Immune System Diseases Commons^™

Longitudinal Changes In Plasma Biomarkers Of Immune Activation, Neuronal Inflammation And Injury In Persons With Hiv Initiating Art, Merle Henderson, Peter Dutey-Magni, Carolina Herrera, Wolfgang Stöhr, Alejandro Arenas-Pinto, Owen Swann, Amanda Heslegrave, Henrik Zetterberg, John Tregoning, Sarah Fidler, François Raffi, Andrea Calcagno, Ab Babiker, Alan Winston

CONRAD Publications

Background

Data on changes in biomarkers of brain health, and their associations with cognitive function in adults commencing either dual- or triple-antiretroviral therapy (ART) are sparse.

Methods

Plasma biomarkers (neurofilament light [NfL], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], sCD14, CXCL10, neopterin and IL-6) were measured at baseline and after 96 weeks on ART in individuals randomized to darunavir/ritonavir and either tenofovir-DF/emtricitabine (triple-ART, n = 119) or raltegravir (dual-ART, n = 119) in NEAT-001/ANRS143. Regression models examined associations of baseline and week-96 biomarker concentrations with HIV clinical parameters, composite cognitive test scores (Standardized neuropsychological test [NPZ], 7-domains) and treatment arm.

Results

In …

Partial Post-Exposure Protection By Topical Inserts Containing Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate/Elvitegravir In A Macaque Model Of Rectal Simian Hiv (Shiv) Infection, Natalia Makarova, Tyana Singletary, M. Melissa Peet, Kristen Kelley, Ryan Johnson, Vivek Agrahari, Maria Mendoza, Yi Pan, Walid Heneine, Meredith R. Clark, J. Gerardo García Lerma, Gustavo F. Doncel, James W. Smith

CONRAD Publications

On-demand topical inserts for HIV prevention may be a good option for people who have a low frequency of sexual activity. We recently demonstrated in a preclinical macaque model that rectal application of inserts containing tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) and elvitegravir (EVG) conferred protection against SHIV infection (93% efficacy) when applied as pre-exposure prophylaxis 4 hours before SHIV exposure. Here, we show that the same inserts provide significant postexposure protection (82.9% efficacy) when applied 4 hours after SHIV exposure. Our findings further support the ongoing clinical development of TAF/EVG inserts for on-demand HIV prevention.

A Comparison Of F/Taf And F/Tdf As Hiv Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis In A Predominantly Cisgender Women Population In East And South Africa: A Randomised, Factorial, Non-Inferiority Trial, Sheena Mccormack, David Dunn, Sylvia Kusemererwa, Patricia Munseri, Nishanta Singh, Wiston William, Gertrude Mutonyi, Henry Bern, Lauriane Goldwirt, Cherry Kingsley, Arne Kkroidl, Christian Holm Hansen, Song Ding, Rachel Kawuma, Mary Amondi, Ubaldo Bahemuka, Deus Buma, Daniel Clutterbuck, Zakir Gaffoor, Angus Jennings, Agricola Joachim, Ayoub Kakande, Berna Kalanzi, Abisai Kisinda, Mabela Matsoso, Thomas Miller, Neetha Mmedsci Morar, Jacqueline Musau, Jane Nabbuto, Ayanda Nzuza, Doreen Pamba, Simona Salomone, Thandiwe Sithole, Edith Tarimo, Kubashni Woeber, Kundai Chinyenze, Glenda Gray, Eligius Lyamuya, Muhammad Bakari, Said Aboud, Lucas Maganga, Gustavo Doncel, Janet Seeley, Jonathan Weber, Pontiano Kaleebu, Julie Fox, Eugene Ruzagira, On Behalf Of The Prepvacc Study Group

CONRAD Publications

Background:

F/TAF was shown to be non-inferior to F/TDF as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men, but approval was not extended to cisgender women. We report the results of PrEPVacc, in which a predominantly female population was randomly allocated to receive daily oral F/TDF or F/TAF for ∼6 months within a HIV-1 prophylactic vaccine trial.

