Dentistry Commons^™

Assessment Of Maximal Incisal Opening Using Autogenous Inlay Eminoplasty Technique For Treatment Of Chronic Recurrent Temporo Mandibular Joint Dislocation, Mustafa Abdelkawy, Youssef Elmansi, Ahmed Shehab, Mohamed Mounir, Ragia Mounir

Future Dental Journal

Purpose: Different surgical protocols have been introduced for eminence augmentation for treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation, The aim of this study is to assess maximal incisal opening (MIO) using inlay (sandwich osteotomy) autogenous block augmentation harvested from patient’s symphesis for more stable condylar movements . Methods: five patients were treated in this study (10 joints) with bilateral autogenous inlay block bone grafting technique, each autogenous cortico-cancellous bone block was harvested from chin and wedged at the created defect of the eminence through a green stick fracture to increase its height . Results: The follow up period …

Clinical Assessment Of Arthroscopic Temporomandibular Joint Discopexy Using Wire Fixation Technique, Abanoub Sliem, Ahmed Barakat, Sameh Mekhemer, Reem Hossameldin

Future Dental Journal

Introduction Anterior disc displacement is one of the most frequent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, which often results in clicking, joint pain, a limited range of motion and masticatory difficulties.Methodology Four subjects (with a total number of six joints) who had significant pain and dysfunction that did not respond to non-surgical therapy, went into arthroscopic disc repositioning using wire fixation for 3 weeks then it was removed, and the patient continued on occlusal splints.Results After six months postoperatively, there was a significant increase in the MIO (Maximum incisal opening) and an insignificant decrease in the pain perception in the …

Effect Of Thickness On Translucency And Masking Ability Of A Recently Developed Single-Shade Resin Composite With Enhanced Opacity: An In Vitro Comparative Study, Sayed Mohamed Ghorab, Hagag Abd Elkader Atya

Future Dental Journal

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thickness changes on translucency and masking ability of a recently developed single shade resin composite material with enhanced opacity comparing it with a traditional opaque-shade one.

Material and methods: Two brands of composite resins; Omnichroma blocker (OCB) and G-aenial Anterior (GA) in opaque A2 (OA2) shade were selected to enroll the study. Color coordinates of each composite were determined at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm thicknesses (n=10/thickness) on four different backgrounds (white baking, black baking, C4 shade porcelain baking and the backing of material itself) by using a …

Influence Of Etching Methods On The Shear Bond Strength Of A Universal Adhesive System To Sound And Artificial Caries-Affected Dentin, Omnia M. Sami, Essam A. Naguib, Rasha H. Afifi, Shaymaa M. Nagi

Future Dental Journal

Abstract:

This study tested the effect of different etching methods on the bond strength of a universal adhesive system to caries-affected (CAD)and sound dentin. Methods: forty premolars were wet grinded to expose flat occlusal midcoronal dentin. Specimens were equally divided according to the substrate; sound and (CAD) by exposing to pH-cycling for 14 days. Each dentin substrate was bonded with Single Bond^TM universal adhesive applied either after no etching or etching of dentin, then resin composite was built up. Specimens were tested for shear bond strength (SBS). The data was analyzed by two-ways ANOVA. Results: Single Bond^TM universal …

Retention Loss Of Locator Attachment System Different Retention Caps For Two Implant Retained Mandibular Overdenture., Medhat Sameh Abdelaziz, Aya Fawzy, Rami Maher Ghali, Hossam I. Nassar

Future Dental Journal

Abstract

Purpose. The objective of this invitro study was to evaluate gradual loss of retention at different time intervals between four different colour coded retentive caps of locator R-TX attachment system through 3000 cycles resembling 3years of attachment usage.

