Diseases Commons^™

Stem Cell Theory Of Cancer: Origin Of Metastasis And Sub-Clonality, Shi-Ming Tu, Cesar Moran, William Norton, Niki M Zacharias

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Metastasis may be the secret weapon cancer uses to dominate and subjugate, to persist and prevail. However, it is no longer a secret when we realize that a stem cell has the same ways and means to fulfill its own omnipotence and accomplish its own omnipresence… and when we realize that a cancer cell has its own version of stem-ness origin and stem-like nature. In this perspective, we discuss whether stem-ness enables metastasis or mutations drive metastasis. We ponder about low-grade versus high-grade tumors and about primary versus metastatic tumors. We wonder about stochasticity and hierarchy in the genesis and …

An Xai Approach For Covid-19 Detection Using Transfer Learning With X-Ray Images, Salih Sarp, Ferhat Ozgur Catak, Murat Kuzlu, Umit Cali, Huseyin Kusetogullari, Yanxiao Zhao, Gungor Ates, Ozgur Guler

Engineering Technology Faculty Publications

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has continued to cause severe challenges during this unprecedented time, affecting every part of daily life in terms of health, economics, and social development. There is an increasing demand for chest X-ray (CXR) scans, as pneumonia is the primary and vital complication of COVID-19. CXR is widely used as a screening tool for lung-related diseases due to its simple and relatively inexpensive application. However, these scans require expert radiologists to interpret the results for clinical decisions, i.e., diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The digitalization of various sectors, including healthcare, has accelerated during the pandemic, with the use …

Tcga Expression Analyses Of 10 Carcinoma Types Reveal Clinically Significant Racial Differences, Brian Lei, Xinyin Jiang, Anjana Saxena

Publications and Research

Epidemiological studies reveal disparities in cancer incidence and outcome rates between racial groups in the United States. In our study, we investigated molecular differences between racial groups in 10 carcinoma types. We used publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify patterns of differential gene expression in tumor samples obtained from 4112 White, Black/African American, and Asian patients. We identified race-dependent expression of numerous genes whose mRNA transcript levels were significantly correlated with patients’ survival. Only a small subset of these genes was differentially expressed in multiple carcinomas, including genes involved in cell cycle progression such as CCNB1 …

Beyond Breathless: Unravelling The Enigma Of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations, Sri Mounya Jampala, Jagadish Kumar K Dr., Manjunath V G, Nandish H R

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) are abnormal connections between the pulmonary arteries and veins, leading to a direct shunting of blood without passing through the normal capillary bed. These AVMs can be associated with a rare genetic disorder called Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome. HHT is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of fragile telangiectasias in various organs, including the skin and mucous membranes. These telangiectasias are prone to bleeding, leading to recurrent nosebleeds and mucocutaneous bleeding. In patients with HHT, the most common site of AVMs is in the lungs. Pulmonary AVMs can cause …

Stroke: A Neurological Complication In Covid-19., Abhigna M, Vikram Patil

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

No abstract provided.

A Study On The Prevalence Of Vitamin B12 Deficiency In Eastern Indian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Peripheral Neuropathy On Metformin Presenting To A Tertiary Care Hospital, Ajay Hanumanthu, Soumik Goswami, Kavya Bhadrapura Thimmegowda, Nilanjan Sengupta, Arjun Baidya, Pranab Kumar Sahana

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction:

The association between long-term metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and low vitamin B12 levels has been proven and screening for the same is recommended by American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. The potential of the deficiency to cause or worsen diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in T2DM patients has been investigated in previous studies. However, the prevalence estimates of vitamin B12 deficiency in T2DM patients treated with long term metformin and having established DPN is lacking in our country. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in T2DM patients with DPN …

Meningitis In Hiv Positive And Negative Patients: A Comparative Demographic Profile., Sridhar Amalakanti, Jyothi Priya Jillella, Krishna Sagar Gajula

