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Articles 121 - 150 of 223
Full-Text Articles in Dentistry
Correlation Of Preoperative Analysis Of Cbct Gray Value With Implant Primary Stability, Luis Gerardo Guzman Suarez
Correlation Of Preoperative Analysis Of Cbct Gray Value With Implant Primary Stability, Luis Gerardo Guzman Suarez
All ETDs from UAB
Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlation between the gray values (GV) of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) analyzed by two commonly used implant planning software (coDiagnostiX, and Simplant®) and the primary stability of dental implants by measuring insertion torque value (ITV) and Resonance Frequency Analysis (ISQ). Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight patients planned to receive a total of 102 dental implants (Straumann Bone Level Tapered) were enrolled in the study. At time of implant placement, ITV in Ncm with a Bien-Air iChiropro implant console, resonance frequency analysis (ISQ) with an Osstell device, and the surgeon’s estimated torque of placement …
Volumetric Analysis Of The Lips In Aging African American And Caucasian Males, Matthew Steven Leftwich
Volumetric Analysis Of The Lips In Aging African American And Caucasian Males, Matthew Steven Leftwich
All ETDs from UAB
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE LIPS IN AGING AFRICAN AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN MALES DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS ABSTRACT The purpose of this cross sectional study was to analyze the volumetric changes in lip volume with respect to aging in a population of African American and Caucasian males using three-dimensional imaging technology. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 102 Caucasian males and 90 African American males with balanced faces divided into five age groups distributed as follows:[20-30], [31-40], [41-50], [51-60], [61-70[.Three-dimensional images were obtained using the 3dMDfaceTM camera system. The subjects were placed in front of the camera in natural head position …
Comparison Of Bone Augmentation Techniques In Extraction Sockets: A Soft And Hard Tissue Wound Healing Analysis, Pragya Sharma
Comparison Of Bone Augmentation Techniques In Extraction Sockets: A Soft And Hard Tissue Wound Healing Analysis, Pragya Sharma
All ETDs from UAB
The use of bone grafting materials in sockets after tooth extraction has become a common technique for the preservation of alveolar ridge dimensions for future dental implant placement. A number of growth factors have been used to accelerate healing and shorten the healing period between extraction and implant placement. This study presents a novel application of amniotic tissue allograft used as an adjunct to bone grafting with mineralized bone allograft after tooth extraction. Amniotic tissue contains a myriad of growth factors such as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor …
The Effect Of Temperature On Different Resin Cements Used For Cementing A Milled Titanium Bar, Firas Mourad
The Effect Of Temperature On Different Resin Cements Used For Cementing A Milled Titanium Bar, Firas Mourad
All ETDs from UAB
Purpose: To investigate the effect of acrylic processing on push-out strength of Ti copings luted to Milled Ti frameworks using differing resin cements. Materials and Methods: The experimental design consisted of three groups of 30 specimens each. Three different luting cements were utilized (One for each group), Panavia V5 Dual Cure Kuraray, Multilink Dual Cure Hybrid Ivoclar-Vivadent, and RelyX Unicem-2 self-adhesive 3M. The experimental model consists of trans-mucosal Titanium Coping, Abutment analog, Milled Ti hollow cylinder (9.0mm-OD) represents the milled Ti bar. The Abutment copings were luted to milled-Ti cylinders using the 3 dental cements and an alignment jig to …
Three-Dimensional Facial Morphological Changes From Adolescence To Adulthood In Caucasian And African American Populations, Matthew Davis
Three-Dimensional Facial Morphological Changes From Adolescence To Adulthood In Caucasian And African American Populations, Matthew Davis
All ETDs from UAB
The purpose of this cross sectional retrospective study was to use three dimensional surface imaging to determine gender dimorphism and facial morphological changes from adolescence to adulthood in African American and Caucasian populations. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional images were captured using a laser scanner (Minolta Vivid VI900) and a stereophotogrammatic camera system (3dMDfaceTM). The total sample size included 371 subjects, including the following: 107 African-American adolescents 10–13 years of age, 100 African-American adults 19–30 years of age, 64 Caucasian adolescents 10–13 years of age, and 100 Caucasian adults 18–30 years of age. All subjects had normal body mass index, no …