Material and Methods. According to prosthetically driven implant placement, two implants were digitally planned and placed by 3D printed surgical stent in an epoxy model. Forty-eight mandibular complete dentures divided into four groups (12 dentures for each group) were constructed to compare Loss of retention between (12 pairs of locator R-TX each retention cap: zero retention, low retention, medium retention and …

Evaluation Of Strength Of Different Resin Materials Used In Overdenture, Mohamed Emam, Hesham E. Alam El Deen, Hamdy Abu El Fotoh, Ayman Fateen

Future Dental Journal

Introduction: Finding a suitable material that could be used to restore relatively small inter-arch spaces in which reasonable aesthetics as well as good functional strength could be achieved is a difficult process that requires good understanding of the clinical situation and precise management. Historically Metal used to offer the smallest possible thickness with excellent strength but lacks resiliency with poor aesthetics.

Aim of the study: This In-vitro study was conducted to compare two different aesthetic materials PEEK and ACETAL regarding their mechanical strength when used as Overdenture framework in a relatively small thickness.

Material and Methods: 120 specimens were …

Evaluation Of Incorporating Bracing Arm In Precision Attachment Unilateral Removable Partial Denture, Hussein El Charkawi, Aya Fawzy, Mohamed M. Dohiem

Future Dental Journal

ABSTRACT

Purpose: This Randomized Control Trial study aimed to compare between two designs of Precision Attachment Unilateral Removable Partial Denture, one conventional design and the other modified with bracing arm and mesial rest.

Materials and Methods: twenty male patients having Kennedy Class II mandibular edentulous ridges received the two designs in a split mouth study for a follow-up period of eighteen months. Probing Pocket Depth around abutment was measured. A standardized radiographic technique was used to evaluate bone height changes.

Results: The results showed insignificant pocket depth and bone height changes in the two groups.

Conclusion: Precision Attachment Unilateral Removable …

The Effect Of Thickness And Accelerated Aging On Opalescence Of Different Ceramic Materials, Omar Hussein Abdelbary, Marwa Mohamed Wahsh, Ashraf Hussein Sherif, Tarek Salah Morsi

Future Dental Journal

Purpose: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ceramic material type and thickness on opalescence before and after accelerated aging. Materials and methods: 180 all-ceramic slices were divided into three groups (n=60) according to the ceramic material (InCoris TZI, Empress CAD HT, and Empress CAD LT). Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups (n = 15) according to their thickness (0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1 mm and 1.2 mm).). CIE Lab coordinates were measured for each slice against black and white backgrounds using intraoral spectrophotometer and OP was calculated. All specimens were subjected to …

Antibacterial Effect Of Azadirachta Indica (Neem Extract) And Chlorhexidine As Cavity Disinfectants In Primary Teeth In A Group Of Egyptian Children (A Randomized Clinical Trial), Maha Samy Elhabbak, Norhan El-Dokky, Manal Elsheikh, Eman Alaa

Future Dental Journal

Introduction: The prevention and control of caries requires the eradication of cariogenic microorganisms that produce acids responsible for reducing the pH and starting the demineralization process. With the increasing incidence of drug resistance in the prevalent pathogens and an associated risk with chemotherapeutic agents, it is essential to find an alternative to existing drugs.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neem extract and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as cavity disinfectants in the reduction of total viable count in Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) in children.

Subjects and Methods: The study included two test …

Evaluation Of Remaining Dentin Thickness After Manual And Rotary Instrumentation In Primary Molars Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. (An In-Vitro Study), Nada Ashraf Eldemery, Osama Elshehawy, Rania Abdulla Nasr, Mahmoud Mohammed Badr

Future Dental Journal

Aim: To compare the radicular dentin thickness before and after instrumentation by manual stainless-steel (K-files) versus rotary files (AF™ Baby File) at coronal, middle, and apical thirds using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT).