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Meningitis is a serious infection in HIV patients claiming millions of lives across the world. Comparative studies of meningitis in HIV positive and negative patients are scarce. Methods: We performed a comparative study of the demographic features of meningitis in HIV positive [116] and HIV negative [218] patients at a tertiary hospital over a period of four years. Results: In HIV seropositive patients the percentage of women was lesser [29.6% vs. 42.5%], the proportion of students was lesser [4.8% vs.14%], but the proportion of professionals was higher [17.5% vs. 10.8%] when compared to HIV seronegative group. Even though Tuberculosis …

Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness In Preventing Severe Infections And Mortality Among Patients In Kerala, India., Surag Mk, Sarin S. M, Sarosh Kumar K K, Udaya A

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

ABSTRACT

Background:

India has a top status among world countries, related to the COVID-19 mortality that had crossed the 3-lakh level. The second wave of COVID19 had ravaged the world countries, created havoc of the highest order, leaving many hapless, thanks to the low availability of oxygen, ICU facilities, vaccines and counselling prospects.

There is a lack of information about how COVID-19 vaccines have affected mortality in specific geographic areas.

Method:

A Retrospective record-based design. Patients were matched for age, sex, ethnicity, co-morbidities and grouped into fully immunized, partially immunized and non-immunized.

The primary outcome was in-hospital deaths and secondary …

The Trichobezoar Enigma: Untangling The Intricacies Of Rapunzel Syndrome, Debabrata Sahu, Dr Rajkishor Sahu

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Rapunzel Syndrome is a rare manifestation of trichobezoar, characterized by the presence of hair strands extending beyond the stomach and into the duodenum. Trichobezoars typically develop in individuals with a history of trichotillomania, a compulsive behavioral disorder involving hair-pulling, combined with trichophagia, the ingestion of hair. While trichobezoars predominantly form within the stomach, their occurrence in the jejunum is infrequent. This condition is more commonly observed in adolescent females.

The formation of bezoars within the gastrointestinal tract is typically attributed to anatomical changes. However, in cases where no such anatomical abnormalities are present, psychiatric disorders like trichotillomania can lead to …

Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy As Maintenance Treatment, Jatin Kumar, Kishor M, Murali M R

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Depression is the most common psychiatric condition that significantly affects the quality of life of individual affected with it and it can present with various signs and symptoms. It usually presents with persistent and pervasive sadness of mood, anhedonia, sleep disturbance, reduced appetite, reduced concentration, multiple somatic symptoms, and suicidal thoughts. In this case report a 61-year-old gentleman presented with sadness of mood, loss of interest, sleep disturbance, multiple body aches, and abdominal pain which varied from 2 to 6 weeks. He had failed to respond to multiple classes of antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics. However, he would respond well …

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis In Pregnancy : A Case Report, Dr Sumuk M S Sr, Dr Anupama Marnal B A Sr, Dr Mamatha S Professor And Head Of The Department, Poornima M Associate Professor

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare complication encountered in pregnancy. Symptoms of CVT include headache, limb paresis, seizures , disturbed consciousness , visual disturbances. We present our 25 years old pregnant patient who presented with unsteadiness of gait , weakness and numbness of all four limbs, vomiting headache , giddiness due to which it was difficult for her to perform her daily activities. After the differential diagnostic examinations, we recognised cerebral venous thrombosis. After anti-coagulant treatment , the symptoms resolved. We would like to convey that such symptoms in pregnant women we should always think of CVT.

Relationship Between Femoral Artery Intima-Media Thickness And Atherosclerosis In Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease- A One Year Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Dr. Somashekhar Sogi, Dr. Ravi Sarvi, Dr. Pradeep Goudar, Dr. Mallikarjun Karishetti, Dr.V.V Hattiholi, Dr.Meenakshi Sarvi

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CKD and Peripheral arterial disease both independently increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. There is limited data about the co-relation between ultrasound measures of the femoral artery in peripheral vascular disease (PVD) & renal functional status. This research hence will help us in the establishment of a relationship between femoral intima-media thickness (fIMT) with CKD. Also, IMT assessment might help in earlier detection of atherosclerotic plaques & hence PVD.

