Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides Commons^™

Computational Insights Into Nucleosome Dynamics In Epigenetics Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Rutika Patel

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Nucleosome core particles (NCP) are the building blocks that form a highly organized and compact chromatin structure. Nucleosomes package DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The NCP consists of about 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around the histone octamer, with 1.65 superhelical turns in a left-handed manner. The histone octamer is composed of two copies of H3, H4, H2A, and H2B. Together with histone H1 and linker DNA, they further assemble into a higher-order chromatin structure. The nucleosome complex is stabilized by electrostatic interactions between positively charged histone residues and the negatively charged DNA backbone. To effectively access …

Absolute Quantification And Identification Of Rna From Rna-Lipid Nanoparticles Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Jason C. Funderburk

Theses and Dissertations

RNA therapeutics are a rising drug category with potential use for a range of conditions encompassing infectious diseases to therapies for cancer, diseases, and genetic disorders. RNA-lipid nanoparticles (RNA-LNPs) are the prominent delivery method for these therapeutics approved products include mRNA vaccines and polyneuropathy treatments. The emergency use authorizations and orphan drug status of current RNA-LNP drugs has allowed approval without finalization of the regulatory analytical procedures for quality monitoring. The objective of the study was to develop an LC-MS assay to simultaneously measure identity and concentration of two therapeutically relevant intact RNA constructs extracted from RNA-LNPs to enhance quality …

Photo And Spatial Control Of Rna Structures And Functions: Exploring Positional Effects And Photo-Responsiveness Of Azobenzene Modified Nucleotides, Jinxi Du

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

RNA molecules perform many important biological functions by forming complex three-dimensional structures stabilized by base pairing, tertiary interactions, and metal ion coordination. Because RNA function depends strongly on its structure, methods that allow reversible control of RNA conformation and activity are important for understanding RNA behavior and for potential therapeutic applications. However, achieving reversible and site-specific control of RNA structure, especially at the single-nucleotide level, remains challenging. In this dissertation, I developed and applied azobenzene-modified nucleotides as a chemical tool to enable optical and spatial control of RNA structure and function.

The first part of this dissertation focuses on establishing …

Effects Of Dietary Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (Pfbs) On Adipose Tissue, Hannah Olofintuyi, Eric Gato

Honors College Theses

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are chemical substances used in a variety of industrial applications and consumer products. Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) is often used as a replacement for the more harmful (Perfluoroalkyl sulfonate) PFAS chemicals that have been around longer. It is believed that PFBS does not remain in the body as long as other PFAS compounds; however, there is a rising concern that it has the potential to cause damage to human health. This study focused on understanding how dietary PFBS exposure affects metabolism-related processes in adipose tissues in rats. To accomplish study objectives, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed …

Optimizing Endothelial Cell Specific Polymersome-Based Atheroprotective Therapies, Ally C. Brawner

All Theses

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the United States and the world. Every year, billions of dollars are spent in the US alone for direct treatments of this disease, especially on prescription medicines like statins. However, these medications have been unable to curtail global mortality rates, partially because they do not target the entirety of atherosclerotic pathophysiology. A key area of this pathophysiology is that atheroprone arteries typically include pro-inflammatory endothelial cells that exhibit decreased levels of apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux and an increased release of adhesion molecules, such as VCAM-1. The objective of my project …

Expanding Inducible Epithelial Resistance Against Pneumonia: Novel Virus, Novel Receptor, Michael Longmire

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide and presents a continuing risk among immunocompromised patients. Our work has been focused for many years on the phenomenon of inducible epithelial resistance, where activation of the innate immune response in the airway epithelium is necessary and sufficient to produce a pathogen-killing but self-protective environment to prevent severe disease. Inducible resistance is pathogen-agnostic and has been demonstrated against an array of respiratory infections. We achieve this using a combination of pattern recognition receptor agonists – Pam2CSK4 and ODN M362 being the current formulation – which produce synergistic levels of pathogen reduction …

Biophysical Studies Of Nucleic Acid - Small Molecule Recognition, Andrea Conner

All Dissertations

The presented work is a collection of studies performed to examine small molecule recognition of nucleic acids. Recognition of nucleic acids was examined using two types of small molecules: aminoglycosides and Hoechst dyes. Chapter One focuses on established experimental techniques (i.e. absorbance, isothermal titration calorimetry, flow cytometry, cell microscopy, etc.) in small molecule recognition of nucleic acids. The emphasis of studies in the group has been on two focus areas. (i) Thermodynamic characterization of mixed A-form and B-form DNA or RNA conformation with aminoglycosides, particularly neomycin-class. (ii) Characterization of new Hoechst-morpholine (HT-MO) derivatives’ interactions with nucleic acids.

