Oral Biology and Oral Pathology Commons^™

Clinical Outcomes Of Adjunctive Use Of Oxygen-Releasing Formula In Non-Surgical Treatment Of Periodontal Abscess Associated With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Anil Kumar Kanakamedala, Laxmi Kavya Gangireddy, Gautami S Penmetsa, Sruthima Gottumukkala, Mohan Kumar Pasupuleti, Konathala Santhosh Venkata Ramesh

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of oxygen-releasing formula (ORF) as an adjunct in the non-surgical management of periodontal abscess in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This split-mouth clinical trial was conducted on 14 patients with periodontal abscess with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who were divided into a control group, nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) alone, and a test group (NSPT+ORF). Parameters such as Landry's healing index (HI) were evaluated at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month. Probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing presence or absence (BOP) …

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting In Dental Practice And The Importance Of Pharmacovigilance In Dental Education, Radhakrishna Lagishetty, Lakshmi Ramya T, Kvr Barath Raju, Mohan Kumar Pasupuleti

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a critical component of patient safety; however, ADR monitoring remains underutilized in dentistry. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ADR reporting among undergraduate and postgraduate students and practicing dentists.

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a structured, validated 19-item questionnaire covering socio-demographics, knowledge (6 items), attitude (4 items), and practice (5 items), which was distributed both in person and online. A total of 258 complete responses were analyzed out of 300 individuals contacted (response rate: 86%). Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were applied, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results …

Investigation Of Patients' Use Of Non-Pharmacological Substances In Dental Pain Management, Neslihan Yılmaz Çırakoğlu, Özgenur Kaya

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Dental pain is a complex condition influenced by biological, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Before seeking professional care, many patients attempt to relieve dental pain using self-administered, non-medical agents. This study aimed to investigate patients’ use of non-pharmacological substances in dental pain management and to identify factors influencing these practices.

Methods: The questionnaire consisted of four sections addressing demographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, pain characteristics, and pain-relief agents. Categorical variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test. Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages, while continuous data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and median values. …

Orthodontic Camouflage Treatment Of A Severe Class Iii Skeletal Pattern With Anterior Open Bite: A Case Report, Dikeledi Maureen Letsholo, Mandla Dominic Nyakale, Mosimane Peter Silas Sethusa

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Class III malocclusion combined with anterior open bite (AOB) is one of the most challenging occlusal problems to treat. The objective of this article was to report a case of an adult female patient diagnosed with Class III malocclusion combined with an anterior open bite and a hyperdivergent facial pattern.

Case Report: Camouflage orthodontic treatment with the extraction of maxillary and mandibular first premolars was used to treat the patient. Anterior teeth were retracted maximally against the Nance holding arch and fixed lingual arch appliances, and box elastics were used to close AOB. At the end of …

Predictive Analysis For Success And Complications In Dental Implant Therapy Using Artificial Intelligence Models, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Aysha Jebin A, Isha Dusane, Govind Baheti, Ankita Agarwal, Santosh R Patil

International Arab Journal of Dentistry

Introduction: Dental implant therapy is a predictable treatment for tooth replacement, but its success is influenced by multiple patient, surgical, and systemic factors. Traditional statistical models, such as logistic regression, are limited in capturing nonlinear relationships among these variables. Artificial intelligence (AI) can integrate diverse predictors to enhance clinical risk assessment and improve treatment outcomes.

Objective: To identify key predictors of dental implant success and develop AI-based models capable of accurately forecasting implant outcomes using clinical and surgical parameters.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 172 patients (219 implants) placed between 2020 and 2021. Patient demographics, systemic health …

In Silico Model Of Musa Acuminata Stem As An Anticancer On Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Against Egfr, Nevrila Dewi Rachmayani, Amy Nindia Carabelly, I Wayan Arya Krishnawan Firdaus, Maharani Laillyza Apriasari, Juliyatin Putri Utami

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Citral, eucalyptol, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which are derived from Musa acuminata, have shown anticancer activity. This study evaluated the potential of citral, eucalyptol, and CAPE from Musa acuminata as anticancer agents for OSCC by targeting EGFR using an in silico approach.

