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Articles 301 - 330 of 461
Full-Text Articles in Communication Sciences and Disorders
Traditional Treatment And Altered Auditory Feedback Lead To Intelligibility Benefits In A Subset Of Speakers With Parkinson Disease, Christopher Dromey
Traditional Treatment And Altered Auditory Feedback Lead To Intelligibility Benefits In A Subset Of Speakers With Parkinson Disease, Christopher Dromey
Faculty Publications
Because relatively little evidence has been published that compares the long-term effects of different dysarthria treatments, the authors undertook a study to document changes in speech rate and intelligibility in response to two types of intervention. Rate control is taught in many speech-language pathology training programs as a means to improve speech intelligibility, and thus it was a logical choice for the present study. Likewise, AAF has been shown to impact both normal and disordered speech, in most cases resulting in reduced rate. In theory, either approach should have a positive effect on speech, since individuals with neuromotor control deficits …
The Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Cantonese Speech Audiometry Materials, Shawn L. Nissen, Richard W. Harris, Ron W. Channell, Brooke Conklin, Misty Kim, Lena Wong
The Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Cantonese Speech Audiometry Materials, Shawn L. Nissen, Richard W. Harris, Ron W. Channell, Brooke Conklin, Misty Kim, Lena Wong
Faculty Publications
Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate speech audiometry materials that can be used to measure word recognition (WR) and speech recognition testing (SRT) in quiet for native speakers of Cantonese. Study Sample: Commonly used bisyllabic and trisyllabic Cantonese words were digitally recorded by native male and female talkers and then evaluated by twenty normal-hearing Cantonese listeners. Design: The recorded bisyllabic words were psychometrically evaluated and arranged into four WR lists and eight half-lists that are relatively homogeneous in audibility. Using logistic regression, SRT materials were developed by selecting 28 trisyllabic words with relatively steep …
The Acoustic Effects Of Vowel Equalization Training In Singers, Christopher Dromey, Emily Heaton, J. Arden Hopkin
The Acoustic Effects Of Vowel Equalization Training In Singers, Christopher Dromey, Emily Heaton, J. Arden Hopkin
Faculty Publications
Vowel equalization is a technique that can be used by singers to achieve a more balanced vocal resonance, or chiaroscuro, by balancing corresponding front and back vowels, which share approximate tongue heights, and also high and low vowels by means of a more neutral or centralized lingual posture. The goal of this single group study was to quantify acoustic changes in vowels following a brief training session in vowel equalization. Fifteen young adults with amateur singing experience sang a passage and sustained isolated vowels both before and after a 15 minute training session in vowel equalization. The first two …
The Influence Of Language Production, Comprehension, And Pragmatic Judgment On Prosocial Behavior In Children With Language Impairment, Nicole Yvette Weber
The Influence Of Language Production, Comprehension, And Pragmatic Judgment On Prosocial Behavior In Children With Language Impairment, Nicole Yvette Weber
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between language skills and prosocial behavior in 37 children with language impairment (LI) and 37 typically developing peers matched for age (ranging from 6;11 to 11;1 years). The influence of gender on this relationship was also considered. Three different subtests of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999) were used to evaluate language ability in the areas of language comprehension, language production and pragmatic judgment skills. The Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (C. H. Hart & Robinson, 1996) was used to evaluate prosocial behavior. The current study replicated previous research …
Samoan Speech Audiometry: Developing Word Recognition Materials For Native Speakers Of Samoan, Emma Lilian Kruger
Samoan Speech Audiometry: Developing Word Recognition Materials For Native Speakers Of Samoan, Emma Lilian Kruger
Theses and Dissertations