Focus area (i) …

Synthesis Of Small Molecules As Therapeutic Candidates, Savia Boyer

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

RNA plays a critical role in many biological functions, such as normal cellular functions or disease-related processes. Regulating biological processes through RNA-based therapeutics can be employed by the reversible photoregulation of oligonucleotides. Azobenzene, a light-responsive compound that changes conformation when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) or visible light, is attached to cytidine phosphoramidite to be incorporated in a series of RNA oligonucleotides. The reversibility of the nucleoside and oligonucleotide is verified through UV melting point experiments. The modified oligonucleotide can change conformation upon light irradiation to stop reverse transcription (RT) in the presence of many different reverse transcriptase enzymes. This technique …

Repurposing Clinically Relevant Metabolic Inhibitor Drugs, Difluoromethylornithine (Dfmo) And Orlistat, For Gammaherpesvirus Replication, Lay Paw

Honors Projects

Viruses, including herpesviruses, contribute up to 15% of all human cancers. Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68), a pathogen commonly found in mice, is studied due to its shared homology with several human herpesviruses. Studies done in the Delgado lab via metabolomics analysis show MHV-68 infected cells increase host cell metabolism. Clinically relevant metabolic inhibitor drugs, ɑ-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and Orlistat, respectively block polyamine and lipid production demonstrated a reduction in MHV-68 viral production. Repurposing clinically relevant drugs through the exploration of a different target shows great promise in reducing oncogenic viral titer.

Chemical Synthesis Of Sensitive Dna, Komal Chillar

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Over the past decades, researchers have tried various chemical methods to synthesize modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs, i.e. short segments of DNAs). Traditional ODN synthesis methods require strong basic, and nucleophilic conditions for the deprotection and cleavage of the ODN from the solid support. However, the sensitive ODNs containing labile functionalities are vulnerable to such harsh conditions. Sensitive ODNs have a wide range of applications in research and pharmaceuticals. To synthesize sensitive ODNs, researchers devised different strategies but no practical methods have been developed. To overcome these challenges, we developed alkyl Dim alkyl Dmoc technology. This innovative technology uses weakly basic and …

Chemical Synthesis And Biological Application Of Sensitive Rna, Alexander T. Apostle

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

In the field of epigenetics - the dynamic collection of chemical modifications that overlay DNA/RNA - there is increasing interest in the potential for therapeutic and research-based utilization of the epitranscriptomics: those epigenetic modifications specific to RNA. Epitranscriptomics can give us a new approach to understanding and treating RNA viruses, like SARS-CoV-2. Given viruses are often found modified by human epitranscriptomic machinery, understanding how these modifications can modulate virulence is of high interest. We have shown that the N1-methyladensoine modification causes RNA synthesis termination in the SARS-CoV-2 replication complex, and thus may explain the differences in symptoms observed in individuals. …

Hybridization Kinetics Of Four-Way Junctions Localized On A Dna Scaffold, Katherine N. Taylor

Honors Undergraduate Theses

DNA computing is an ever-growing field with scientists trying to design structures that optimize logic gate communication to develop fast, biologically compatible, computational structures. We hypothesize that by using the principles of DNA computing, it is possible to design a DNA tile capable of studying localized DNA hybridization that can differentiate between oligonucleotides of different structural conformations. This includes synthetically manipulating DNA into a nanostructure that can perform Boolean logic functions to calculate the different rates of hybridization. To test our hypothesis, we designed a DNA Tile that incorporated a 4WJ using YES logic. Linear and hairpin single-stranded (ss) DNA …

Elucidating Mechanisms Of Enhanced Dsrna-Nanophytoglycogen Innate Immune Responses In Healthy Human Cells, Nicholas Jadaa