Materials and methods: A cross sectional …

Hyperdiploid Chromosomes In Patients With B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Anjali Shastry

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Hyperdiploidy (more than 50 chromosomes) is an important cytogenetic abnormality found in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B cell ALL). The presence of hyperdiploidy > 50 is considered to be a good prognostic marker since it has increased sensitivity to standard chemotherapy. Patients with hyperdiploidy have the longest disease-free survival compared with any other cytogenetic group.

Aim of study:

To estimate prevalence of hyperdiploid chromosomes in patients with B cell ALL through conventional karyotyping and Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

Materials and methods:

Retrospective study was done on 200 bone marrow samples diagnosed with B cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia …

Dengue Fever With Normal Platelet Count In A Patient With Β-Thalassemia Trait: A Case Report, Pankaj Kumar Jain, Manoj Seval, Vikas Meena, Rajesh Yadav

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Dengue fever is an arboviral infection typically characterized by thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration. However, hematological manifestations may differ in patients with underlying hemoglobinopathies. We report a case of 18-year-old female diagnosed with dengue fever (IgM ELISA positive), presented with persistent fever, vomiting, and myalgia. Laboratory evaluation revealed moderate microcytic anemia (Hb 9.7 g/dL, MCV 54.7 fL) with a low Mentzer index (8.7). High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed β-thalassemia trait (HbA2 4.6%). Contrary to the typical presentation of dengue, the patient had elevated platelet counts at admission (584,000/µL), which remained within normal to high range during hospitalization. This case highlights that dengue infection …

Characterization And Investigation Of Cold Atmospheric Plasma And Its Effects On Cancer Cell Biology, Thomas M. Ritrosky

Theses and Dissertations

Modern cancer treatment uses radiation therapy in over 50% of patient cases. It is an e↵ective way of treating tumors because the mechanisms of cell killing are well known through the damage that ionizing radiation does to DNA. The amount of radiation can be tracked through measuring the dose of the clinical photon or electron beam used. However, there are limitations in the usage of radiation therapy, for example, a tumor can create hypoxic areas that become radioresistant leading to complete ine↵ectiveness of further radiation treatment. This project looks into the application of cold atmospheric plasma as an adjuvant therapy …

Vulnerability And Adaptation Of Neocortical Neuron Subtypes In Models Of Concussive Traumatic Brain Injury And Multiple Sclerosis, Alan C. Harris Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

The pathognomonic sequela of traumatic brain injury is traumatic axonal injury, the

burden of which correlates with less favorable outcomes. Elucidation of

the intrinsic variables that endow delineated neuronal subgroups and microanatomical domains with outsized vulnerability to injury represents a critical domain of inquiry toward the successful translation of disease-modifying therapeutics. To this end, we studied mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) within the central fluid percussion model to examine the consequences of mTBI on the morphology and functional integrity of the axon initial segment (AIS) and the relative contributions to network homeostasis mediated by distinct populations of inhibitory interneurons. One …

Patterns And Implications Of Neurological Examination Findings In Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease, Jonathan Vöglein, Nicolai Franzmeier, John C. Morris, Marianne Dieterich, Eric Mcdade, Mikael Simons, Oliver Preische, Anna Hofmann, Jason Hassenstab, Tammie L. Benzinger, Anne Fagan, James M. Noble, Sarah B. Berman, Neill R. Graff-Radford, Bernardino Ghetti, Martin R. Farlow, Jasmeer P. Chhatwal, Stephen Salloway, Chengjie Xiong, Celeste M. Karch, Nigel Cairns, Richard J. Perrin, Gregory Day, Ralph Martins, Raquel Sanchez-Valle, Hiroshi Mori, Hiroyuki Shimada, Takeshi Ikeuchi, Kazushi Suzuki, Peter R. Schofield, Colin L. Masters, Alison Goate, Virginia Buckles, Nick C. Fox, Patricio Chrem, Ricardo Allegri, John M. Ringman, Igor Yakushev, Christoph Laske, Mathias Jucker, Günter Höglinger, Randall L. Bateman, Adrian Danek, Johannes Levin, Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction:

As knowledge about neurological examination findings in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD) is incomplete, we aimed to determine the frequency and significance of neurological examination findings in ADAD.