Methods: Potential biological activity was predicted using Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online. Molecular docking was conducted with AutoDock Vina, and BIOVIA Discovery Studio was used to analyze binding affinity, interaction types, and bond …

Micro-Ct Evaluation Of Root Canal Transportation And Centering Ability In Mesial Canals Of Mandibular First Molars, Selen Ince Yusufoglu, Esma Saricam, Mert Ocak, Ferhat Geneci, Burak Bilecenoğlu

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: This study aimed to evaluate canal transportation, centering ability, structure model index (SMI), surface area, and root canal volume changes in the mesial canals of mandibular first molars using micro-CT.

Methods: Twenty-four mandibular first molars with two separate mesial canals and moderate curvature were included. Teeth were scanned using micro-CT before instrumentation and randomly divided into three groups (N = 8). Root canals were prepared using OneShape, OneCurve, and Rotate file systems, followed by post-instrumentation micro-CT scanning (10µm/pixel resolution). Changes in canal volume, surface area, transportation, centering ability, and SMI were analyzed at the apical, middle, and …

Evaluation Of An Audiovisual Educational Tool With Reinforcement Messages For Orthodontic Patients: A 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial, Laura Restrepo Quijano, Maria Paula Vasco Gomez, Natalia Hurtado Velasquez, Luis Fabian Benitez Moreno

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Background: Orthodontic treatment increases the risk of bacterial plaque accumulation; therefore, oral hygiene education is essential to prevent complications, but its impact is usually limited when it is not reinforced with effective tools. This study aims to evaluate an audiovisual educational tool with reinforcement messages, compared with a verbal explanation about the proper use of the orthodontic oral hygiene kit.

Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial that included 62 patients randomly assigned to an intervention group: 31 patients who received an educational video plus three reinforcement messages via WhatsApp, and a control group: 31 patients who received …

Pebbly Gingival Nodule In An Older Male, Victoria L. Scarpa D.D.S., M.S., Yussra O. Mahmud M.P.H., B.S., Daria Vasilyeva D.D.S., Ph.D.

The New York State Dental Journal

We herein present a case of a giant cell fibroma in an older adult male that clinically has a pebbly or bosselated surface architecture, mimicking a squamous papilloma. The giant cell fibroma is a fibrous tumor distinct from the common irritation fibroma and may easily be mistaken for a papilloma based on clinical features. This case is reported to provide diagnostic value to the general practitioner.

Oral Pathogens Reprogram Endothelial Barrier And Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme2/Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Nitric Oxide Signaling To Promote Blood Pressure Dysregulation, Ming-Shou Hsieh, Tung-Nien Hsu, Chin-Sheng Huang, Ting-Yi Renn, Kuang-Tai Kuo, Kuo-Yao Lin, Wei Jen Chang

Journal of Dental Sciences

Background/purpose: Although periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, the endothelial mechanisms linking oral inflammation to vascular dysfunction remain unclear. We investigated whether Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) can directly disturb endothelial homeostasis and whether macrophage–endothelial crosstalk further worsens endothelial injury.

Materials and methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to Pg-LPS alone or co-cultured (transwell system) with Pg-LPS-primed human monocytic cells -derived macrophages. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed through nitric oxide (NO) production, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation, inflammatory and adhesion molecule expression, as well as junctional and cytoskeletal changes. Macrophage …

Musculoskeletal Disorders In Dentistry: An Insight Into Dental Techniques And Practices, Mehwash Kashif, Aman Ashar, Amna Rehman, Abdul Aleem, Sidra-Tul-Muntaha Hashmi, Muhammad Yousuf Ali

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common workplace hazards in dentistry resulting from poor ergonomics and static postures, which lead to back, neck, and upper limb (shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand) problems among dentists, resulting in harm to their health, productivity, and career. This study aimed to assess the frequency of MSDs, risk factors related to MSDs, and awareness of ergonomics among clinicians. Methods: Data were collected from 400 dental professionals, including house officers, postgraduate trainees, general dentists, and teachers/consultants, each with at least 12 months of practice. Data were collected using a structured, closed-ended questionnaire. Before data collection, ethical approval …

Cooling Protocols Impact On Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments Cyclic Fatigue Resistance Under Extreme Curvatures And Sodium Hypochlorite, Palak Ravjibhai Ranparia, Chintan Joshi, Mona Somani, Aashray Patel, Urooj Desai, Janki Prajapati

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: In this work, Hyflex CM, TruNatomy, and Plex V heat-treated nickel titanium rotary instruments were evaluated at body temperature (36 °C ± 1 °C) with and without a cooling protocol to assess the cyclic fatigue resistance. Methods: A 90° curved stainless-steel block was used for cyclic fatigue tests on 60 randomly selected rotary instruments, divided into two groups of 30: body temperature (n = 10) and body temperature with cooling (n = 10). Instruments were further subdivided into 6 groups of 3 different instruments. Cooling protocol group instruments received 5-second spray cooling every 30 seconds, along with continuous 5% …

