Diseases Commons^™

Knowledge, Attitude And Practice Of Artificial Intelligence Among Healthcare Professionals: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey, Nikhil R, Divya K L, Mahabaleshwar Mamadapur, Harshwardhan S Patil, Shashirekha B, Hema Sameera Pinnam, Purna Bansal

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Deep learning-powered Artificial Intelligence-driven assistance offers enormous potential to improve healthcare by facilitating administrative work, diagnosis, and the treatment of chronic diseases. The gap between clinical values and the day-to-day realities of primary care practice might widen if AI is not successfully incorporated.

Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to evaluate healthcare professionals' perceptions and understanding of AI within a clinical setting. The study was conducted among 456 Health care Workers from May to November 2024.

Results: Among 456 participants, 55.7% were MBBS students/interns, and 37.9% were postgraduates/professionals. More than 50% supported AI integration, and 62.3% of MBBS …

Weight Gain Among Tuberculosis Patients And Its Association With Socio-Demographic Profile And Disease-Related Characteristics In Urban And Rural Areas Of Mysuru., Sana Khader M, Smitha Malenahalli Chandrashekarappa, Anchu R Nath, Arun Gopi

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health burden in India, accounting for 25% of the global tuberculosis cases. Weight gain during tuberculosis treatment is a key recovery indicator influenced by sociodemographic and clinical factors. Addressing these challenges is crucial for achieving India’s Tuberculosis elimination goal by 2025.

Objectives: To assess weight gain across different phases of anti tubercular therapy among tuberculosis patients in urban and rural Mysuru, and to determine its association with sociodemographic and disease-related characteristics.

Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was done using secondary data of tuberculosis patients who attended primary health care centers in …

Personalised Learning In Medical Education – A Futuristic Model For Individual Learning Styles, Sujatha Mahadevarao Premnath, Ashwin Chand Ravichandran, Sivaa Rajendran

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Medical education is transitioning from the traditional teacher-centred to a student-centred model, and an approach that caters to the diverse needs of the learner is necessary to meet these needs. Personalised learning is one such strategy that offers learning content based on individual profiles, learning styles, pace, and competency gaps. Here, the individual student receives content based on their preference, where the content can be created by educators leveraging technology, an adaptive learning platform, and artificial intelligence. It provides an inclusive and efficient learning platform that helps in creating more efficient medical graduates. This article explores the concept of personalized …

Delusional Parasitosis With Depression, Hypertension And Migraine, Mouli Mandal, M Kishor, Mr Murali

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Delusional Parasitosis (DP) , also known as Ekbom Syndrome, is a psychiatric disorder characterised by the unshakeable belief of infestation by parasites, insects or other organisms, despite the absence of objective medical evidence.
This case report presents a 49 year old female with a history of chronic headaches, progressively worsening insect crawling sensations. She was initiated on treatment and supportive psychotherapy.
This case highlights the importance of a thorough multidisciplinary approach in managing Delusional Parasitosis, emphasising the need to differentiate between primary and secondary forms, address the potential medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and implement appropriate pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.

Rates Of Appropriate Initiation Of Low Dose Aspirin Prophylaxis As Indicated By The Gestosis Score In Early Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study, Mundlapati Usha, Nathasha Hk, Akkamma A. Satyaraddi, Geetanjali M. Katageri

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Pre-clampsia is a multisystem disorder in pregnancy. Initiating Low Dose Aspirin (LDA) in early pregnancy is recommended to prevent development of pre-eclampsia in high-risk women. Gestosis score is a simple screening tool for predicting women at risk for developing pre-eclampsia. It can be done by any health care provider even in the periphery. This study highlights the degree of awareness amongst obstetric healthcare providers in prediction and prevention of pre-eclampsia and the rates of appropriate initiation of Aspirin.

Methodology: 134 pregnant women were included in the study. The parameters for calculating the GESTOSIS score were retrieved from …

Assessment Of Total Cardiovascular Risk Using Who/Ish Risk Prediction Chart Among Adults In Rural Areas Of Mysuru: A Cross-Sectional Study, Anchu R Nath, Amogha Shree, Rashmi S, Shweta N K, Deepshika R, Sunil Kumar D

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background:

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in rural India, where preventive healthcare infrastructure remains underdeveloped. Myocardial infarction and stroke are among the deadly events that are caused by a combination of risk factors that are present in the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study aimed to estimate the 10-year CVD risk among adults in rural Mysuru using the WHO/ISH risk prediction charts, a practical tool designed for low-resource settings.