Setting:

Five study sites in three African countries (Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa).

Methods:

The two regimens were compared by the averted infections ratio (AIR) - the proportion of infections averted by F/TAF relative to F/TDF. The counterfactual HIV incidence, an essential component of this metric, was …

Formulation Development Of Topical Inserts Containing Doxycycline And Doxycycline Combined With Tenofovir Alafenamide And Elvitegravir For The Prevention Of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Vivek Agrahari, M. Melissa Peet, Jasmin Monpara, Rijo John, Sriramakamal Jonnalagadda, Pardeep K. Gupta, Meredith R. Clark, Gustavo F. Doncel

CONRAD Publications

Despite advances in oral and injectable HIV prevention options and oral prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of bacterial origin, there remains a critical need for effective on-demand topical (vaginal and rectal) products for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). To fill this gap, we have developed single and first-in-kind multi-active topical inserts for bacterial STIs and HIV/STIs prevention. We have formulated two different inserts, one containing doxycycline (DOX) at 10, 50, and 100 mg doses for bacterial STI prevention, and a multipurpose prevention product (TED insert) that combines DOX (10 mg) with the antiretrovirals tenofovir alafenamide (TAF; 20 …

Self-Assembly Of Anti-Inflammatory Peptide Amphiphiles For Mucosal Health, Maria José Gómara, Ignacio Pérez-Pomeda, Ramon Pons, Paul Ziprin, Carolina Herrera, Isabel Haro

CONRAD Publications

Broad spectrum anti-inflammatory peptide amphiphiles (AIF-PAs) have been developed as an innovative strategy for the treatment of chronic mucosal inflammation and the prevention of HIV transmission. Novel lipopeptides based on two linear sequences of anti-inflammatory peptides were obtained by solid-phase peptide chemistry. In a pilot study, ex vivo exposure of colorectal tissue explants from Crohn's disease patients to AIF-PAs induced a downregulation of the proinflammatory profile. Furthermore, the HIV inhibitory potency of AIF-PAs was evaluated ex vivo in colorectal tissue explants, obtaining sub-micromolar IC₅₀ values. Characterization of AIF-PAs self-aggregation in aqueous solution revealed that the net charge distribution within the …

Development Of A Semi-Mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetic Model For Predicting Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate And Tenofovir Alafenamide Exposure In Plasma And Cellular Matrices During Pregnancy And Postpartum, Yifan Yu, Kristina M. Brooks, Gustavo F. Doncel, Brookie M. Best, Mark A. Marzinke, Mark Mirochnick, Peter Anderson, Landon Myer, Connie Celum, Renee Heffron, Jenell Coleman, Dvora Joseph Davey, Craig W. Hendrix, Jeremiah D. Momper, Robert Bies, Rachel K. Scott

CONRAD Publications

Background and Objective

Tenofovir (TFV)-based regimens are backbones of both HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis during pregnancy. Multiple studies have shown up to one-third decreases in dried blood spot tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations during pregnancy among participants taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Currently, there are no mechanism-based models describing the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir diphosphate (the active anabolite) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pregnant individuals receiving TDF or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), and the mechanisms behind observed differences between dried blood spots and PBMCs remain unclear.

Methods

To address this gap, we developed a semi-mechanistic model to simultaneously describe the pharmacokinetics of …

Inhibition Of Histone Demethylase Lsd1 Suppresses Cd47 Expression And Enhances Efficacy Of Cd47 Blockade In Breast Cancer, Fengjie Jiang, Yu Shen, Bing Li, Michael Henry, Nancy Davidson, Yi Huang

Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences Faculty Publications

Background CD47 functions as a “don’t eat me” checkpoint, inhibiting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). While anti-CD47 therapies can restore immune surveillance, their efficacy in TNBC is often limited by immune evasion and drug development challenges.