Materials and Methods: Forty roots of extracted mandibular primary molars were collected, and randomly and equally divided into 2 groups. Manual Group was prepared by K-files, and Rotary Group was prepared by rotary AF™ Baby File system. Samples were decapitated and stabilized in epoxy resin blocks. Samples were subjected to CBCT scan before and after instrumentation for radicular dentin thickness evaluation at 3 measuring points; apical, …

Resin Infiltration Versus Acid Micro-Abrasion In The Treatment Of White Spot Lesions In Fixed Orthodontic Patients, Hend S. Elsayed, Ahmed Mahran, Wagih Kadry, Fady Fahim

Future Dental Journal

Background: White spot lesions (WSls) are frequently occurring side effects of fixed orthodontic treatment. The lesions may progress to cavities. Their treatment is costly and time-consuming. Icon infiltrant and Opalustre are painless micro-invasive procedures that improve the color of the WSLs. Aim: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare resin infiltration and acid micro-abrasion. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients, with ninety post-orthodontic white spot lesions, were randomly divided into two groups. Icon resin infiltrant was applied in one group and Opalustre acid micro-abrasion in the other. The caries score was measured with ICDAS-II. The patients recorded their …

Evaluation Of Facial Soft Tissue Changes In Excessive Gingival Display Cases After Le Forte I Maxillary Impaction Surgery Using 3d Facial Surface Laser Scanner, Ahmed Mohamed Hazem Alshazly A.Al Shazly, Mostafa Mohamed Sayed Taha, Ahmed Abdelmoniem Barakat, Mohamed Diaa Zein El Abdien

Future Dental Journal

Introduction: Facial soft tissue changes in relation to hard tissue movements after orthognathic surgery cases is always of concern to patients , surgical and orthodontics teams. The aim of the present study was to assess facial soft tissue changes and stability using 3D facial laser scanner after orthognathic surgery Le Forte I maxillary impaction in excessive gingival display patients. Methods: The subjects consisted of 12 patients with skeletal vertical maxillary excess (VME) causing an aesthetic concern to the patients in the form of “Gummy smile”, who underwent LeFort I osteotomy with maxillary impaction, Three-dimensional images of the patients …

The Influence Of Three Root Canal Irrigation Methods On Post-Operative Pain “Randomized Clinical Trial”., Nouran Aser Elafify, Ahmed Abdelrahman Hashem, Wael Hussein Kamel, El-Saeed Abdel Hafiz

Future Dental Journal

Abstract:

Aim: This clinical study was designated to evaluate the influence of three root canal irrigation activation methods on post-operative pain using the Visual analogue scale VAS. Material and Methods: 78 patients having symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular first molar with no periapical involvement. ProTaper Next rotary files were used for root canal preparation, then randomized into three equal groups according to the technique used for final irrigation agitation technique where each group have 26 cases (n=26 ) . Group A: received irrigation with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite with NaviTip (31-gauge 27 mm) with double side port irrigator tip (SVN) without …

Retention Of Rapid Prototyped Complete Dentures Using Two Different Types Liquid Resin, Lina Khalaf Ismail, Mohammed Farouk Abdullah, Mohammed Mahmoud Dohiem

Future Dental Journal

Objectives: Comparing the retention of upper complete denture manufactured using two different denture base materials, both of them were manufactured using rapid prototyping method.

Methods: Nineteen patients were selected. For both groups, the dentures were manufactured using Rapid prototyping method following the next steps, a preliminary impression was made & trial denture bases were constructed on the primary casts for the upper & lower arches for a jaw relation record. A facebow record was used to mount the upper cast, while the lower cast was mounted using a centric relation record. Setting of artificial teeth was performed, then the denture …

Effect Of Hydrothermal Aging On Translucency Of Different Types Of Zirconia And Lithium Disilicate At Variable Thicknesses, Tarek Salah Morsi, Mennatallah M. Wahba