Methodology:

This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted over three months (January 2025- March 2025), involving 172 study participants from the rural field practice area …

Incidence And Clinical Profile Of Cardiovascular Abnormalities In Infants Of Diabetic Mother, Kailas Randad, Praveen Das, Akash Dnyandeo Sarkate, Qudsiya Ansari

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Maternal diabetes is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, notably congenital heart disease (CHD) in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs). This study evaluated the prevalence and spectrum of CHDs in IDMs and the effect of maternal glycemic control.

Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months at a tertiary care centre in Mumbai. A total of 112 IDMs were enrolled. Maternal glycemic status was assessed using HbA1c and random blood sugar. All infants underwent clinical examination, oxygen saturation measurement, and echocardiography.

Results: CHDs were identified in 26.7% of infants. The most frequent lesions …

A Rare Cause Of Severe Bleeding In Neonate: Congenital Afibrogenemia Case Report, Abdul Azeem Hulkoti, Qudsiya Ansari, Kailas Randad, Akash Dnyandeo Sarkate Dr

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background- Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the complete absence of fibrinogen, a critical factor for clot formation in the blood. This deficiency leads to significant bleeding tendencies from birth. Patients typically present with severe haemorrhagic symptoms early in the neonatal period.

Case presentation- We describe a case of a neonate presenting with umbilical bleeding diagnosed with congenital afibrinogenemia. Initial clinical manifestations included active umbilical bleeding and pallor, while hematological workup revealed a lack of detectable fibrinogen. The diagnosis was confirmed by coagulation assays and genetic testing. The infant was managed with Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) …

"The Growing Burden: Overweight And Obesity Prevalence And Risk Factors Among Medical College Students In Mysuru: A Cross-Sectional Study", Akansha ., Nayanabai Shabadi, Anchu R Nath, Ravipati Manogna

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

ABSTRACT:

Background:

The transition from adolescence to adulthood is often accompanied by significant lifestyle changes, including changes in dietary habits, physical activity levels, and stress, which can contribute to unhealthy weight gain. In India, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among youth has shown an upward trend, raising concerns about early onset of non-communicable diseases. This study aims to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among degree college students in Mysuru and to identify the associated socio-demographic and lifestyle factors contributing to these conditions.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study was conducted over three months, from January to March 2025, among …

Potential Effect Of Statins As Adjuvant Anti‑Tuberculosis Agents: A Short Communication, Mehwish Hanif, Ayesha Tariq, Laiba Zahoor

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Tuberculosis is a chronic pulmonary infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect other parts of the body such as bones, brain, and lymph nodes (extra pulmonary Tb). Statins, primarily used for hyperlipidemia, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that may help prevent and manage TB. They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reduce cholesterol synthesis and interfere with phagocytosis crucial for TB infection. Given the rise in resistance to first-line anti-tubercular therapies, Statins have shown promise as adjunctive agents by potentially shortening treatment duration, reducing adverse effects, and improving outcomes, particularly in immunocompromised and diabetic patients. Based on these findings, Statins …

Case Report On Acute Hemorrhagic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (Adem) Following Parvovirus B19 Infection In An Immunocompetent Child, Akash Dnyandeo Sarkate, Sushma Save, Alpana Kondekar, Raja Rajan

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, often triggered by viral infections. Parvovirus B19 has been implicated in various haematological and neurological manifestations; however, its association with acute hemorrhagic ADEM remains rare. Here, we report a case of a 5-year-old male immunocompetent child who developed ADEM following parvovirus B19 infection, emphasising the rarity of such presentations and the importance of early recognition and management.

Insights On Human Papillomavirus Among Medical Students And Professionals, Fathima Thansiha, Amogha Shree, Rashmi S

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: As per World Health Organization, in 2022, 660000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and 350000 women died from the disease. Sexual behaviour is the major risk factor and exposure to Human Papillomavirus has been established as a causative agent in 70-80% of the cases for development of cervical cancer. Most infections with HPV resolve spontaneously and cause no symptoms, persistent infection can cause cervical cancer in women. Effective primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary prevention approaches (screening and treating precancerous lesions) will prevent most cervical cancer cases. Thus, study was conducted with the objective of assessing the knowledge …

Valproic Acid Loaded Niosomal In Situ Gel: A Novel Approach For Epilepsy Treatment, Rutuja Bastapure, Akshay Gawali, Gopal Lohiya, Kranti Satpute, Mahesh Birajdar, Sameep Sonvane