Self-Medication Behavior Of Dental Students With Oral Ulceration Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study In Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Fita Fathaya Iriana, Hendri Susanto, Rosa Amalia

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: Self-medication refers to medication behavior for self-diagnosed symptoms. Oral ulcers are self-medicated lesions in the oral cavity. Dental students have different knowledge about oral cavity lesions and may self-medicate using drugs. This study aimed to determine the self-medication behavior of dental students for oral ulcers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on dental students in the Faculty of Dentistry from different batch years. Purposive sampling was used to select students with oral ulcer lesions in the last six months. A validated and reliable questionnaire was used to assess self-medication behavior. Data collection using the online form. Student behavior …

Neutral Zone Vs. Conventional Denture Fabrication: A Randomized Crossover Study On Denture Performance, Karthik Kannaiyan, Arunima Chauhan, Vijayendranath Nayak, Riyshmaa Devendaran, Dashmita Peterson, Pavittra Kanesan, Vityaa Lakshmi

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objectives: It is challenging to achieve satisfactory outcomes in a complete denture for patients with resorbed residual ridges. Utilization of neutral zone techniques to guide posterior denture tooth arrangement and denture base contouring has been considered for many decades. However, the evidence is still not enough to revise protocols. This study aimed to compare patient satisfaction and stability of neutral zone denture with conventional denture. Methods: A crossover clinical trial was conducted among patients with resorbed mandibular ridges. Each participant received two sets of dentures: one fabricated using the neutral zone technique and one using the conventional method, in a …

Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome: A Report Of Four Cases In One Family, Muhammed Abdullah Çege, Dilek Aynur Çankal, Ebru Binici, Bilge Turhan Bal

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cathepsin C gene and inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The risk of its occurrence is heightened by consanguineous marriages. PLS affects both genders and presents with hyperkeratotic patches on the hands and feet and precocious aggressive periodontitis. Although teeth initially erupt normally, rapid resorption in periodontal tissues leads to swift tooth loss, and prosthetic rehabilitation is complicated due to aggressive alveolar bone resorption. Case report: In 2021, a brother and sister sought dental treatment at Gazi University’s Faculty of Dentistry. After thorough examinations, the brother underwent …

Evaluation Of Dentistry Students' Perceptions And Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence In Kazakhstan, Yasin Yasa, Kubeisin Altynbekov, Nazgul Onaibekova

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: Artificial intelligence’s (AI) potential to analyze medical data and improve patient outcomes is driving its rapid integration into healthcare systems. This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding Kazakhstani dental students’ attitudes toward AI in dentistry. Methods: A survey with 213 participants assessed dental students’ views on AI in dentistry at two Kazakhstani universities. A self-administered questionnaire (22 items) via Google Forms was used to gather data on demographics, baseline knowledge (information sources, understanding of AI principles, and familiarity with dental AI applications), and attitudes/perceptions. Frequency analyses and chi-square tests (p < 0.05) explored the responses. Results: The survey included 213 dental students (mean …

Synthesis And Partial Characterization Of Chitosan Phosphorylation From Marine Cuttlefish Sepia Aculeata (Orbingy, 1848) And Its Antimicrobial Potentials Against Oral Pathogens, Yathin Reddy Putta, Annathai Pitchai, Pasiyappazham Ramasamy

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objectives: This study investigated the synthesis and partial characterization of phosphorylated chitosan extracted from the cuttlebone of Sepia aculeata (Orbingy, 1848) and evaluated its antimicrobial potential against oral pathogens. Methods: The synthesis of phosphorylated chitosan from Sepia aculeata cuttlebone involved several steps: cleaning, deproteinization, demineralization to extract chitin, deacetylation to produce chitosan, and phosphorylation to introduce phosphate groups. Phosphorylation enhances the properties of chitosan, making it a promising candidate for oral health applications. Phosphorylated chitosan was purified and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to confirm structural changes. This process enhances …

Microstructural And Elemental Characterization Of Hydrated Carbonated Hydroxyapatite As Pulp Capping Agent: An In Vitro Study, S.Swathi Priyadharshini, Chinnasamy Ragavendran, J. Ramana Ramya, Anand Sherwood