Methods We investigated the crosstalk between the histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and CD47 signaling in TNBC using in silico datasets, isogenic cell lines, conditional BRCA1 knockout models, and syngeneic mouse models. Techniques such as immunohistochemistry, multiplex immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, protein ubiquitination, chromatin immunoprecipitation, chemotaxis, flow cytometry, and phagocytosis assays were employed to examine the epigenetic regulation of CD47 by LSD1 and …

Assessment Of Skin In Patients With Systematic Sclerosis Using High-Frequency Ultrasound And Shear Wave Elastography: A Comparative Study With Histology, Molecular, And Clinical Parameters, Ruhani Desai, Filemon Tan, Minghua Wu, Jeffery L. Browning, Samuel Theodore, Meng Zhang, Brian Skaug, Harshdeep Singh Chawla, Manmohan Singh, Salavat Aglyamov, Kirill V. Larin, Maureen Mayes, Shervin Assassi

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Objective: Ultrasound (US) has been proposed as a potential tool for assessing skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, a large-scale comparison of US-based assessment with histologic markers of skin fibrosis has not been reported. We evaluated US-based skin assessments for their face validity (differentiation between involved SSc and healthy control [HC] skin), construct validity (comparison to modified Rodnan skin score [mRSS]), and criterion validity (comparison to histologic and gene expression fibrosis markers).

Methods: Twenty HCs and 52 patients with SSc underwent clinical and US assessment followed by a forearm skin biopsy. Predefined areas were assessed on the finger, hand, …

Microbial Remodeling Of Gut Tryptophan Metabolism And Indole-3-Lactate Production Regulate Epithelial Barrier Repair And Viral Suppression In Human And Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections, Clarissa Santos Rocha, Katie L. Alexander, Carolina Herrera, Mariana G. Weber, Irina Grishina, Lauren A. Hirao, Dylan J. Kramer, Juan Arredondo, Abigail Mende, Katti R. Crakes, Anne N. Fenton, Maria L. Marco, David A. Mills, John C. Kappes, Lesley E. Smythies, Paul Ziprin, Sumathi Sankaran-Walters, Phillip D. Smith, Satya Dandekar

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Faculty Publications

Gut inflammatory diseases cause microbial dysbiosis. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection disrupts intestinal integrity, subverts repair/renewal pathways, impairs mucosal immunity and propels microbial dysbiosis. However, microbial metabolic mechanisms driving repair mechanisms in virally inflamed gut are not well understood. We investigated the capability and mechanisms of gut microbes to restore epithelial barriers and mucosal immunity in virally inflamed gut by using a multipronged approach: an in vivo simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primate model of HIV/AIDS, ex vivo HIV-exposed human colorectal explants and primary human intestinal epithelial cells. SIV infection reprogrammed tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, increasing kynurenine catabolite levels that are …

An Electrochemical Sensor For Tenofovir Monitoring, Abdellatif Ait Lahcen, Gymama Slaughter

Center for Bioelectronics Publications

Effective monitoring of tenofovir (TFV) adherence is critical for ensuring the success of antiretroviral therapies in preventing and managing HIV, as nonadherence can lead to treatment failure and the development of drug-resistant strains. In this study, a highly sensitive and selective novel biomimetic sensor for TFV determination is developed utilizing laser-scribed graphene (LSG) modified with gold spiky nanostructures (AuNSp) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The MIP layer is engineered with precise control to maximize molecular specificity for TFV. Electrochemical characterization demonstrates excellent performance, including the broadest linear detection range (10 nM to 200 μM) reported to date with a sensitivity …

Hiv Protein Tat Dysregulates Multiple Pathways In Human Ipscs- Derived Microglia, Liam Liyang Guo, Robert Jiang, Yan Cheng, Brooke Russell, Yan Y. Sanders, Ming-Lei Guo

Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences Faculty Publications

In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy, around 50% of chronic HIV (+) individuals show varying degrees of memory and cognitive deficiency (NeuroHIV), a phenomenon of accelerated brain aging. HIV protein transactivator of transcription (TAT) has been well-accepted as a risk factor contributing to NeuroHIV through dysregulating microglia (Mg) functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that HIV-TAT can affect lipid metabolism, immune responses, autophagy, and senescence in rodent Mg. However, due to the significant species differences between rodent and human Mg (hMg), it is essential to take caution when interpreting the results obtained from rodent models into human conditions. For the …