Future Dental Journal

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of hydrothermal aging on translucency parameter (TP) of different zirconia ceramics in different thicknesses. Material and Methods: This is an in-vitro study in which translucency of six pre-sintered and pre-shaded zirconia materials (In Coris ZI, In Coris TZI, Bruxzir Solid, KATANA HT, KATANA ST, and KATANA UT) was compared to a low-translucency, lithium disilicate glass-ceramic material (IPS e.max CAD LT, Ivoclar Vivadent). The ceramic blocks were cut in the form of plates of dimensions (14x10 mm) and of different thicknesses (0.5, 0.7,1 mm). Thirty specimens of …

Assessment Of Association Between Pain And Root Resorption During Canine Retraction: An Exploratory Study, Hend S. Elsayed

Future Dental Journal

Background: Pain and root resorption are common adverse events reported in the orthodontic literature. Both are side effects of the sterile inflammatory tissue reaction related to the application of orthodontic force. Aim: The aim of this exploratory study was to assess the association between pain and root resorption during canine retraction. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients indicated for first premolar extraction and canine retraction were recruited. All patients were treated with 0.022” X 0.028” Roth prescription brackets. After leveling and alignment, canines were retracted over 0.017” X 0.025” stainless steel arch wires. Canines were retracted with elastomeric chains applying 150g …

Efficacy Of Psychological Interventions In The Reduction Of Orthodontic Pain At Its Peak Of Intensity In Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Mahmoud Mando Dr., Sameh Talaat Dr.

Future Dental Journal

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of psychological interventions in the reduction of orthodontic pain at its peak of intensity.

Data sources: A search strategy was implemented using both manual hand search and electronic databases, including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and EBSCO.

Resources selection Randomized controlled trials involve 1) patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment 2) minimum age of 10 years old, 3) receiving a psychological intervention to control resulted pain and discomfort, 4) medically fit and 5) no previous orthodontic treatment, were included in the systematic review. All articles were checked against the inclusion and …

The Interleukin-17 (Il-17) Concentration In Saliva Of Patients With Oral Lichen Planus, Mai Talaat Elgendi, Radwa Ragheb Hussien, Ahmed Abdel Aziz Hassan, Olfat Shaker

Future Dental Journal

Background: The aim of the present study was to measure the clinical and pain score in these patients and to measure the level of IL-17 in saliva of patients having different forms of Oral lichen planus lesions (OLP).

Subjects and methods: According to sample size calculation, the present study was done on a total of 40 subjects divided into 3 groups Group (I) Twenty patients having erosive/atrophic OLP. Group (II) Ten patients having reticular OLP and Group (III) Ten healthy control patients. Salivary samples were collected from the subjects of the three groups to evaluate the levels of IL-17 using …

Clinical Periodontal Assessment Following The Adjunctive Use Of Lycopene And Vitamin C In Non Surgical Therapy Of Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Nevein Mohammed Osama Algammal, Nivine Ibrahim Ragy, Mohammed Wagdy Bissar, Mohammed El-Mofty

Future Dental Journal

Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of chronic periodontitis patients by clinical measurement of pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) following non-surgical periodontal treatment with adjunctive use of lycopene and vitamin C.

Subjects and Methods: 42 eligible systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis assigned to each group after assessment of clinical parameters plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), were recorded. Cases were allocated into 3 groups by computerized randomization, 14 patients each group (n = 14). Group I (Lycopene): patients were supplemented with 10 mg lycopene soft gels once daily for …

Evaluation Of Locally Delivered 1.2% Atorvastatin Gel Versus 2% Melatonin Gel As Adjunctive To Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy On Gcf Osteocalcin Level In Stage Ii Periodontitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Sarah Gamal Moussa

Future Dental Journal

Abstract:

Objective: Atorvastatin (ATV) and melatonin have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and were suggested to have positive effects when used in periodontitis cases. In periodontitis, osteocalcin (OC) was suggested to be a bone formation marker. Regarding bone turnover in periodontium, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) osteocalcin levels are more accurate than salivary or serum levels.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of local delivery of ATV gel and melatonin gel as adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of stage II periodontitis patients.