Hearing can be evaluated through the presentation of tones or speech. Speech audiometry determines an individual's speech recognition threshold and word recognition score. Traditionally these materials were developed using familiar, frequently used, monosyllabic words. Currently, there are various types of word recognition materials including those which use word lists, short half-lists, and materials which use sentences level stimuli with competing noise. Word recognition materials were first developed in Standard American English; today, materials are now readily available in many other languages. When possible, word recognition materials are developed digitally to standardize their presentation. Currently, no recorded word recognition materials are …
Brain Mapping Of The Mismatch Negativity And The P300 Response In Speech And Nonspeech Stimulus Processing, Skylee Simmons Neff
Brain Mapping Of The Mismatch Negativity And The P300 Response In Speech And Nonspeech Stimulus Processing, Skylee Simmons Neff
Theses and Dissertations
Previous studies have found that behavioral and P300 responses to speech are influenced by linguistic cues in the stimuli. Research has found conflicting data regarding the influence of phonemic characteristics of stimuli in the mismatch negativity (MMN) response. The current investigation is a replication of the study designed by Tampas et al. (2005), which studied the effects of linguistic cues on the MMN response. This current study was designed to determine whether the MMN response is influenced by phonetic or purely acoustic stimuli, and to expand our knowledge of the scalp distribution of processing responses to within- and across-category speech …
Frequency Response Of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models With Linear And Nonlinear Material Properties, Stephanie M. Shaw
Frequency Response Of Synthetic Vocal Fold Models With Linear And Nonlinear Material Properties, Stephanie M. Shaw
Theses and Dissertations
Previous studies have shown the importance of cricothyroid muscle activation in altering fundamental frequency in the human voice. Other studies have investigated the non-linear properties of vocal fold tissue and the impact of this non-linearity on frequency response. Several physical models of the vocal folds have been made for research purposes. However, all have been isotropic in nature with linear stress-strain properties. The purpose of this study was to create a physical model with non-linear stress-strain properties to investigate the frequency response of the model as cricothyroid muscle activation was simulated (in other words, as the vocal folds were stretched …
An Acoustic And Perceptual Investigation Of Contrastive Stress In Children, Anita Susan Dromey
An Acoustic And Perceptual Investigation Of Contrastive Stress In Children, Anita Susan Dromey
Theses and Dissertations
Key aspects of prosody have been studied in adults for a number of years; however, less attention has been paid to the acoustic patterns of prosody in children. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate how a group of 20 pre-adolescent children use prosody to mark contrastive stress compared to a control group of adult speakers. It was of interest to investigate whether the children's use of prosody differed between boys and girls or the part of speech being emphasized. The prosodic patterns of contrastive stress were evaluated in terms of duration, fundamental frequency, and intensity change …
Variability Of Syntactic Complexity In Persons With And Without Multiple Sclerosis, Kristin Diane Bjorkman
Variability Of Syntactic Complexity In Persons With And Without Multiple Sclerosis, Kristin Diane Bjorkman
Theses and Dissertations
Several recent studies have suggested that persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) have diminished syntactic complexity. A greater variability in responses to a variety of tasks has also been noted for persons with MS. However, naturalistic data on syntactic complexity and the complexity's variability in persons with MS have not been examined. In the present study, 8 volunteers with MS (age 18-70 years) and 10 adults without MS participated in both a 15-minute conversational language sample and a sentence completion task in two different sessions. No significant differences were found between groups on any measure, and variability within the groups was …
Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Recognition Threshold Materials For Native Speakers Of Samoan, Jennifer Lane Newman
Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Recognition Threshold Materials For Native Speakers Of Samoan, Jennifer Lane Newman
Theses and Dissertations