International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences

Valproic acid is an antiepileptic medication that is primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. This investigation was designed with three objectives in mind. First, improve the solubility and bioavailability of the BCS class II medicine valproic acid; second, make it easy to give the drug to an epileptic patient during an episode; and third, lower the dosage for long-term treatment. Niosomal formulations were optimized using various Tween and Span range ratios. The formulations were made using the ether injection method. The formulation's morphological characterization, entrapment efficiency, viscosity, and particle size were evaluated. Valproic acid niosomes prepared with Tween …

Development And Assessment Of Liposomal Nasal Spray For The Treatment Epilepsy, Sayali Dongare, Sushmaji Sontakke, Gopal Lohiya, Shoeb Syed, Rohit Sarda

International Journal of Health and Allied Sciences

Abstract:

Background: Levetiracetam is a pyrrolidine class antiepileptic drug mainly used to treat epilepsy and seizures.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to synthesize a liposomal nasal spray incorporating levetiracetam for nose to brain delivery in epilepsy.

Materials and methods: The preparation method employed thin film hydration to prepare liposomes loaded with levetiracetam with lecithin and tween 80 at different concentrations. The liposome formed were characterized in terms of particle size and entrapment efficiency. Finally, the prepared liposomes were converted into nasal spray and characterized for drug content, pH, viscosity, in vitro release profile, clarity, Ex-vivo permeation study. …

Study Of Proportion Of Cardiac Involvement Secondary To Dengue Infection In Pediatric Population Admitted In A Tertiary Hospital- A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study, Neha Bhongale, Qudsiya Ansari, Ravindra Chittal

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background- Dengue is one of the most important mosquito-borne illnesses worldwide. Cardiac manifestations of dengue illness can range from asymptomatic bradycardia to life-threatening myocarditis. There is an overall paucity of published Indian studies of clear demonstration of cardiac manifestations secondary to dengue in the pediatric population. Aim- To study the proportion of patients with cardiac involvement secondary to dengue viral infection in the pediatric age group based on clinical manifestations of cardiac enzymes (CKMB, Troponin I) and ECG (electrocardiography), in a tertiary center. Methodology- This study is undertaken to find out the proportion of patients with cardiac manifestations secondary to …

Awareness On Environmental Air Pollution Among Adults In Rural Mysuru, Rakesh M, Jesymol Joy, Sunil Kumar D

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction

Air pollution is a major environmental threat and one of the main cases of death among all risk factors known so far. Health effects also include preterm and low-birthweight, asthma as well as cognitive and neurological impairment basically having the potential to impact our whole body, way beyond our lungs. The proposed study focusses on to assess the awareness on air pollution and factors associated with it among adults in South Mysuru which can put a light on the preventive measures and policies to be taken by the individuals as well as the authorities.

Methodology

A Community-based cross-sectional study …

Case Report On Endocrine Induced Paralysis - " Unraveling The Impact Of Thyrotoxicosis On Potassium Homeostasis.", Srujith Pullipudi, Basava Chethan, Srinath K. M, Savitha Vijayakumar, Meghna B.S.

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, marked by episodes of muscle weakness and hypokalaemia. Although it predominantly affects young Asian men, it can also occur in females and individuals from non-Asian ethnic groups. TPP is a treatable form of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and can often be the first indication of thyrotoxicosis. Triggers such as a high-carbohydrate diet, strenuous exercise, emotional stress, and steroid use can provoke TPP attacks. During an acute episode, the key diagnostic indicators are hypokalaemia along with elevated levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Treatment consists of two phases: promptly correcting hypokalaemia …

Hemifacial Spasm Due To Dolichoectasia Of Vertebral And Basilar Arteries, Meena Iyer, Shasthara Paneyala Dr.