In Danger: Hiv Vaccine Research And Development In Europe, Roger Tatoud, Yves Lévy, Roger Le Grand, Jose Alcami, Giorgio Barbareschi, Christian Brander, Andrea Cara, Behazine Combadière, François Dabis, Sarah Fidler, Tomáš Hanke, Carolina Herrera, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Hester Kuipers, Sheena Mccormack, Christiane Moog, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Laura Richert, Rogier W. Sanders, Robin Shattock, Hendrik Streeck, Rodolphe Thiebaut, Alexandra Trkola, Klaus Üeberla, Marit J. Van Gills, Ralf Wagner, Winfried Weissenhorn, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Gabriella Scarlatti, Jean Daniel Lelièvre

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Faculty Publications

Highly effective antiretroviral-based HIV prevention plays an important role in ending the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. However, the sustainable control of the epidemic is hampered by unequal access to prevention options, including HIV testing, alongside with drug resistance and ongoing barriers to accessing sustainable HIV treatment. Therefore, an HIV vaccine, combined with effective prevention and treatment, remains an absolute necessity to control the epidemic. Yet, the recent discontinuation of four major vaccine efficacy studies is raising concerns about the future of HIV vaccine research and development globally, and particularly in the European region where funding for vaccine research and development has …

Willingness To Use Long-Acting Injectable Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (Lai-Prep) Among Black Cisgender Women In The Southern United States, Sylvia Shangani, Jaquetta M. Reeves, Kristin Heron, Jessica M. Sales, Kenneth K. Mugwanya

Psychology Faculty Publications

Background

Long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis (LAI-PrEP) for HIV prevention may improve adherence for those with concerns with daily pills. Limited data exist on LAI-PrEP acceptability among Black women in the U.S., a population vulnerable to HIV. We assessed willingness to use LAI-PrEP among Black women eligible for PrEP in the Southern U.S.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of HIV-negative Black women from March to June 2022 in the U.S. South. Participants provided information on sociodemographic characteristics, HIV knowledge, PrEP awareness, and use, stigma, risk perception, medical mistrust, and healthcare access. Multivariate logistic regression models determined factors associated with …

Drug-Induced Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis From An Unreported Source: Daptomycin, Jennifer K. Priessnitz, Timothy Kuzel, Lindsay Ackerman, Nelson Nicolasora

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a rare small-vessel vasculitis caused by immune-complex-mediated deposition on endothelial cells of dermal capillaries. Common triggers include medications, infections, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies. We present a case of a 58-year-old male who developed daptomycin-induced LCV after being treated for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis. The patient experienced painful palpable purpura on his lower extremities, which was diagnosed as LCV by skin biopsy. At the time of the biopsy, warfarin and daptomycin were discontinued, and the patient was transitioned to heparin and ceftaroline. MRSA-induced LCV was ruled out, due to negative blood cultures and adequate source control …

Educational Case: Bullous Pemphigoid, Ryan C. Saal, Alice A. Roberts, Richard M. Conran

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see https://www.academicpathologyjournal.org/pcme.1

Quantification Of Antiviral Drug Tenofovir (Tfv) By Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (Sers) Using Cumulative Distribution Functions (Cdfs), Marguerite R. Butler, Jana Hrncirova, Meredith Clark, Sucharita Dutta, John B. Cooper

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ultrasensitive spectroscopic technique that generates signal-enhanced fingerprint vibrational spectra of small molecules. However, without rigorous control of SERS substrate active sites, geometry, surface area, or surface functionality, SERS is notoriously irreproducible, complicating the consistent quantitative analysis of small molecules. While evaporatively prepared samples yield significant SERS enhancement resulting in lower detection limits, the distribution of these enhancements along the SERS surface is inherently stochastic. Acquiring spatially resolved SERS spectra of these dried surfaces, we have shown that this enhancement is governed by a power law as a function of analyte concentration. Consequently, by definition, …