The speech recognition threshold (SRT) is an important measure, as it validates the pure-tone average (PTA), assists in the diagnosis and prognosis of hearing impairments, and aids in the identification of non-organic hearing impairments. Research has shown that in order for SRT testing to yield valid and reliable measures, testing needs to be performed in the patient's native language. There are currently no published materials for SRT testing in the Samoan language. As a result, audiologists are testing patients with English materials or other materials not of the patient's native language. Results produced from this manner of testing are confounded …
Accuracy Of English Speakers Administering Word Recognition Score Tests In Mandarin, Kaylene Barrett Polley
Accuracy Of English Speakers Administering Word Recognition Score Tests In Mandarin, Kaylene Barrett Polley
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of English-speakers in determining the word recognition score of native Taiwan Mandarin-speakers. Digitally recorded Mandarin word lists were presented to 10 native Mandarin-speakers from Taiwan (five male, five female), from whom oral and written responses were collected. Oral responses were scored by 30 native English-speakers, 15 of which had no experience with Mandarin and 15 with two to three years of college-level Mandarin courses or equivalent knowledge of Mandarin. The judges who had experience with Mandarin were able to score the WRS tests with 97% accuracy (with scores ranging from …
Normal Masking Level Difference Parameters For Use In The Clinical Evaluation Of Auditory Processing Disorders, Maria Noelle Burnham
Normal Masking Level Difference Parameters For Use In The Clinical Evaluation Of Auditory Processing Disorders, Maria Noelle Burnham
Theses and Dissertations
Masking Level Difference (MLD) tests are an established component of auditory processing test batteries; however, normative data for these tests vary according to procedure. In this study, forty normal, native-English speaking adults between the ages of 18 and 26 were tested for MLD via a newly developed computer software program using both an adaptive procedure (MLDA) and a Bekesy procedure (MLDB). The results from the two procedures were analyzed for sex differences and compared with each other. For both the MLDA and MLDB, the results showed statistically significant sex differences in the masked thresholds used to obtain the MLD (NoSo …
The Relationship Between Acoustic And Kinematic Measures Of Diphthong Production, Gwi-Ok Jang
The Relationship Between Acoustic And Kinematic Measures Of Diphthong Production, Gwi-Ok Jang
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between acoustic and kinematic measures of diphthong production in 11 individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 11 neurologically healthy control speakers. The participants produced four diphthongs: /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/, /aɪ/, /eɪ/. These sounds were spoken in a sentence context. Their speech audio signal was recorded with a microphone and their tongue movements were recorded with a magnetic tracking system. The first and second formants (F1 and F2) were computed with acoustic analysis software, and these signals were time-aligned with the vertical and anteroposterior magnet movement records. Pearson correlations between F1 and …
The Elan Event-Related Potential In Children 5 To 12 Years Of Age, Melissa Crandall
The Elan Event-Related Potential In Children 5 To 12 Years Of Age, Melissa Crandall
Theses and Dissertations
The examination of Event Related Potentials during language processing tasks provides valuable information of how the brain processes language over time. In the current study, the development of the early left anterior negativity (ELAN) was analyzed in young children. Previous research has described the ELAN as a negative waveform elicited during syntactic processing between 200 and 500 ms post linguistic stimuli. Thirty children from 5 to 12 years of age listened to sentences that were linguistically correct, syntactically incorrect, or semantically incorrect. Sentences were presented for right monaural, left monaural, and binaural ear conditions to determine possible differences related to …
Language As A Predictor Of Reticence In Children With Language Impairment, Patricia Anne Moses
Language As A Predictor Of Reticence In Children With Language Impairment, Patricia Anne Moses
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the relationship between language skills and reticence in 37 children with language impairment (LI) and 37 typically developing peers matched for age (ranging from 6;11 to 10;1 years) and gender. Subtests of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (E. Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999) were used to evaluate language ability. The Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (C. H. Hart & C. C. Robinson, 1996) was used to evaluate reticence. The current study replicated previous research by documenting significantly higher levels of reticence in children with LI when compared to typical peers. Significant group differences were also found in paragraph comprehension, syntax …