Effect Of Margin Design On Fracture Strength Of Zirconia Crown, Eleni Voltidi
Effect Of Margin Design On Fracture Strength Of Zirconia Crown, Eleni Voltidi
All ETDs from UAB
Purpose: To compare the fracture load of monolithic Zirconia crowns and E-max crowns with different margin designs and to create a guideline for margin design for monolithic Zirconia crowns. Methods: Digital design of prep maxillary molar tooth was performed with TOC 20 degrees and occlusal reduction 1 mm and axial reduction 1 mm and two different margin designs (group 1: Shoulder 0.8mm group 2: Light Chamfer 0.3mm). Dies were milled using Ultra Crystal material. Monolithic Zirconia crowns were milled (n=9 in group 1 and n=8 in group 2). Crowns were cemented with Rely X luting Plus. The specimens were stored …
16s Rrna Gene Sequencing To Evaluate The Effects Of Six Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics, Kendall Slaton
16s Rrna Gene Sequencing To Evaluate The Effects Of Six Commonly Prescribed Antibiotics, Kendall Slaton
All ETDs from UAB
16s rrna gene sequencing to evaluate the effects of six commonly prescribed antibiotics kendall slaton, dmd dentistry abstract introduction: the rapid antibiotic sensitivity test (rast) is a novel in-office culture and sensitivity system for endodontic infections. the purpose of this research was to validate the rast system as a viable, in-office alternative to antibiotic sensitivity testing using turbidity, to determine antibiotic sensitivities of endodontic infections. methods: aspirates were taken from the root canals of nine necrotic human teeth at the initiation of root canal therapy. these samples were cultured in the rast medium and antibiotic sensitivity to six antibiotics was …
Capacity Of The 3m True Definition Scanner To Make Repeatable Impressions Depending On Placement Of Margins In Relation To Gingival Height., Ricardo Jose Galindo Ramirez
Capacity Of The 3m True Definition Scanner To Make Repeatable Impressions Depending On Placement Of Margins In Relation To Gingival Height., Ricardo Jose Galindo Ramirez
All ETDs from UAB
Purpose: To determine the precision and accuracy of the True Definition Scanner (3M) (TDS) to capture margins at different gingival heights. Materials and Methods: A typodont with soft gingiva and removable indexed Ivorine® teeth was used. Tooth #19 was prepared to fit an all-ceramic crown with a chamfer margin. Spacers placed beneath the prepared tooth elevated #19 in the typodont and controlled the tooth margin height relative to the gingival margin. The TDS was used as an intraoral scanner. A total of 50 scans were made with 5 groups of 10 scans each. In Group 1 (control) the prepared tooth …
Volumetric Analysis Of The Lips In Aging African American And Caucasian Females, David William Bowen
Volumetric Analysis Of The Lips In Aging African American And Caucasian Females, David William Bowen
All ETDs from UAB
The objective of this study was to perform a volumetric analysis of the lips at rest and upon smiling in African American and Caucasian females distributed throughout five age groups. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional surface facial images of 100 African American females and 100 Caucasian females were obtained using the 3dMDTMface system (3dMDface, Atlanta GA). Images were analyzed using the Aging Evaluation Analysis (AEVA) software (Eotech, Paris, France) to assess lip volume at rest and upon smile. The following linear measurements were also calculated upon smiling and non-smiling: subnasale-stomion superius, commissure-commissure, stomion inferius-labiomental sulcus. Gingival display and crown length was …
Cleaning Protocol For Implant Abutment Screws, Rocio Barocio Torano
Cleaning Protocol For Implant Abutment Screws, Rocio Barocio Torano
All ETDs from UAB
Aim: To develop a time and cost effective cleaning protocol for implant abutment screws that are used throughout the fabrication of an implant restoration in the dental laboratory. Materials and Methods: Ninety (90) implant abutment screws (Biohorizons PXAS®) were collected from different dental laboratories after abutment milling and restoration fabrication. Seventy five (75) of these screws were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=15). Each group was cleaned for 1, 5, and 10 minutes in an ultrasonic cleaner and all screws were observed under 40x magnification before and after cleaning. Any debris was collected and weighed by using paper filters. The …