Subjects and method: Thirty-six patients having stage II periodontitis …

The Effect Of Doxorubicin And Thioridazine On Squamous Carcinoma Cell Line, Bassant Mahmoud Moustafa

Future Dental Journal

Abstract

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers occupying the sixth position worldwide. PI3k/Akt signaling pathway plays a significant role in regulating diverse cellular functions. This includes cell growth, proliferation and survival via inhibition of apoptosis, transcription and protein synthesis. One of the most acknowledged and approved chemotherapeutic agents is Doxorubicin (DOX) which is a non- selective class I anthracycline. In spite of DOX being one of the most acknowledged chemotherapeutic agents, its use has been limited by its toxic side effects and the development of chemoresistance. Nowadays, Thioridazine (TZ) which is …

Accuracy Of Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging In Differentiation Between Malignant And Non-Malignant Maxillofacial Lesions, Rana M. Ashraf, Mostafa S. Ashmawy, Mena E. Y. Ekladious, Gihan A. Omar, Mona Abu El Fotouh

Future Dental Journal

Objectives: to evaluate the signal characteristics of Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWMRI) of maxillofacial intraosseous lesions and their corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and assess their ability to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant lesions.

Methods: This study included 17 patients (10 males and 7 females) selected from the outpatients’ clinic of Oral Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-shams University. They were examined by MRI machine; Philips 1.5 Tesla Achieva, Netherlands using DWMRI, T1 and T2 sequences and ADC values were measured.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference between T1 signal distributions among patients with …

The Potential Ameliorating Effect Of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells On The Tongue Papillae Of Rats With Experimentally Induced Hypothyroidism, Aya Reyad, Rehab Abdel Moneim

Future Dental Journal

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential ameliorating effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on tongue papillae of rats with experimentally induced hypothyroidism using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and fluorescent microscopic evaluation. Material and Methods: For this study 30 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups (ten rats each): (1) Control group: The rats allowed to access freely balanced diet and freshwater supply during the course of the experimental period (8 weeks). (2) Hypothyroidism group: To induce hypothyroidism the rats received carbimazole dissolved in distilled water (5 mg/250g body weight/day) for 35 …

Treatment Of Implant Labial Soft Tissue Dehiscence With Guided Bone Regeneration Vs Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft. A Randomized Clinical Trial, Mahmoud El-Rayes, Waleed F. Esmael, Mohamed Atef, Lobna Abdelaziz

Future Dental Journal

Background: Implant soft tissue dehiscence is a frequently reported esthetic complication, that more often than not affects the functional integrity of the dental implant with eventual loss of osteointegration. Many treatment modalities with different success rates have been proposed aiming to solve this complication or prolong the survival of the dental implant, of which are guided bone regeneration and soft tissue regeneration around the affected implants.

Material and Methods: This prospective study was carried in the hospital of Future University. 11 Patients (1 Male – 10 Females) with 20 Maxillary implant sites demonstrating soft tissue dehiscence were randomly allocated to …

Three-Dimensional Maxillary Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Using Modified Cortical Shell Technique And Composite Bone Graft, Mostafa Azab, Mohammed Diaa, Waleed El-Beialy, Amr Amin Ghanem

Future Dental Journal

Objective: The present study was performed to assess the 3D alveolar ridge augmentation using the cortical shell from retromolar region and composite bone particulate regarding the width of the residual alveolar ridge. Methods: Thirteen patients with age range 21-40 years old having atrophic anterior maxillary ridge ≤3mm horizontally were included in the study. All patients were subjected to ridge augmentation using composite bone graft and retromolar cortical shell that was fixed in place by two micro-screws. The alveolar ridges were assessed and compared by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the pre-operative, immediate and 4 months post-operative phases by taking …

Postoperative Pain After Different Root Canal Irrigant Activation Methods; (Randomized Clinical Trial), Yasmine Ashraf Abou Khalaf, Ahmed Abdelrahman Hashem, Wael H. Kamel, Mahmoud Mohamed Badr