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Understanding the microstructural and elemental composition of pulp capping materials is crucial for predicting their biocompatibility and effectiveness in promoting pulp healing. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize the microstructural and elemental properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite as a dental pulp-capping material. Methods: Carbonated hydroxyapatite was synthesized using the precipitation method. MTA and Apacal ART were obtained from commercial sources. The materials were prepared into disk-shaped specimens, hydrated in deionized water at 37°C for 14 days, and analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Results: SEM images revealed that MTA exhibited smooth, plate-like crystalline structures surrounded by …

Does Periodontal Treatment During Pregnancy Reduce The Incidence Of Preterm Birth Rates?: A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials, Ashraf Elzer, Raga A. Elzahaf, Hameda Asrafel, Khalid Sassi, Mohamed Jedeh

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: To find out if scaling and root planing for periodontal disease during pregnancy lowers the incidence of preterm births. Methods: This is a meta-analysis study design; searches were conducted in the PubMed database and on Google Scholar between January 2000 and December 2023. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered. The studies will be examined to determine the relationship between non-surgical periodontal treatment and preterm birth rates among pregnant women. Results: Only 14 trials were included out of 194 articles identified. The overall result indicated a statistically significant reduction in preterm birth rate when we use the random …

Enhancing Periodontal Therapy With Non-Invasive Adjunctive Techniques A Comparative Literature Review, Stockton Stohl, Kamran H. Awan

Annual Research Symposium

No abstract provided.

Subgingival Microbiomes Of Healthy And Periodontitis Subjects, Tareq Abdulrasoul

Theses and Dissertations

Background: Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease triggered by the dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome. 16s rRNA sequencing has been used to profile the subgingival plaque samples in healthy and periodontitis subjects. Here, we have collected subgingival plaque samples from subjects and analyzed the microbiome profile from 16s rRNA sequencing. We hypothesized that periodontitis patients will have a different subgingival microbiome profile than that of healthy subjects.

Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from periodontitis and healthy subjects who were indicated for periodontal surgeries (osseous resective and regenerative surgery for periodontitis patients or crown lengthening for healthy …

Histomorphometric Assessment Of Vibrational Forces On The Extended Midpalatal Suture, Aylin Pasaoglu Bozkurt, Özge Özdal Zincir, Asli Emincik

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: This study determined the effects of vibrational forces on bone formation in the retention period of an expanded mid-palatal, histomorphometric suture in a rat model. Methods: Twenty-four 7–8- to 8-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 190.25 ± 15.35 g were separated into groups: only expansion (G1), expansion and 30 Hz vibration application (G2), and expansion and 111 Hz vibration application (G3). After 5 days of expansion, there were 12 days of retention. All animals were sacrificed, and their premaxilla were dissected. A histological examination evaluated the number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and capillaries, the amount of mineralized area, and …

Comparative Evaluation Of Tooth Enamel Surface Microhardness Exposed To Novel Modified Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, Apf Gel And Gc Tooth Mousse, P Rahmath Meeral, Indumathy Pandiyan, Meignana Arumugham

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: The acidic pH of remineralizing agents is beneficial in etching the enamel to facilitate increased remineralization. This study aims to modify the pH of Casein Phosphopeptide Amorphous Calcium phosphate to acidic and evaluate the enamel surface microhardness exposed to acidified CPP ACPF, acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF gel), and conventional CPP ACPF. Methods: The pH of conventional CPP ACPF (GC Tooth Mousse) is acidified. 24 tooth samples were assigned into three groups receiving as follows: Group 1 (n = 8) acidified CPP ACPF, Group 2 (n = 8) APF gel, and Group 3 (n = 8) CPP ACPF for four …

Esthetic Management Of Maxillary Anteriors With Complicated And Uncomplicated Fractures Using Different Fragment Reattachment Approaches, Lavanya A, Rajendra Kumar Tewari, Sharique Alam

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Appropriate management of anterior tooth fracture restores the function and aesthetics and provides a positive psychological impact for the patient. One of the most conservative approaches for such a restoration is reattachment; if a fracture fragment remains attached to the tooth and is available, as in young patients, immediate reporting helps preserve the vitality and long-term defense mechanism. Objective: This case report provides two cases with varied approaches for the management of complicated and uncomplicated crown fractures using reattachment procedures. Case report: During the clinical examination, the first case described the management of an uncomplicated fracture using the …

Contents Of Vol. 31, No.2, August 2024, Dr. Yuniardini Septorini Septorini Wimardhani