Methods:

Frequencies of neurological examination findings were compared between symptomatic mutation carriers and non mutation carriers from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) to define AD neurological examination findings. AD neurological examination findings were analyzed regarding frequency, association with and predictive value regarding cognitive decline, and association with brain atrophy in symptomatic mutation carriers.

Results:

AD neurological examination findings included abnormal deep tendon reflexes, gait disturbance, pathological cranial nerve examination findings, …

Consensus Guidelines For Sarcopenia Prevention, Diagnosis And Management In Australia And New Zealand, Jesse Zanker, Marc Sim, Kate Anderson, Saliu Balogun, Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen, Elsa Dent, Gustavo Duque, Christian M. Girgis, Mathis Grossmann, Alan Hayes, Tim Henwood, Vasant Hirani, Charles Inderjeeth, Sandra Iuliano, Justin Keogh, Joshua R. Lewis, Gordon S. Lynch, Julie A. Pasco, Steven Phu, Esmee M. Reijnierse, Nicholas Russell, Lara Vlietstra, Renuka Visvanathan, Troy Walker, Debra L. Waters, Solomon Yu, Andrea B. Maier, Robin M. Daly, David Scott

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background:

Sarcopenia is an age-associated skeletal muscle condition characterized by low muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. There is no international consensus on a sarcopenia definition and no contemporaneous clinical and research guidelines specific to Australia and New Zealand. The Australian and New Zealand Society for Sarcopenia and Frailty Research (ANZSSFR) Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Management Task Force aimed to develop consensus guidelines for sarcopenia prevention, assessment, management and research, informed by evidence, consumer opinion, and expert consensus, for use by health professionals and researchers in Australia and New Zealand.

Methods:

A four-phase modified Delphi process involving topic experts and informed …

Causal Effect Of Pm1 On Morbidity Of Cause-Specific Respiratory Diseases Based On A Negative Control Exposure, Shiyun Lv, Xiangtong Liu, Zhiwei Li, Feng Lu, Moning Guo, Mengmeng Liu, Jing Wei, Zhiyuan Wu, Siqi Yu, Shihong Li, Xia Li, Wenkang Gao, Lixin Tao, Wei Wang, Jinyuan Xin, Xiuhua Guo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Extensive studies have linked PM2.5 and PM10 with respiratory diseases (RD). However, few is known about causal association between PM1 and morbidity of RD. We aimed to assess the causal effects of PM1 on cause-specific RD. Methods: Hospital admission data were obtained for RD during 2014 and 2019 in Beijing, China. Negative control exposure and extreme gradient boosting with SHapley Additive exPlanation was used to explore the causality and contribution between PM1 and RD. Stratified analysis by gender, age, and season was conducted. Results: A total of 1,183,591 admissions for RD were recorded. Per interquartile range (28 μg/m3) uptick …

The Many Faces Of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy: An Overview, Hanna J Tadros, Christina Y Miyake, Debra L Kearney, Jeffrey J Kim, Susan W Denfield

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is a disease that involves electromechanical uncoupling of cardiomyocytes. This leads to characteristic histologic changes that ultimately lead to the arrhythmogenic clinical features of the disease. Initially thought to affect the right ventricle predominantly, more recent data show that it can affect both the ventricles or the left ventricle alone. Throughout the recent era, diagnostic modalities and criteria for AC have continued to evolve and our understanding of its clinical features in different age groups as well as the genotype to the phenotype correlations have improved. In this review, we set out to detail the epidemiology, etiologies, …

Characteristics Of Type 2 Diabetes In Female And Male Youth, Beatriz Castillo Rodriguez, Marcela Astudillo, Mustafa Tosur, Ahmad Rafaey, Siripoom Mckay, Fida Bacha, Ashok Balasubramanyam, Maria J Redondo

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The incidence of type 2 diabetes in children is rising and carries a worse prognosis than in adults. The influence of sex on pediatric type 2 diabetes outcomes has not been well investigated. We studied 715 youth with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at a median age of 13.7 years and compared sex differences in demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics within the first year of diagnosis. Females diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were younger and at a higher stage of pubertal development than males, yet presented with lower A1Cs, a lower prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis, and higher HDL cholesterol levels.