Retentive Strength At The Zirconia Implant Abutment And Titanium Base Interface With Different Surface Treatments, Celin Arce
All ETDs from UAB
Screw-retained zirconia implant crowns with an internal titanium base have favorable mechanical properties compared to single piece zirconia implant crowns; however, they require adequate bonding between the zirconia crown and the titanium base. This study measures the retention between a titanium base and a full contour zirconia implant crown following different surface treatments of their bonded surfaces. Full contour zirconia implant crowns were fabricated to fit a 3.5mm titanium base. The crowns were bonded to the titanium bases following 4 protocols (n=15): no surface treatment (Group 1), MDP-primer on the intaglio of crown and exterior of base (Group 2), alumina …
A Comparison Of Soft Tissue Topographical Norms For The Local Ethnic People Of Zimbabwe And African American Norms Based On 3dmd Soft Tissue Photography, Elvin Bhaskar
All ETDs from UAB
Introduction: The purpose of this study is to determine the soft tissue topographical norms for the local ethnic people of Zimbabwe and compare them with the African American norms based on 3dMD soft tissue photography. The rationale for the study is to evaluate how the soft tissue drape over the facial skeleton correlates with the different soft tissue analysis widely available today. This study seeks to establish an average base on which clinicians can treat people according to their cultural esthetic perceptions. Previous reported studies only evaluate small numbers of populations and it is well known that different races and …
Retention Of Cad/Cam Crowns Luted With A Novel Biomimetic Cement, Nan Xiang
Retention Of Cad/Cam Crowns Luted With A Novel Biomimetic Cement, Nan Xiang
All ETDs from UAB
Objectives: To measure the tensile strength of e.max copings cemented with resin, calcium silicate and calcium phosphate cements following thermocycling. Methods: 40 extracted non-carious mandibular premolar teeth were examined and selected using Keyence microscope for no carious cracks etc.were mounted in acrylic. The teeth were placed in a lathe and prepared to uniform dimensions (22° total taper) using a flat-end tapered diamond bur (846.11.025HP, Brasseler) and a 3mm preparation height. The surface area of the prepared surface was calculated with digital microscopy. The teeth were scanned with a Cerec 3 (Sirona) digital scanner. E.max crowns were milled using Cerec 3 …
Three-Dimensional Age-Related Changes Of The Adult Male Face, Catherine Haynie Haynie
Three-Dimensional Age-Related Changes Of The Adult Male Face, Catherine Haynie Haynie
All ETDs from UAB
Objectives: The adult population is a fast growing subgroup of orthodontic practices. The facial soft tissues of adults are different from adolescents, and there is significant sexual dimorphism in the aging of facial soft tissue. It is imperative for the orthodontist to understand how aging effects the soft tissues of the face, and to know how male and females differ in this process. The objectives of this study include: 1.) Identification of trends in facial aging among a Caucasian male and African American male sample utilizing three-dimensional surface imaging technology. 2.) Comparison of the aging effects between the Caucasian and …
The Comparison Of 3-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Of Adult Korean, Chinese, And Houstonian Caucasian Patients With Class I Malocclusion, Jamie Youngshin Kim
The Comparison Of 3-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Of Adult Korean, Chinese, And Houstonian Caucasian Patients With Class I Malocclusion, Jamie Youngshin Kim
All ETDs from UAB
The purpose of this study is to compare the computer generated facial averages of Korean adults with Chinese and Houstonian Caucasian faces using a three-dimensional surface imaging system. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional images of Korean adults (Seoul, Korea) with Class I malocclusion were captured using the 3dMDTMface, which combines structured light and stereo-photogrammetry techniques. The images of 138 Koreans were processed to generate average male and female facial shells using Rapidform 2006 Plus Pack 2 software. The average Korean facial shells were superimposed and compared to the average shells of Chinese adults (Xi’an, China) and Caucasian adults (Houston, Texas) from …