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Dolichoectasia refers to the non-focal dilatation and tortuosity of arteries, primarily affecting the vertebral and basilar arteries due to severe tunica intima degeneration. It is associated with genetic predisposition and atherosclerosis, leading to vessel wall weakening. Patients may remain asymptomatic or develop neurological deficits due to mass effect. We report a case of a 60-year-old male presenting with hemifacial spasm secondary to vertebral artery dolichoectasia. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) revealed ectatic and tortuous basilar and vertebral arteries, with the left vertebral artery compressing the left facial nerve complex. Using Smoker’s criteria, a diagnosis of dolichoectasia was confirmed. Dolichoectasia-induced hemifacial spasm …

Comparison Of The Effectiveness Of Preoperative Dexmedetomidine Nebulization Versus Lignocaine Nebulization In Attenuation Of Stress Response During Direct Laryngoscopy And Endotracheal Intubation In Elective Surgeries Under General Anaesthesia: A Randomised Control Study At A Tertiary Care Hospital, Mandya, Sumayya E., Kiran A V., Santhosh M C B., Shivakumar G

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation are known to provoke harmful stimuli that can lead to transient, unpredictable, and variable hemodynamic alterations, primarily due to heightened sympathoadrenal activity.¹ Various pharmacological agents have been explored to mitigate this stress response; however, none have emerged as optimal.²

Aim: This study aims to compare the effects of nebulized dexmedetomidine in comparison to nebulized lignocaine on the hemodynamic stress response during direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation, including any adverse effects in patients undergoing general endotracheal anesthesia.

Materials and Methods: Informed consent was obtained from 60 patients aged 18 to …

Lymphoma Chronicles: Insights From A Distinct Hodgkin's Lymphoma Case Report, Srirangam Shankaralingam, Vibha Nagaragatta

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a kind of lymphatic malignancy distinguished by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It often manifests as painless lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms (B symptoms and can affect a variety of lymphoid tissues. The causes of HL are complicated and include genetic predisposition, environmental conditions and viral infections, particularly the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The diagnosis is primarily based on histological evaluation of lymph node samples, with immunophenotyping assisting classification. Herein, we report a case of classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) in an otherwise healthy 31-year-old male who had a mass per abdomen for a year and recently noticed a …

Felt Need For Psychiatry Clubs In Medical Colleges To Enhance Teaching-Learning, Aditya Rao, Sheryl Agarwal, Sharanya Bose, M Kishor

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Mental health competence is critical for medical graduates, yet in India the treatment gap for common mental disorders remains substantial, with prevalence estimates indicating up to 80.4% of unmet need. Recent reforms under the Competency-based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum have expanded psychiatry training; however, deficiencies in applied skills, preventive psychiatry, and communication remain. Psychiatry clubs have been proposed as supplementary, student-led platforms to address these limitations. This cross-sectional study assessed the perceived need for psychiatry clubs among undergraduate medical students and explored their potential role in enhancing teaching–learning. A structured online survey was administered to 94 students across different phases …

Localized Reticulate Hyperpigmentation From Heater Use: A Case Of Erythema Ab Igne, Chitwan Kaur Ghuman, Monish Yarlagadda, Ashwini P K

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Erythema ab igne (EAI) is a reticulated, hyperpigmented dermatosis resulting from prolonged exposure to infrared radiation insufficient to cause burns. While increasingly rare due to central heating, it remains relevant in vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly and immobilized.

Case Summary: We report the case of an 83-year-old bedbound female who developed characteristic pigmentary changes over her right upper and lower limbs due to chronic proximity to a room heater.

Conclusion: Awareness of EAI is crucial to prevent unnecessary investigations and to emphasize the importance of appropriate thermal environment modifications, especially in bedbound geriatric patients.

Extracapsular Excision Of Retroperitoneal Ancient Schwannoma: A Case Report, Mayur Chaure, Shital Dharamkhele, Keval Dhone, Imran Ahmed Khan

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Schwannomas are tumors originating from Schwann cells in the nerve sheath. They are generally solitary and encapsulated, but they are rarely seen in the retroperitoneal region. We report a 40-years-old woman with dull aching pain for two months without urinary symptoms. Following imaging studies, a well-encapsulated, retroperitoneal mass complicated with intratumoral bleed and necrosis was found.

Complete surgical resection was performed with preservation of adjacent viscera. The histopathology report confirmed the tumor as an ancient schwannoma. Careful preoperative surgical planning and meticulous surgical skill, along with the application of ERAS protocol, are essential to prevent morbidity and mortality. No evidence …

Prevalence Of Depression Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Urban Mysuru – A Cross-Sectional Study, Jesymol Joy, Renuka M, Chiranjeevi G S

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: Depression is a significant comorbidity among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) adversely affecting disease management and overall quality of life. Diabetes and depression have a bidirectional relationship, where poorly managed diabetes increases the risk of depression, and depression exacerbates diabetes-related complications. Depression contributes to poor glycemic control, decreased adherence to treatment, increased risk of diabetes-related complications, and higher healthcare utilization.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in urban Mysuru.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 Type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients >18 years of …

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis In Pediatric Asthma : A Diagnostic Challenge Mimicking Tuberculosis, Praveen Das, Santosh Kondekar, Surbhi Rathi

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus, more commonly observed in adults and patients with cystic fibrosis. It can, however, present in pediatric asthmatics with refractory symptoms, leading to diagnostic challenges due to overlapping features with other pulmonary diseases, including tuberculosis. ABPA should be considered in children with uncontrolled asthma and atypical radiologic features, especially when unresponsive to standard therapies. Early recognition and appropriate management are critical to prevent irreversible lung damage and improve quality of life.