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

This is the Cover and the Contents of the Vol. 31 No. 2 2024

Clinical Features Of Anterior Teeth Affected By Molar Incisor Hypomineralization And Treatment Experiences Using Transilluminated Light: A Cross-Sectional Study, Phạm Thanh Ha, Nguyễn Phương Huyen, Phạm Kim Thanh, Lương Minh Hang, Trần Tuấn Anh, Võ Như Trương Ngoc, Lê Khả Anh, Trần Anh Tuan, Tạ Thành Dong

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Classification and resin infiltration treatment of MIH-related permanent anterior teeth are increasingly receiving attention nowadays. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the characteristics of these teeth; and to assess factors regarding treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using transilluminated and reflected light photographs, and the lesion was classified according to its color, size, type, heterogeneity and surface integrity. The data were analyzed using a chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate enamel craze lines (ECL), post-eruptive breakdown (PEB), and treatment procedures. Results: 73 teeth from 46 patients were included, in which 53 teeth had been treated. Size …

Assessment Of Mandibular Incisive Canal And Anterior Loop In Cone Beam Computed Tomography In Vietnamese Mature Patients: A Retrospective Study, Anh Kha Le, Thao Phuong Tran, Tra Thu Nguyen, Loc Nguyen Gia Pham, Trung Thanh Nguyen, Viet Hoang Do

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: This study aimed to assess the anatomical length of the mandibular incisive canal and anterior loop and the distance to surrounding structures. Methods: Our study was conducted on 70 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) films of 70 Vietnamese adult outpatients (40 females, 30 males) at Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam. T-test was applied to assess the difference between the two sides and genders. Results: The mean length of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) was 12.83 ± 5.13 mm. The anterior loop (AL) prevalence was 62.86%, with an average length of 2.37 ± 0.90 mm. The difference between the right and …

Analysis Of Bone Destruction Mechanism By Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans: A Systematic Review, Erik Idrus, Karenina Raihani Amalia Ardiman, Widya Lestari, Masita Mandasari, Sri Angky Soekanto

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Periodontitis is a disease marked by inflammation of the periodontium, caused by biofilms present in the oral cavity, and results in alveolar bone destruction. One of the main hallmarks of periodontitis is the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans, which is generally suppressed by antibiotic administration. The strategy to control A. actinomycetecomitans by small specific peptide inhibitors potentially halts the progression of alveolar bone damage while lowering the risk of antibiotic resistance. The detailed interaction mechanisms of A. actinomycetecomitans and bone cells are fundamental to discovering and constructing the specific inhibitor. Objective : To systematically review the mechanism of bone destruction by …

Role Of Titanium-Reinforced Platelet-Rich Fibrin In Periodontal Tissue Regeneration-A Systematic Review, Bhavya Manchala, Anurag Teju, Mohan Kumar Pasupuleti, Gautami S Penmetsa, Sruthima Gottumukkala, Venkata Lakshmi

Journal of Dentistry Indonesia

Objective: The objective of the study is to demonstrate the efficacy of Titanium reinforced platelet-rich fibrin (T-PRF) as the sole biomaterial amongst the biologics in periodontal regeneration of both soft and hard tissues. Methods: A PUBMED database search is conducted from August 2013 to August 2023. Only original articles, including Randomized controlled clinical trials, cross-sectional studies, prospective studies, and case-control studies, were included. The studies will be analyzed regarding the outcome of the association between T-PRF and periodontal regeneration of both hard and soft tissue. Results: From 35 articles identified, 8 RCTs were included. The use of …

The Effect Of Preparation Design And Thermal Cycling On The Marginal Accuracy Of Hybrid Ceramic Laminate Veneers, Esraa El Bably, Ossama Saleh Abdelghany, Mostafa Aboushahba, Shereen Ahmed Nossair

Future Dental Journal

Aim: This study investigated the effect of preparation design and thermal cycling on the marginal accuracy of hybrid ceramic laminate veneers. Materials and Methods: A total of twenty 3D printed dies of central incisors prepared with 2 preparation designs; butt joint and palatal wrap design were fabricated. Each type of preparation was assigned into 2 subgroups (n=5/each subgroup) according to the type of material used for fabrication of the laminate veneer; hybrid ceramic and lithium disilicate (served as control). Marginal discrepancy was evaluated using a digital microscope before and after thermocycling. Results: Statistically analysis of marginal gaps revealed that before …