Anteroposterior (Ap) Relationship Of The Maxillary Central Incisors To The Forehead In Adult African American Females, Matthew Philip Gidaly
Anteroposterior (Ap) Relationship Of The Maxillary Central Incisors To The Forehead In Adult African American Females, Matthew Philip Gidaly
All ETDs from UAB
Objective: Determine the optimal anteroposterior (AP) relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult African American females (AAF). Materials and Methods: Smile profile photographs of 48 AAF with optimal AP incisor positions (control); 49 seeking/wanting orthodontic treatment (Group 1), and 53 not seeking/wanting treatment (Group 2) were acquired. All images were scaled to life-size and printed. The AP position of the maxillary central incisors and forehead inclination were measured relative to reference lines. Results: The mean AP position of the maxillary central incisors relative to Glabella Vertical (GV) for the controls was 8.58 ± 3.96 mm ahead …
Light Transmitting Fiber Posts - An In Vitro Evaluation., Antigoni Stylianou
Light Transmitting Fiber Posts - An In Vitro Evaluation., Antigoni Stylianou
All ETDs from UAB
Objectives: The primary purpose of this study is to measure and compare the light transmission, radiopacity and microscopic structure of a new fiber optic post compared to a clinically successful fiber post. Materials and Methods: A. The radiopacity of seven posts was evaluated in terms of average intensity values calculated in histograms produced by computer-based software. B. The two types of fiber posts were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated by computer-assisted image analysis. C. Two experimental groups with sample size n=12 included the D.T. Light posts and iLumi Fiber Optic posts. Two aluminum assemblies forming two cylindrical …
The Accuracy Of A Clinician's Assessment Of Insertion Torque At Implant Placement, Britany Fabian Matin
The Accuracy Of A Clinician's Assessment Of Insertion Torque At Implant Placement, Britany Fabian Matin
All ETDs from UAB
Background: Primary implant stability contributes to the success of dental implant placement and affects long-term function. Factors that contribute to the primary stability and osseointegration of a dental implant include the quality and quantity of bone present at the site of placement as well as the shape and surface treatment of the implants. There are numerous methods that assist the clinician in determining implant stability during placement and to confirm osseointegration after a period of healing. Their reliability to predict implant success, however, has not been proven. Torque measurements acquired during implant placement have been used as a method for …
A Study Of The Relationship Between Nasion Perpendicular And The True Vertical Line, Jeffrey Shelley
A Study Of The Relationship Between Nasion Perpendicular And The True Vertical Line, Jeffrey Shelley
All ETDs from UAB
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NASION PERPENDICULAR AND THE TRUE VERTICAL LINE JEFFREY ALBERT SHELLEY JR. DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between Nasion perpendicular and the true vertical line between patient groups using cephalometric analysis. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six adolescent patients comprised the sample for this study. Subjects were between 10 and 18 years old, with no major craniofacial deformity. Three groups of patients were divided in to three groups (Class I, Class II and Class III) based on their skeletal antero-posterior relationship. Pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with …
Translucency, Stain Resistance And Hardness Of Composites Used For Invisalign Attachments, Katelyn Bowman Feinberg
Translucency, Stain Resistance And Hardness Of Composites Used For Invisalign Attachments, Katelyn Bowman Feinberg
All ETDs from UAB
The purpose of this study is to compare the translucency parameter, stain resistance and hardness of dental restorative composites and orthodontic adhesives in order to determine an ideal esthetic attachment material for Invisalign® treatment. Materials and Methods: Two dental restorative composites (Filtek™ Supreme Ultra, Tetric EvoCeram®) and three orthodontic adhesives (L.C.R.™, Transbond™ XT, Phase II® Dual Cure) were used in this in-vitro study. 2.0 mm thick samples of each material were fabricated in silicone molds covered with a flat sheet of Invisalign attachment template material. To evaluate the translucency parameter and stain resistance, initial L*a*b* values of each material were …
Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Analysis Of Facial Morphology Of A Colombian Population Compared To Adult Caucasians, Sonia Bravo-Hammett
Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Analysis Of Facial Morphology Of A Colombian Population Compared To Adult Caucasians, Sonia Bravo-Hammett
All ETDs from UAB
Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe the facial morphology of a Colombian population with three-dimensional imaging; and comparing their facial morphology with the Caucasian to create a database for this ethnicity. Materials and Methods: The study included 170 subjects selected from the Valle University in Cali-Colombia; and 1346 Caucasian subjects selected from the Face-Base Data funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. All images were taken on Natural Head Position and captured using a stereo-photogrammetric camera system (3dMDfaceTM); to obtain a three dimensional image of each patient. The subjects were between 19 to 31 …
Preparation Of Zirconia For Bonding Following Salivary Contamination, Pattarika Angkasith
Preparation Of Zirconia For Bonding Following Salivary Contamination, Pattarika Angkasith
All ETDs from UAB
Purpose: To determine the best method of cleaning saliva-contaminated zirconia in order to regain its bond strength. Methods: Flat blocks of zirconia were particle-abraded with aluminum oxide and divided into eight groups (n=10). Groups 1-5 were first treated with 1 coat of an MDP-primer (Z-Prime Plus, Bisco) and groups 5-8 were left untreated. All specimens were contaminated with human saliva for 3 minutes other than the control (group 1). The specimens were then cleaned by rinsing with water for 20 sec (groups 2 and 5), cleaning with 35% phosphoric acid for 20 sec and rinsing (group 3 and 6), cleaning …
In- Vitro Wear Of Four Cad-Cam Materials In The Uab Wear Simulating Device, Ritika Bansal
In- Vitro Wear Of Four Cad-Cam Materials In The Uab Wear Simulating Device, Ritika Bansal
All ETDs from UAB
In- vitro Wear of Four CAD- CAM Materials in the UAB Wear Simulating Device RITIKA BANSAL MS IN CLINICAL DENTISTRY ABSTRACT Hybrid ceramic/polymer blocks represent a new category of CAD/CAM materials that do not require heat treatment following milled fabrication and limited clinically relevant mechanical properties of these materials are available. Purpose: This study measures the hardness, flexural strength, modulus, and wear of 3 ceramic/polymer hybrid materials (LAVA Ultimate, Enamic, and Cerasmart), 2 reference glass ceramics (IPS e.max and Celtra Duo), and 1 reference composite material (Paradigm MZ100). Methods: Flexural strength specimens (n=10) (2.5 Ã 2.5 Ã 16 mm) were …
The Effect Of Bone-Implant Contact And Elastic Modulus In The Biomechanical Stability Of Temporary Anchorage Devices, Ghada Nimeri
The Effect Of Bone-Implant Contact And Elastic Modulus In The Biomechanical Stability Of Temporary Anchorage Devices, Ghada Nimeri
All ETDs from UAB
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the microstrains of compact and trabecular bone caused by loading of different miniscrews at different healing times, and to compare these results to the limits of bone stability maintenance based on the Frost Mechanostat Theory. Materials and Methods: Theoretical calculations of microstrains of bone surrounding 10 different miniscrews were done. These miniscrews were considered under loading forces of 500 gm., and the microstains of both trabecular and compact bone were calculated separately when the thickness of the compact bone was at 1mm or 2mm. The microstrains were calculated at 4 different …
Long-Term Stability Of Lefort I Maxillary Downdraft With Rigid Internal Fixation, Stephen Leonard Strickland
Long-Term Stability Of Lefort I Maxillary Downdraft With Rigid Internal Fixation, Stephen Leonard Strickland
All ETDs from UAB
ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the skeletal and dental stability of a Le Fort I maxillary downgraft after a minimum 4year follow up period. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 18 patients' post-surgical stability after Le Fort I maxillary downgraft performed by a Z-osteotomy. Pre-surgical (T1), post-surgical (T2), post-orthodontic (T3), and long-term follow-up (T4) cephalometric radiographs were digitized and analyzed with Dolphin Imagining via a custom analysis to evaluate linear and angular skeletal and dental relapse. Results - The average Le Fort I maxillary down graft was 3.6mm. The average post-surgical orthodontic phase was 7.4 …