Establishing Normal Psychoacoustic Parameters Using Adaptive Procedures For The Clinical Assessment Of Psychoacoustic Phenomenon, Maria Noelle Burnham
Establishing Normal Psychoacoustic Parameters Using Adaptive Procedures For The Clinical Assessment Of Psychoacoustic Phenomenon, Maria Noelle Burnham
Theses and Dissertations
Masking Level Difference (MLD) tests are an established component of auditory processing test batteries; however, normative data for these tests vary according to procedure. In this study, forty normal, native-English speaking adults between the ages of 18 and 26 were tested for MLD via a newly developed computer software program using both an adaptive procedure (MLDA) and a Bekesy procedure (MLDB). The results from the two procedures were analyzed for sex differences and compared with each other. For both the MLDA and MLDB, the results showed statistically significant sex differences in the masked thresholds used to obtain the MLD (NoSo …
The Influence Of Language Production, Comprehension, And Pragmatic Judgment On Solitary-Passive Withdrawal In Children, Rachel Johnston
The Influence Of Language Production, Comprehension, And Pragmatic Judgment On Solitary-Passive Withdrawal In Children, Rachel Johnston
Theses and Dissertations
Previous studies examining withdrawal in children with language impairment (LI) have found that these children are more socially withdrawn than their typically developing peers. It seems reasonable to assume that a causal relationship exists between language deficits and withdrawal. However, there is growing evidence that different subtypes of withdrawal have varying social consequences and language may not be closely linked to each subtype. In the present study, subtests from the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language (CASL; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999) were used to evaluate specific language skills and the Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (TBRS; Hart & Robinson, 1996) was used to evaluate …
Formant Changes In Amateur Singers After Instruction In A Vowel Equalization Technique, Emily Mullins Heaton
Formant Changes In Amateur Singers After Instruction In A Vowel Equalization Technique, Emily Mullins Heaton
Theses and Dissertations
Vowel equalization is a technique that can be used by singers to achieve a more balanced vocal tone. The technique balances corresponding front and back vowels, which share approximate tongue heights, and also balances high and low vowels in a more neutral or centralized lingual posture. Formants are resonance peaks that define each specific vowel. This study measured shifts in the first and second formants (F1 and F2) of the vowels /e, i, ɑ, o, u/ following training in vowel equalization. Prior to the training, the vowel formants were measured in amateur 15 college-aged singers. They sang the first two …
The N400 Event-Related Potential In Children Across Sentence Type And Ear Condition, Laurie Anne Hansen
The N400 Event-Related Potential In Children Across Sentence Type And Ear Condition, Laurie Anne Hansen
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the neurophysiology of semantic language processing in children, ages 5 to 12 years. A well-established marker of semantic processing, the N400 event related potential (ERP), was analyzed within and across child age groups. Child N400s were recorded in response to correct sentences, semantically incorrect sentences, and syntactically incorrect sentences. N400s were also recorded across ear condition to examine potential processing differences. Children across all age groups consistently demonstrated N400s in the semantic error condition. N400s were also regularly observed in the syntactic error condition; especially, for younger children. Younger children also demonstrated N400s even in response to …
Louder Speech Leads To Greater Intelligibility Improvements Than Amplification Of Habitual Speech In Parkinson’S Disease, Christopher Dromey
Louder Speech Leads To Greater Intelligibility Improvements Than Amplification Of Habitual Speech In Parkinson’S Disease, Christopher Dromey
Faculty Publications
Effects of loud and amplified speech on sentence and word intelligibility in Parkinson disease.