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Immunostimulatory nucleic acids, such as long double-stranded RNA (ds)RNA, can stimulate innate immune responses in a non-sequence specific manner. These molecules are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors in the cytoplasm, endosome, and on the cell surface. Activation leads to the production of mediators of innate immune pathways, including type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines. Although these receptors are present in all cells, their role in non-immune cells is often overlooked due to their lower level of responsiveness. Nanocarriers can enhance these nucleic acid-mediated responses, allowing for exploration of innate immune pathways in non-immune cells. Nanoparticles as carriers of nucleic acids can …

Advancing Small Molecule Therapies For Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1, Sawyer M. Hicks

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic disorder caused by the expression of expanded CUG (CUG^exp) repeat RNA from the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. This CUG^exp repeat RNA’s gain-of-function mechanism leads to the sequestration of muscleblind-like (MBNL) proteins, resulting in widespread alternative splicing dysregulation across tissues. Despite significant research, there are currently no approved therapeutics targeting the underlying causes of DM1. This dissertation explores the development and optimization of a novel class of small molecules, Modified Polycyclic Compounds (MPCs), designed to address splicing dysregulation in DM1. MPCs were designed from previously published …

Environmental Exposures And Aging., Daniel Chris Gomes

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In recent years, research into air pollution has shown that exposure to certain components in air pollution, primarily PM2.5 can accelerate biological aging and thereby lead to increased susceptibility to multiple diseases. We hypothesize that prolonged exposure to air pollutants can result in premature aging leading to extensive tissue dysfunction and susceptibility to diseases. To examine this, we exposed mice to PM2.5 for 9, 15, and 21 days, then measured the telomere lengths, cellular senescence, and histone methylation patterns of multiple cell types. We found consistently increased telomere attrition, cellular senescence and advanced age-consistent histone methylation patterns in groups exposed …

Multi-Target Ligand-Guided Selection (Ligs) Against B-Cell Specific Antigens Expressed In A Single Lymphoma Cell Population, Nicole B. Williams

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Nucleic acid ligands called aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules which fold into functional three-dimensional structures to facilitate their target binding with high affinity and specificity. The method used to generate aptamers is an in vitro process called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX). A variant of SELEX, cell-SELEX has been used to select aptamers against cell-surface proteins in their native state. We recently introduced a novel method called Ligand-Guided Selection (LIGS) to identify aptamers against cell-surface markers. Herein, we expanded LIGS method into a multiplexing platform to partition multiple aptamers against B-cell-specific antigens, CD19 and CD20, …

Development Of Non-Viral Nano-Carriers For Gene Delivery And Covid-19 Vaccines, Zhongyu Li

Dissertations

Gene therapy is one of the most promising medical fields with the potential to effectively advance the treatment of difficult diseases by producing therapeutic proteins or repairing defective gene sequences. However, gene therapy presents severe challenges in delivery including renal clearance, phagocytosis, enzymatic degradation, protein absorption, and cellular internalization barriers, which have been barriers for translation into the clinic. Naked nucleic acids, with their intrinsic negative charge, electrostatically repulse the anionic cell membrane, preventing cellular uptake. Also, they are considered foreign genetic material when introduced into the body and are rapidly cleared by the reticuloendothelial system or degraded by nucleases, …

Synthesis, Characterization And Biological Evaluation Of Polyarginine Derived Bone-Targeting Peptides, Gina L. Antuono

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

Osteoblast-targeting peptides in the treatment of bone disease is a new and novel approach to offering effective treatment of various cancers and can be used in bio-medical, medicinal chemistry and biotechnology applications. By targeting adhesion proteins produced by osteoblast cells, certain cancers which migrate and metastasize to the bone may be more effectively treated. An osteoblast-targeting peptide composed of Ser-Asp-Ser-Ser-Asp (SDSSD) which selectively binds to osteoblast cells via periostin has recently been identified. This peptide was functionalized with polyurethane, generating nanomicelles which encapsulated RNA for the therapeutic treatment of osteoporosis. This study has served as the basis for the research …

Interactions Between Hiv And Opioids On Antiretroviral Accumulation, The Blood Brain Barrier, And The Inflammatory Response In The Brain., Kara Rademeyer

Theses and Dissertations

The complex mechanisms related to HIV infection, neurodegeneration, and chronic neuroinflammation collectively describe neuroHIV (Hauser et al. 2007; Chang et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2014). Specifically, opioid abuse, poor penetration of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, chronic inflammation and neuronal injury/degeneration are all implicated in neuroHIV (Fantuzzi et al. 2003; Letendre et al. 2004; Verani et al. 2005; Duncan and Sattentau 2011; Hong and Banks 2015; Simoes and Justino 2015; Olivier et al. 2018; Murphy et al. 2019; Osborne et al. 2020). For the first time, we demonstrate that morphine, fentanyl, and methadone in vivo alter the brain accumulation of ARVs, …