Three-Dimensional Age-Related Changes Of The Adult Face; African American Female Population, Christina Theresa Sutherland
Three-Dimensional Age-Related Changes Of The Adult Face; African American Female Population, Christina Theresa Sutherland
All ETDs from UAB
Objectives: Treatment of older adults is one of the fastest growing areas in orthodontic practice. The objectives of this study are to: 1. Investigate the aging of the female African American face using three-dimensional surface imaging to understand how the soft tissue of the face matures in relation to the teeth and 2.) Compare the effects of aging on African American female faces to aging of Caucasian female faces. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 100 African American females with balanced faces. Five age groups (in years) were included: [20-30], [31-40], [41-50], [51-60], [61-70]. Three-dimensional (3D) surface images of …
Consequences Of Trps1 Deficiency On Dentinogenesis, Morgan Goss
Consequences Of Trps1 Deficiency On Dentinogenesis, Morgan Goss
All ETDs from UAB
Dentinogenesis is a complex process of dentin formation. It involves differentiation of odontoblasts, the cells that make dentin, and the formation of a unique extracellular matrix, known as dentin. Dentin is ultimately produced through the interaction of collagen fibers, non-collagenous proteins and hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals. Odontoblasts are cranial neural crest (CNC) ectomesenchymal derived cells. Trps1 is a novel transcription factor believed to play an important role in both tooth formation and the mineralization process. TRPS1 gene mutations are known to result in dental and skeletal abnormalities manifested in humans as tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) and Ambras syndrome. Trps1 expression varies throughout …
Intra-Oral Scanning Devices Compared To Traditional Digital Impressions, Terpsithea Christou
Intra-Oral Scanning Devices Compared To Traditional Digital Impressions, Terpsithea Christou
All ETDs from UAB
The aim of this study is to review the state of art concerning 3D optical acquisition techniques and devices currently used in Orthodontics, and determine whether a commercial intra-oral scanner is as accurate as traditional impressions for orthodontic purposes. Materials and Methods: Records of 30 subjects were prospectively acquired and digital models were obtained using an intra-oral scanner, LythosTM by Ormco, and an extra-oral scanner, GOM ATOS Triple Scan II by GOM. Seven parameters indicating linear measurements from predetermined landmarks were measured and analyzed. Paired t tests, plots and bars and Bland and Altman Analysis were used to compare and …
Upper Incisors Position Changes After Orthodontic Treatment In Class I, Ii And Iii Malocclusions, Konstantinos Bakos
Upper Incisors Position Changes After Orthodontic Treatment In Class I, Ii And Iii Malocclusions, Konstantinos Bakos
All ETDs from UAB
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maxillary central incisor position changes after orthodontic treatment in Class I, II and III malocclusions. Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated nighty non extraction orthodontic Class I, II and III cases which were collected randomly from the Orthodontic clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Institutional Review Board of the University of Alabama at Birmingham approved the study. All the chosen cases were treated with fixed appliances and according to the standards of American Board of Orthodontics. All the lateral cephalo-metric radiographs were taken using …
Retention Of Cad/Cam Crowns Luted With Resin Cements And Rmgi, Shruti Sushilkumar Sonavane
Retention Of Cad/Cam Crowns Luted With Resin Cements And Rmgi, Shruti Sushilkumar Sonavane
All ETDs from UAB
Objectives: To measure retention of lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Viva-dent) and zirconia reinforced lithium disilicate (CELTRATM DUO, Dentsply) copings luted using resin cements and resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Methods: 110 Extracted human, non-carious mandibular 2nd premolars (n=10) were embedded in PVC cylinders with acrylic resin and placed into a lathe to produce a uni-form crown preparation (22°-convergence & 3mm-height). Following the orientation groove placement (69L bur), preparations were scanned and milled using a CEREC 3D/Sirona machine to produce e.max and CELTRATM DUO crowns. Preparations were imaged with a digital microscope (Keyence/VHX-600-20X) and the surface area of each crown …