Gene Expression Of Tight Junctions In Foreskin Is Not Affected By Hiv Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Emily L. Webb, Stefan Petkov, Heejin Yun, Laura Else, Limakatso Lebina, Jennifer Serwanga, Azure-Dee A.P. Pillay, Thabiso B. Seiphetlo, Susan Mugaba, Patricia Namubiru, Geoffrey Odoch, Daniel Opoka, Andrew S. Ssemata, Pontiano Kaleebu, Saye Khoo, Neil Martinson, Julie Fox, Clive M. Gray, Carolina Herrera, Francesca Chiodi

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Faculty Publications

Introduction: Tight junctions (TJs) serve as permeability filters between the internal and external cellular environment. A large number of proteins have been identified to be localized at the TJs. Due to limitations in tissue collection, TJs in the male genital tract have been understudied.

Methods: We analysed the transcriptomics of 132 TJ genes in foreskin tissue of men requesting voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and enrolled in the Combined HIV Adolescent Prevention Study (CHAPS) trial conducted in South Africa and Uganda (NCT03986970). The trial evaluated the dose requirements for event-driven HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine-tenofovir (FTC-TDF) or emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide …

A New Approach For Discriminating Spatially Acquired Sers Spectra Using Antiretroviral Drug Emtricitabine As A Test Sample, Jana Hrncirova, Marguerite R. Butler, Meredith R. Clark, Gustavo F. Doncel, John B. Cooper

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

In this study, an antiretroviral drug emtricitabine (also known as FTC or Emtriva) was detected and quantified down to 40 ng/ml by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Its aqueous standards were tested with two types of silver nanoparticles (colloidal and dendritic) using a specially developed aluminum well plate. The SERS spectra were acquired using a Raman scanning device with 30-mu m spatial resolution. The spectral data were analyzed using a new approach for the discrimination of the spatially acquired spectra based on the Quality index (Qi). After the Qi is calculated, the spectral data are sorted based on the Qi. …

The Relationship Between Insurance And Health Outcomes Of Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Maryland: A Retrospective Archival Study, Soo-Hoon Lee, Samuel L. Brown, Andrew A. Bennett

Management Faculty Publications

Background

Past studies examining the health outcomes of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients found that social determinants of health disparities were associated with variabilities in health outcomes. However, improving access to healthcare, such as health insurance, should mitigate negative health outcomes. The aim of the study was to explore the association between four types of health insurance, namely, Medicare Fee-For-Service (FFS), Medicare Managed Care (MC), Private FFS, and Private MC plans, and the health outcomes of DM patients, controlling for patients’ social determinants of health.

Methods

This is a retrospective cross-sectional archival record study to explore the relationships between types of …

Clonally Expanded Alpha-Chain T-Cell Receptor (Tcr) Transcripts Are Present In Aneurysmal Lesions Of Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Aaa), Song Lu, John V. White, Raquel I. Judy, Lisa L. Merritt, Wan Lu Lin, Xiaoying Zhang, Charalambos Solomides, Ifeyinwa Nwaneshiudu, John Gaughan, Dimitri S. Monos, Emilia L. Oleszak, Chris D. Platsoucas

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening immunological disease responsible for 1 to 2% of all deaths in 65 year old or older individuals. Although mononuclear cell infiltrates have been demonstrated in AAA lesions and autoimmunity may be responsible for the initiation and account for the propagation of the disease, the information available about the pathogenesis of AAA is limited. To examine whether AAA lesions from patients with AAA contain clonally expanded α-chain TCR transcripts, we amplified by the non-palindromic adaptor-PCR (NPA-PCR)/Vα-specific PCR and/or the Vα-specific PCR these α-chain TCR transcripts. The amplified transcripts were cloned and sequenced. Substantial proportions …

An Intersectional Perspective On Stigma As A Barrier To Effective Hiv Self-Management And Treatment For Hiv-Infected African American Women, Kimberly Adams Tufts