Enhancing Dna-Damaging Therapy Through The Inhibition Of Dntp Synthesis Using A Synergistic Drug Combination To Treat Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms, Jennifer Castle Md

Theses and Dissertations--Clinical and Translational Science

Despite clinical advances, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN) remain a difficult clinical entity to treat and can carry a poor prognosis. Systemic therapy is used to treat pNENs which are not amenable to surgical resection. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, a form of radiation therapy (RT) and cisplatin are two different forms of DNA-damaging therapy in current use to treat pNENs. However, their efficacy remains poor as single agents. This study aimed to increase the sensitivity of pNENs to the DNA-damaging agents, RT and cisplatin, by inhibiting deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) synthesis. Triapine, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (RNRi), and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related …

The Discovery And Characterization Of Novel Potent 5-Substituted 3, 3’, 4’, 7-Tetramethoxyflavonoid Dna Triplex Specific Binding Ligands, Vanessa Marie Rangel

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Chemotherapy works by killing fast dividing cells. Unfortunately, these drugs are not specific to cancer tissue and can damage normal cells. Chemotherapy is like taking poison and hoping it kills the cancer cells before it kills you. As an alternative, many researchers have investigated the use of antigene therapy to selectively target cancer causing genes to avoid off target effects. Although promising, the theory is limited by the stability of the triplex structure. Here, we report the discovery of potent triplex binding ligands derived from the natural product quercetin. Chemical derivatives of 5-substituted 3, 3’, 4’, 7-tetramethoxyquercetin derivatives were characterized …

Structural And Inhibitory Studies On (I)Two Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Enzymes Essential For Capsular Glucan Biosynthesis And Mrna Degradation: (Ii) Hantann Virus L-Protein Endonuclease Domain, Hettiarachchige Thilina D. Jayasinghe

Theses & Dissertations

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the pathogenic bacterium species that causes Tuberculosis (TB). Understanding the major biosynthetic pathways responsible for cell viability is essential in developing new drugs against Mtb. The first two projects will reflect our approach in identifying inhibitors against Mtb GlgE, Mtb GpsI, and characterization of protein inhibitor interactions using X-ray crystallography.

The enzyme GlgE plays an essential role in the α-glucan biosynthesis pathway in Mtb cells. These α-glucans are one of the major structural units in the Mtb capsule. GlgE catalyzes the elongation of α-glucan by transferring maltose from maltose-1-phosphate (M1P) to the non-reducing end …

A Study Of Cobalt (Iii) Oxide Nanoparticle Delivery Of Sirna Molecules Directed Against Signaling Intermediates Of The P2y2 Receptor, Rachel Blair Stroud

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

G protein-coupled receptors are evolutionarily ubiquitous sensors of extracellular signals, propagating intracellular signal cascades through heterotrimeric G proteins. P2Y₂ receptors are GPCRs which are activated by extracellular nucleotides to mediate signaling cascades via Gαq coupling. Many GPCRs are subject to a common mechanism for signal termination involving phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail followed by β-arrestin binding and subsequent endocytic internalization of the complex. This effect has been described for the P2Y₂ R in the 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line, and UTP-induced activation and desensitization profiles have been previously defined. There is need to develop molecular vehicles for safe and …

Novel Peptide Biomaterials For Enhanced Delivery Of Sirna Cargo For Treatment Of Ovarian Cancer, Timothy Samec

All Dissertations

Ovarian cancer is the 7^th leading cause of cancer related death and the 5^th most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Primarily diagnosed in stage III or stage IV, aggressive treatment is necessary and involves surgical debulking and administration of systemic chemotherapeutics. Unfortunately, these strategies fall short in effectively treating ovarian cancer and many patients experience local disease recurrence, development of multidrug resistant tumors, regional or distant metastatic events, or a combination of the three. As such, there is a significant need for additional treatment options and methods of delivery to improve therapeutic efficacy and disease survivability.