Louder Speech Leads To Greater Intelligibility Improvements Than Amplification Of Habitual Speech In Parkinson Disease, Christopher Dromey
Louder Speech Leads To Greater Intelligibility Improvements Than Amplification Of Habitual Speech In Parkinson Disease, Christopher Dromey
Faculty Publications
Amplification may be helpful in improving speech intelligibility for some speakers with Parkinson disease. Because the gain used in the present study was limited to the dB increase from habitual to loud speech, it is unclear how performance might increase with higher amplification levels. Increases in the signal to noise ratio in the present study only account for about one third to one half of the intelligibility improvements that accompany loud speech. Thus, loud speech differs from habitual speech in more than just its amplitude. Articulation appears to play a lesser role in these improvements, whereas source spectral changes may …
Vocal Fold Bowing In Elderly Male Monozygotic Twins: A Case Study, Kristine Tanner, Cara Sauder, Susan L. Thibeault, Christopher Dromey, Marshall E. Smith
Vocal Fold Bowing In Elderly Male Monozygotic Twins: A Case Study, Kristine Tanner, Cara Sauder, Susan L. Thibeault, Christopher Dromey, Marshall E. Smith
Faculty Publications
Objectives: This study examined case histories, diagnostic features, and treatment response in two 79-year-old male monozygotic (identical) twins with vocal fold bowing, exploring both genetic and environmental factors.
Study Design: Case study.
Methods: DNA concordance was examined via cheek swab. Case histories, videostroboscopy, auditory- and visual-perceptual assessment, electromyography, acoustic measures, and Voice Handicap ratings were undertaken. Both twins underwent surgical intervention and subsequent voice therapy.
Results: Monozygosity was confirmed for DNA polymorphisms, with 10 of 10 concordance for STR DNA markers. For both twins, auditory and visual-perceptual assessments indicated severe bowing, hoarseness and breathiness, although Twin 1 was judged to …
Bilingual Performance On Nonword Repetition In Spanish And English, Connie Summers, Thomas M. Bohman, Ronald B. Gillam, Elizabeth D. Pena, Lisa M. Bedore
Bilingual Performance On Nonword Repetition In Spanish And English, Connie Summers, Thomas M. Bohman, Ronald B. Gillam, Elizabeth D. Pena, Lisa M. Bedore
Faculty Publications
Background: Nonword repetition (NWR) involves the ability to perceive, store, recall and reproduce phonological sequences. These same abilities play a role in word and morpheme learning. Cross-linguistic studies of performance on NWR tasks, word learning, and morpheme learning yield patterns of increased performance on all three tasks as a function of age and language experience. These results are consistent with the idea that there may be universal information-processing mechanisms supporting language learning. Because bilingual children’s language experience is divided across two languages, studying performance in two languages on NWR could inform one’s understanding of the relationship between information processing and …
Bidirectional Interference Between Speech And Postural Stability In Individuals With Parkinson's Disease, Christopher Dromey, Eon Jarvis, Stuart Sondrup, Shawn Nissen, K. Bo Foreman, Leland E. Dibble
Bidirectional Interference Between Speech And Postural Stability In Individuals With Parkinson's Disease, Christopher Dromey, Eon Jarvis, Stuart Sondrup, Shawn Nissen, K. Bo Foreman, Leland E. Dibble
Faculty Publications
Because people frequently talk while engaged in other activities, and because Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to diminish multi-tasking performance, we examined dual task interference between speaking and postural stability in 9 individuals with PD, 7 age-matched and 10 healthy young controls. Participants repeated a target utterance and performed a rise to toes task in both single and dual task conditions. Diphthong transitions were measured from audio recordings and postural variables reflecting planning, coordination, and stability were derived from a multi-camera motion capture system and force plate recordings. Thus, sensitive measures of both control groups for the isolated postural task, …
The P600 Event-Related Potential Across Ages And Ear Conditions, Kyla Lewis Tree
The P600 Event-Related Potential Across Ages And Ear Conditions, Kyla Lewis Tree
Theses and Dissertations
Studying language development through event-related potentials provides specific information regarding how the brain processes specific aspects of language over time. In this study, the P600 component, a positive wave occurring approximately 600 ms post-stimulus and known for detecting syntactic errors, was specifically analyzed. Thirty children between the ages of 5 and 12 years listened to linguistically correct, syntactically incorrect, and semantically incorrect sentences in three ear conditions: monaurally to the right ear, monaurally to the left ear, and binaurally. The participants were instructed to judge the sentences to be correct or incorrect. Comparisons were then made of the latency and …