Future Dental Journal

Objective: This study was designated to evaluate postoperative pain in irreversible symptomatic teeth after different irrigation activation methods using visual analogue scale. Materials and Methods:78 Patients having symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in mandibular first molar (vital pulp) with no periapical involvement were involved in the study. Cases were classified into three groups according to the the final irrigation agitation method used, twenty-six patients each group (n=26). Group A: Root canals were irrigated using NaOCl2* 2.6% with NaviTip (31-gauge 27mm) with double side port irrigator tip (SVN). Group B: Root canals were irrigated using 2.6% NaOCl with manual dynamic agitation using master …

Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Simulating A Periodontal Disease: A Case Report, Adham Fahmy, Abanoub Selim, Yara Youssef, Iman Mostafa, Hala El-Kammar

Future Dental Journal

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MCS) is a rare high-grade variant of chondrosarcoma. MSC`s represent about 1% to 9% of chondrosarcomas. Less than 500 cases of MCS have been reported in literature, so far. As opposed to other variants, MSC develops outside of the bone in almost third of the cases. Pain and swelling are the most common symptoms at presentation. The overall prognosis of MSC is poor, with frequent distant metastases. Histopathologically, MCS typically exhibits a biphasic pattern consisting of both small cells, and islands of atypical cartilage. The immunohistochemical profile of this lesion overlaps with several other entities. Resection with wide …

Evaluation Of Mucograft® In Increasing The Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Thickness In The Esthetic Zone., Sarah Gamal Moussa, Nivine Ibrahim Ragy, Khaled Abdel Ghaffar

Future Dental Journal

Objective: To study the effect of Collagen matrix Mucograft (CM) in enhancing the soft tissue thickness around immediate implants (II) in comparison to palatal connective tissue grafts (SCTG).

Subjects & methods: This randomized, controlled clinical trial included 16 patients, who were randomly divided into test (IIP +CM) and control (IIP+SCTG) groups. Clinical parameters evaluated at baseline, 3-months, and 6-months were papillary bleeding index (PBI), gingival index (GI), facial probing depth (FPD), palatal probing depth (PPD). Direct measurements of gingival thickness were evaluated at baseline and 6-months follow up. Pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES) were evaluated at …

Influence Of Leucocyte Platelet Rich Fibrin (L-Prf) On Guided Tissue Regeneration Using Perforated Membrane (Randomized Clinical Trial), Mariam Samir Nabih, Nivine Ibrahim Ragy, Waleed Abbas Nada, Ahmed Youssef Gamal

Future Dental Journal

Background: Passage of gingival fibroblasts/gingival mesenchymal stem cells through macro-perforated barrier membranes may allow them to contribute positively in periodontal regeneration. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of use of Leucocyte Platelet Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) on periosteum-derived stem/ progenitor cells (PDPCs) and gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) encouraging their passage through membrane perforations. Methods: twenty patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups; Group I perforated membrane (PM): included intrabony defects treated by perforated membranes. Group II Leucocyte-platelet rich fibrin + perforated membrane (L-PRF + PM): included intrabony defects treated by Leucocyte platelet rich fibrin & perforated …

Effect Of Different Surface Treatments On Bond Strength To Tetragonal And Cubic Zirconia, Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelnaby, Moustafa Nabil Aboushelib, Ossama Saleh Abdelghany, Amr El-Etreby

Future Dental Journal

Background: Dental zirconia has been widely used due to its superior mechanical properties. However, traditional etching techniques and surface treatments are generally ineffective on zirconia surfaces due to its inertness and lack of a silica phase. Hence, various surface treatments are applied to improve bonding to zirconia.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different surface treatments: low pressure air borne particle abrasion, selective infiltration etching and fusion sputtering on bond strength to both Tetragonal zirconia and Cubic zirconia.

Materials and Methods: Ninety two specimens of zirconia were used in this study. Two of …