RNA interference …

Theranostic Applications Of Sirna Bioconjugates In Cancer Detection And Treatment, Sunil S. Shah

Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs)

Abstract

The emerging field of RNA nanotechnology has led to rapid advances in the applications of RNA in chemical biology, medicinal chemistry, and biotechnology. At the forefront of its utility is the ability to self-assemble multiple siRNAs into nanostructure formulations capable of targeting selected oncogenes and potentiating the gene therapy of malignant tumors. Self-assembled siRNA integrates multiple siRNAs within a single molecular platform for silencing multiple oncogenic mRNA targets with high precision and efficacy to potentially induce cancer cell apoptosis through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Furthermore, the conjugation of siRNA self-assemblies with bio-active probes results in multi-functional theranostic (therapy+diagnostic) …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Antiviral Drug Candidate Molecules Against The Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Ali Abbas Sabi

Dissertations

Abstract

Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (PAs) are small molecules that typically develop H-bonds to bind to the minor groove of DNA. PAs are of interest because they can be designed to recognize DNA sequences. PAs have numerous biomedical applications in areas like regulation of gene expression and antimicrobial activity. Specifically, polyamide UMSL1011 (a polyamide synthesized in Dr. Bashkin's lab) inhibits replicating vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by binding the viral RNA inside the nucleocapsid, as indicated by research at Professor Ming Luo's lab at Georgia State University. However, some reports have revealed that polyamides have a low affinity for “simple” double-stranded RNA. Nevertheless, …

Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Natural And Unnatural Amino Acids As Drug Delivery Tools And Antimicrobial Agents, David Salehi

Pharmaceutical Sciences (MS) Theses

Cell-penetrating peptides containing arginine as positively charged residues and tryptophan or diphenylalanine as hydrophobic residues were synthesized. The synthesis was accomplished through the Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis in the presence of HBTU and DIPEA. The side-chain protected linear peptides were cleaved from the resin and cyclized in the presence of DIC and HOAt in the solution phase overnight. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to characterize the peptides.

The cytotoxicity of the synthesized peptides was determined in CCRF-CEM (human, lymphoblast peripheral blood), and HEK-293 (human, embryonic epithelial kidney healthy) cells using the MTS assay. A concentration of 10 µM was found …

Investigation Of The Biosynthesis Of The Nucleoside Antibiotic Sphaerimicin, Jonathan Overbay

Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy

Antibiotic-resistance has become a widespread problem in the United States and across the globe. Meanwhile, new antibiotics are entering the clinic at an alarmingly low rate. Highly-modified nucleosides, a class of natural products often produced by actinobacteria, target MraY bacterial translocase I. MraY is a clinically unexploited enzyme target that is ubiquitous and essential to peptidoglycan cell wall biosynthesis. The nucleoside antibiotics known vary in efficacy and the functionalities contributing to improved activity is poorly understood. Sphaerimicin, a newly discovered modified nucleoside, has potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 13.65 nM against MraY. In general, sphaerimicin is primarily effective …

Cloning And Functional Characterizations Of Circular Rnas From The Human Mapt Locus, Justin R. Welden

Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

Under pathophysiological conditions, the microtubule protein tau (MAPT) forms neurofibrillary tangles that are the hallmark of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease as well as familial frontotemporal dementias linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). In this work, I report that MAPT forms circular RNAs through backsplicing of exon 12 to either exon 10 or exon 7 (12→10; 12→7), and that these circular RNAs are translated into proteins.

Using stable cell lines overexpressing the circular tau RNAs 12→7 and 12→10, we have discovered that the tau circular RNA 12→7 is translated in a rolling circle, giving rise to multiple proteins. This circular RNA …

Single-Molecule Investigation Of I-Motif Folding And Dynamics In Bioinspired Dna Platforms, Anoja Megalathan

Theses and Dissertations

Although the canonical right-handed B-DNA is the predominant form of DNA in cells, DNA can adopt other secondary structures such as hairpins, G-quadruplexes (G4), and intercalated motifs (i-motif). These secondary structures are typically formed in the regions with repeat sequences. Among many secondary structures DNA can adopt, G-quadruplexes and i-motifs (tetraplex structures formed in the G-rich and C-rich sequences, respectively) caught significant research interest in recent years due to the prevalence of G-rich and C-rich sequences in the human genome. While G-quadruplexes are extensively studied, little is known about i-motifs – especially their formation and stability under cellular environments. For …