerations
- Neurological and Mental Health Disorders & Nutritional Considerations
- Cancer & Nutritional Considerations
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Health, Microbiome & Nutritional Considerations
- Renal Conditions & Nutritional Considerations
As an open access textbook supported by the University of Kentucky Libraries …
A Multiple Goals Perspective On Burnout Disclosure And Support Among Attending Physicians, Alison N. Buckley
A Multiple Goals Perspective On Burnout Disclosure And Support Among Attending Physicians, Alison N. Buckley
Theses and Dissertations--Communication
Burnout is a common experience among physicians and has been identified as a precursor to substance abuse and suicide ideation. When not addressed, burnout can have many negative personal, relational and professional consequences. Research about the burnout experience is limited due to the taboo nature of the topic. The present study used a multiple goals theoretical perspective to examine how physicians disclose burnout in order to access social support. Attending physicians from various specialties (N = 30) participated in one-on-one interviews and were asked to discuss their burnout experience, conversational goals during burnout disclosure, catalysts and barriers for disclosure, and …
Developing Physical Exam Skills In Residency: Comparing The Perspectives Of Residents And Faculty About Values, Barriers, And Teaching Methods, John W. Ragsdale, Catherine Habashy, Sarita Warrier
Developing Physical Exam Skills In Residency: Comparing The Perspectives Of Residents And Faculty About Values, Barriers, And Teaching Methods, John W. Ragsdale, Catherine Habashy, Sarita Warrier
Internal Medicine Faculty Publications
Background: The physical examination (PE) skills of residents are often not improved since medical school. Unfortunately, how residents learn PE is not well understood. There is a paucity of research on the factors involved and the differences between resident and faculty perspectives. The authors sought to determine resident and faculty perceptions about the value of PE, the major barriers to learning PE, and the most effective teaching methods.
Methods: Based on a rigorous process of literature review and semi-structured interviews, the authors developed an online survey which was sent to 406 internal medicine residents and 93 faculty at 3 institutions. …
Applicant Selection To A Regional Medical Training Program: A Structural Analysis Of Interviewer Assessments, Terry D. Stratton, Paula K. Arnett, Anthony D. Weaver, J. Bodie Stevens, Carol L. Elam
Applicant Selection To A Regional Medical Training Program: A Structural Analysis Of Interviewer Assessments, Terry D. Stratton, Paula K. Arnett, Anthony D. Weaver, J. Bodie Stevens, Carol L. Elam
Behavioral Science Faculty Publications
Introduction: For regional campuses with specific program foci, assessing applicant fit necessarily extends beyond academic and professional factors. Based on assessments of applicants to a regional Rural Physician Leadership Program (RPLP), this study explores the relationship of academic and socio-demographic factors with interviewers’ ratings of: (1) likelihood of eventually practicing in a rural area of the state; and (2) overall acceptability to medical school.
Methods: The study population consisted of 163 first-time RPLP applicants interviewed independently from 2009-2016 by two faculty members at both main and regional medical campuses. Path analysis was used to calculate direct, indirect, and total effects …
Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Undergraduate Clinical Education Programs, John W. Ragsdale, Andrea Berry, Jennifer W. Gibson, Christiane R. Herber-Valdez, Lauren J. Germain, Deborah L. Engle
Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Undergraduate Clinical Education Programs, John W. Ragsdale, Andrea Berry, Jennifer W. Gibson, Christiane R. Herber-Valdez, Lauren J. Germain, Deborah L. Engle
Medical Student Education Faculty Publications
Medical schools should use a variety of measures to evaluate the effectiveness of their clinical curricula. Both outcome measures and process measures should be included, and these can be organized according to the four-level training evaluation model developed by Donald Kirkpatrick. Managing evaluation data requires the institution to employ deliberate strategies to monitor signals in real-time and aggregate data so that informed decisions can be made. Future steps in program evaluation includes increased emphasis on patient outcomes and multi-source feedback, as well as better integration of existing data sources.