Pregnancy-Related Delusional Beliefs In Midlife And Late-Life Women: A Case Series, Dyuksha Arora, Ashita Adarsh, Kishor M. Manohar Rao, Anand R, Soumya Rajshekar Patil, Akshatha Cj

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Pseudocyesis and delusional pregnancy represent rare but clinically significant presentations across psychiatric practice. While pseudocyesis involves a false belief of pregnancy accompanied by physical manifestations, delusion of pregnancy refers to a fixed belief of being pregnant despite clear contrary evidence. Both conditions pose considerable challenges as they involve close consultation and liaison between Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Psychiatry. There are a few studies from tertiary care general hospitals in India. Here we report two case series.

Case 1: A 43-year-old married woman from a rural background with an 8-year history of recurrent depressive disorder and dysthymia, presented with 3 months …

One Airway, One Disease In Pregnancy: A Prospective Observational Study On The Correlation Between Upper And Lower Airway Inflammation In Pregnant Women, Durga K, Yuvarajan S

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background: The well-established "One Airway, One Disease" concept recognizes the deep physiological and pathological connections between conditions affecting both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, most notably allergic rhinitis and asthma. During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant immunological, hormonal, and physiological changes, which can profoundly influence and modulate existing or emerging airway inflammation.

Objective: This prospective observational study was designed with the primary objective of meticulously evaluating the correlation between upper and lower airway inflammation in pregnant women. We aimed to achieve this by assessing a range of clinical symptoms, objective functional parameters, and specific inflammatory markers.

Methods: We …

Comparision Of Buprenorphine Versus Butorphanol As An Adjuvant To Intrathecal Hyperbaric Bupivacaine For Elective Infraumbilical Surgeries : A Randomised Control Study At A Tertiary Care Hospital, Mandya, Surabhi C A, Dr. Kiran A V. Associate Professor, Dr. Shivakumar G Pofessor And Hod, Umesh N P

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Introduction: Spinal anaesthesia is the most popularly performed procedure in the field of anaesthesiology. Hyperbaric bupivacaine, the local anaesthetic most commonly used, has limitation as its effect lasts only for 1.5-2 hours. Hence a lot of adjuvants have been tried to enhance the analgesic effect of bupivacaine.^[2] Opioids remain the mainstay among the various adjuvants to local anesthetics in spinal anaesthesia primarily by virtue of its various properties such as reducing the dose of local anaesthetic, minimizing side effects, and prolonging the duration of anaesthesia.^[3]

Aim: This study aims to compare the sensory and motor characteristics …

Study Of Maternal And Fetal Outcomes In Pregnancy Complicated By Thyroid Disorders, Sindhu Kumari, Poornima M

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

Background:

Thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism, are common during pregnancy and can significantly impact both maternal and fetal outcomes. Despite advancements in screening and treatment, thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy often remains underdiagnosed, especially in low-resource settings. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, outcomes and effective management strategies of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and outcomes of thyroid dysfunction, including both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, during pregnancy, and their associated maternal and fetal complications.

Methods: This prospective observational study included 281 pregnant women with thyroid disorders attending antenatal care at JSS Hospital, Mysuru, from August 2022 …

Semaglutide And The Evolving Landscape Of Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, Rohan Karkra

Digital Journal of Clinical Medicine

The FDA approved Semaglutide (Wegovy™) on August 15, 2025, for adults with MASLD and moderate to advanced fibrosis (F2–F3), making it the second approved therapy after Resmetirom. MASLD affects up to 38% of adults and is now the leading cause of liver disease. In the phase 3 ESSENCE trial, Semaglutide achieved resolution of steatohepatitis without worsening fibrosis in 62.9% versus 34.3% with placebo, with additional benefits in weight loss and glycemic control. While long-term data remain pending and access barriers exist, this approval marks a significant advance in MASLD therapy with meaningful histologic and metabolic improvements.