Acoustic And Spectral Patterns In Young Children's Stop Consonant Productions, Shawn L. Nissen, Robert Allen Fox
Acoustic And Spectral Patterns In Young Children's Stop Consonant Productions, Shawn L. Nissen, Robert Allen Fox
Faculty Publications
The aim of this study was to examine the acoustic and spectral patterns of stop articulation in the speech of pre-pubescent children. A set of voiceless stop consonants, /ptk/, produced by a group of adults and typically developing children 3-5 years of age were examined in terms of multiple acoustic and spectral parameters. Findings indicated that, with the exception of spectral kurtosis, the acoustic and spectral characteristics of the stop productions varied significantly as a function of place of articulation and vowel context. Sex-specific differences in spectral slope, mean, and skewness were found for the 5-year-old and adult speakers. Such …
Automated Identification Of Noun Clauses In Clinical Language Samples, Britney Richey Manning
Automated Identification Of Noun Clauses In Clinical Language Samples, Britney Richey Manning
Theses and Dissertations
The identification of complex grammatical structures including noun clauses is of clinical importance because differences in the use of these structures have been found between individuals with and without language impairment. In recent years, computer software has been used to assist in analyzing clinical language samples. However, this software has been unable to accurately identify complex syntactic structures such as noun clauses. The present study investigated the accuracy of new software, called Cx, in identifying finite wh- and that-noun clauses. Two sets of language samples were used. One set included 10 children with language impairment, 10 age-matched peers, …
Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Audiometry Materials For Testing Children In Mongolian, Meghan Elizabeth Caldwell
Development Of Psychometrically Equivalent Speech Audiometry Materials For Testing Children In Mongolian, Meghan Elizabeth Caldwell
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to develop, digitally record, evaluate, and equate Mongolian monosyllabic and bisyllabic child-appropriate words which can be used in the measurement of word recognition scores and speech-reception threshold (SRT) in children who are native speakers of Mongolian. Based on data collected from a survey of Mongolian child language professionals, a subset of child-appropriate materials was adapted from a set of materials developed for Mongolian adults. Two lists of 50 monosyllabic words and four half-lists of 25 words each were developed for testing the word recognition abilities of Mongolian children. The developed lists and half-lists were …
Patterns Of Vowel Production In Speakers Of American English From The State Of Utah, Larkin Hopkins Reeves
Patterns Of Vowel Production In Speakers Of American English From The State Of Utah, Larkin Hopkins Reeves
Theses and Dissertations
The English spoken in the United States has traditionally been divided into six dialect regions: New England, Mid-Atlantic, Southern, Midland, Northern, and Western. The acoustic properties of American English spoken in the Southern and Northern dialect regions have been the subject of intense research, but the acoustic properties of the Western dialect region have not been analyzed as thoroughly. The umbrella term, Western American English, includes the English spoken in a large geographic area that stretches from Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico to the Pacific coast. Research that has focused on the Western dialect has included participants from several …
The Withdrawn And Sociable Behaviors Of Children With Specific And Nonspecific Language Impairment, Heather Haskin
The Withdrawn And Sociable Behaviors Of Children With Specific And Nonspecific Language Impairment, Heather Haskin
Theses and Dissertations
Recently researchers have identified a group of children with language impairment (LI) whose IQ scores are below the typical IQ cutoff of 85 for specific language impairment (SLI) but above the IQ cutoff of 70 for intellectual disability (Weismer et al., 2000). This group is referred to as having nonspecific language impairment (NLI). Eleven children with NLI, eleven same-age peers with SLI, and eleven same-age typical peers were compared on withdrawn and sociable behaviors demonstrated in the classroom setting using the Teacher Behavior Rating Scale (Hart & Robinson, 1996). Three subtypes of withdrawal (solitary-active, solitary-passive, reticent) and two subtypes of …