Enrollment Of Underrepresented Racial And Ethnic Groups In The Rare And Atypical Diabetes Network (Radiant), Mustafa Tosur, Laura Gandolfo, Ashok Balasubramanyam, Rochelle N Naylor, Toni I Pollin, Neda Rasouli, Sara J Cromer, John B Buse, Maria J Redondo, Radiant Study Group

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus in underrepresented racial and ethnic groups (URG) is rapidly increasing in incidence and has worse outcomes than diabetes in non-Hispanic White individuals. Rare and Atypical Diabetes Network (RADIANT) established recruitment targets based on the racial and ethnic distribution of the USA to enroll a diverse study population. We examined participation of URG across RADIANT study stages and described strategies to enhance recruitment and retention of URG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: RADIANT is a multicenter NIH-funded study of people with uncharacterized forms of atypical diabetes. RADIANT participants consent online and progress through three sequential study stages, as eligible.

RESULTS: …

A Systematic Review Of Associations Between Gut Microbiota Composition And Growth Failure In Preterm Neonates, Larissa L Neves, Amy B Hair, Geoffrey A Preidis

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Growth failure is among the most prevalent and devastating consequences of prematurity. Up to half of all extremely preterm neonates struggle to grow despite modern nutrition practices. Although elegant preclinical models suggest causal roles for the gut microbiome, these insights have not yet translated into biomarkers that identify at-risk neonates or therapies that prevent or treat growth failure. This systematic review aims to identify features of the neonatal gut microbiota that are positively or negatively associated with early postnatal growth. We identified 860 articles, of which 14 were eligible for inclusion. No two studies used the same definitions of growth, …

Emerging Issues In Probiotic Safety: 2023 Perspectives, Daniel Merenstein, Bruno Pot, Gregory Leyer, Arthur C Ouwehand, Geoffrey A Preidis, Christopher A Elkins, Colin Hill, Zachery T Lewis, Andi L Shane, Niv Zmora, Mariya I Petrova, Maria Carmen Collado, Lorenzo Morelli, Gina A Montoya, Hania Szajewska, Daniel J Tancredi, Mary Ellen Sanders

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Probiotics are used for both generally healthy consumers and in clinical settings. However, theoretical and proven adverse events from probiotic consumption exist. New probiotic strains and products, as well as expanding use of probiotics into vulnerable populations, warrants concise, and actionable recommendations on how to work toward their safe and effective use. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics convened a meeting to discuss and produce evidence-based recommendations on potential acute and long-term risks, risks to vulnerable populations, the importance for probiotic product quality to match the needs of vulnerable populations, and the need for adverse event reporting related …

Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Supplementation Supports Motor Coordination And Affects Myelination In Preterm Pigs, Line I Christiansen, Gemma C Ventura, Bo Holmqvist, Karoline Aasmul-Olsen, Sandy E H Lindholm, Matthew D Lycas, Yuki Mori, Jan Bojsen-Møller Secher, Douglas G Burrin, Thomas Thymann, Per T Sangild, Stanislava Pankratova

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

INTRODUCTION: Preterm infants have increased risk of impaired neurodevelopment to which reduced systemic levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the weeks after birth may play a role. Hence, we hypothesized that postnatal IGF-1 supplementation would improve brain development in preterm pigs, used as a model for preterm infants.

METHODS: Preterm pigs delivered by cesarean section received recombinant human IGF-1/IGF binding protein-3 complex (rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3, 2.25 mg/kg/day) or vehicle from birth to postnatal day 19. Motor function and cognition were assessed by monitoring of in-cage and open field activities, balance beam test, gait parameters, novel object recognition and operant conditioning …