Ellmer School of Nursing Faculty Publications

Among those who are HIV-infected and striving to live well with HIV, African American women have poorer health outcomes and represent a higher portion of those women who die from HIV-related causes. Those health inequalities have been associated with the presence of social determinants of health such as stigma. This analytical review asserts that stigmas precipitated by gender, race, and class in the context of HIV-related stigma constitute substantial barriers to active engagement in HIV self-management, care, and treatment for HIV-infected African American women. The utility of the intersectionality framework for analyzing how these various stigmas interact to create unique …

Novel Interventions For Hiv Self-Management In African American Women: A Systematic Review Of Mhealth Interventions, Kimberly Adams Tufts, Kaprea F. Johnson, Jewel Goodman Shepherd, Juyoung Lee, Muna S. Bait Ajzoon, Lauren B. Mahan, Miyoung Kim

Ellmer School of Nursing Faculty Publications

The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the quality of interventions using mobile health (mHealth) technology being developed for and trialed with HIV-infected African American (AA) women. We aimed to assess rigor and to ascertain if these interventions have been expanded to include the broad domain of self-management. After an extensive search using the PRISMA approach and reviewing 450 records (411 published studies and 39 ongoing trials atclinicaltrials.gov), we found little completed research that tested mHealth HIV self-management interventions for AA women. Atclinicaltrials.gov, we found several mHealth HIV intervention studies designed for women in general, forecasting a promising …

Experiences Of Kenyan Healthcare Workers Providing Services To Men Who Have Sex With Men: Qualitative Findings From A Sensitivity Training Programme, Elise M. Van Der Elst, Evans Gichuru, Anisa Omar, Jennifer Kanungi, Zoe Duby, Miriam Midoun, Sylvia Shangani, Susan M. Graham, Adrian D. Smith, Eduard J. Sanders, Don Operario

Community & Environmental Health Faculty Publications

Introduction

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Kenya are at high risk for HIV and may experience prejudiced treatment in health settings due to stigma. An on-line computer-facilitated MSM sensitivity programme was conducted to educate healthcare workers (HCWs) about the health issues and needs of MSM patients.

Methods

Seventy-four HCWs from 49 ART-providing health facilities in the Kenyan Coast were recruited through purposive sampling to undergo a two-day MSM sensitivity training. We conducted eight focus group discussions (FGDs) with programme participants prior to and three months after completing the training programme. Discussions aimed to characterize HCWs’ challenges in …

Taking Be Proud! Be Responsible! To The Suburbs: A Replication Study, Elaine A. Borawski, Erika S. Trapl, Kimberly Adams-Tufts, Laura L. Hayman, Merdith A. Goodwin, Loren D. Lovegreen

Ellmer School of Nursing Faculty Publications

CONTEXT: An important phase of HIV prevention research is replicating successful interventions with different groups and in different settings.

METHODS: Be Proud! Be Responsible!, a successful intervention originally targeting black urban males and carried out in nonschool settings, was presented in health classes at urban and suburban schools with diverse student bodies. A group-randomized intervention study, which included 1,357 ninth and 10th graders from 10 paired schools in a Midwestern metropolitan area, was conducted in 2000-2002. Half the schools received the intervention, and half received a general health promotion program. Students' reports of their sexual behavior and selected cognitive mediators …

Unruly Corporeality: Aids, Immigration And The Imagined Australian Body, Zoë Anderson

Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary Culture

Particular bodies within the Australian nation can be seen to threaten to disrupt and destabilize dominant notions of cultural citizenship. Understood through intricate intersections of ethnicity, gender and sexuality, 'Australianness' - and its correlation to the geographical nation - is constantly monitored. Crucial here is the manner in which boundaries of whiteness, and 'true Australianess', are reconstituted, fuelling avoidance of the ambiguities of national belonging and ensuring the enduring pathologisation of the 'un'Australian. In particular, discursive associations between HIV/AIDS and the 'foreign' as perceived contaminates to the nation operate to reinforce these understandings. Here, the threat of disease both informs, …