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Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons

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2014

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Articles 31 - 60 of 62

Full-Text Articles in Bioethics and Medical Ethics

Review Of Manon Parry, Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media And Family Planning, Rose Holz Jan 2014

Review Of Manon Parry, Broadcasting Birth Control: Mass Media And Family Planning, Rose Holz

Women's and Gender Studies Program: Faculty Publications

As Manon Parry explains in her interesting new book, ‘Many of the women who wrote [to the Birth Control Review] noted that they had read about [Margaret] Sanger’s work in the press, confirming the important role of the mass media in publicizing and building support for the movement’ (p. 13). Therein lies the crux of Parry’s project: the use of publicity was central to the family planning movement and a sustained analysis of its use over time is long overdue. To that end, she challenges several long-standing historiographic assumptions and unearths more than a few fascinating stories. For example, …


Is The Current State Of Medical Ethics Education Having An Impact On Medical Students?, Lauren Saltzburg Jan 2014

Is The Current State Of Medical Ethics Education Having An Impact On Medical Students?, Lauren Saltzburg

Journal of Health Ethics

Medical education prepares medical students as they transition from the classroom to clinical setting in caring for patients through education in the sciences, pharmacology, and medicine basics—but does it leave room for the courses that lack scientific basis, such as medical ethics? Current research has shown that medical students do not place much emphasis on medical ethics. This leads to skepticism and wariness for medical students to speak up about their concerns if faced with an ethical situation. The “hidden curriculum” that is seen in many medical schools has a large impact on medical students’ impressions of how to deal …


Personhood, Ethics, And Animal Cognition: Situating Animals In Hare’S Two-Level Utilitarianism, By Gary E. Varner / The Philosophy Of Animal Minds, Edited By Robert W. Lurz., Kristin Andrews Jan 2014

Personhood, Ethics, And Animal Cognition: Situating Animals In Hare’S Two-Level Utilitarianism, By Gary E. Varner / The Philosophy Of Animal Minds, Edited By Robert W. Lurz., Kristin Andrews

Sentience Collection

It seems to be a widely held belief that we should not try to trap, kill, and eat any creature that can relate the story of its close call. While this turns out to be a good rule from the perspective of R. M. Hare’s version of utilitarianism, other intuitive-level rules about the proper treatment of sentient beings require revision, or so Gary Varner argues in his recent book Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition. After defending Hare’s two-level utilitarianism in the first section, Varner turns to the question of the kinds of beings who worthy of kinds of concern, and …


Consensus Report On The Future Of Animal-Free Systemic Toxicity Testing, Marcel Leist, Nina Hasiwa, Costanza Rovida, Mardas Daneshian, David Basketter, Ian Kimber, Harvey Clewell, Tilman Gocht, Alan Goldberg, Francois Busquet, Anna-Maria Rossi, Michael Schwarz, Martin Stephens, Rob Taalman, Thomas B. Knudsen, James Mckim, Georgina Harris, David Pamies, Thomas Hartung Jan 2014

Consensus Report On The Future Of Animal-Free Systemic Toxicity Testing, Marcel Leist, Nina Hasiwa, Costanza Rovida, Mardas Daneshian, David Basketter, Ian Kimber, Harvey Clewell, Tilman Gocht, Alan Goldberg, Francois Busquet, Anna-Maria Rossi, Michael Schwarz, Martin Stephens, Rob Taalman, Thomas B. Knudsen, James Mckim, Georgina Harris, David Pamies, Thomas Hartung

Experimentation Collection

Since March 2013, animal use for cosmetics testing for the European market has been banned. This requires a renewed view on risk assessment in this field. However, in other fields as well, traditional animal experimentation does not always satisfy requirements in safety testing, as the need for human-relevant information is ever increasing. A general strategy for animal-free test approaches was outlined by the US National Research Council’s vision document for Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century in 2007. It is now possible to provide a more defined roadmap on how to implement this vision for the four principal areas of …


Measuring Humaneness: Can It Be Done, And What Does It Mean If It Can?, John Hadidian, Bernard Unti, John Griffin Jan 2014

Measuring Humaneness: Can It Be Done, And What Does It Mean If It Can?, John Hadidian, Bernard Unti, John Griffin

Humane Treatment of Animals Collection

Differences over what constitutes humaneness in the control of wildlife have traditionally presented a roadblock to understanding, not to mention agreement, between animal welfare and wildlife damage management professionals. Complaints that a proposed action or given program is not humane can refer to everything from specific techniques to broader administrative justifications. A number of concepts have been used to describe welfare standards and measurements, and different assessment metrics have been developed in attempts to bring objectivity to what might prove, in the end, to be an intractably subjective domain. Some of the most widely used and serviceable of the concepts …


Lost In Translation: Animal Models And Clinical Trials In Cancer Treatment, Isabella W.Y. Mak, Nathan Evaniew, Michelle Ghert Jan 2014

Lost In Translation: Animal Models And Clinical Trials In Cancer Treatment, Isabella W.Y. Mak, Nathan Evaniew, Michelle Ghert

Human Clinical Trials Collection

Due to practical and ethical concerns associated with human experimentation, animal models have been essential in cancer research. However, the average rate of successful translation from animal models to clinical cancer trials is less than 8%. Animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex process of human carcinogenesis, physiology and progression. Therefore the safety and efficacy identified in animal studies is generally not translated to human trials. Animal models can serve as an important source of in vivo information, but alternative translational approaches have emerged that may eventually replace the link between in vitro studies and …


Confidentiality And Mental Health/Chaplaincy Collaboration, Denise Bulling, Mark Dekraai, Tarik Abdel-Monem, Jason A. Nieuwsma, William C. Cantrell, Keith Ethridge, Keith Meador Jan 2014

Confidentiality And Mental Health/Chaplaincy Collaboration, Denise Bulling, Mark Dekraai, Tarik Abdel-Monem, Jason A. Nieuwsma, William C. Cantrell, Keith Ethridge, Keith Meador

University of Nebraska Public Policy Center: Publications

Confidentiality can both facilitate and inhibit working relationships of chaplains and mental health professionals addressing the needs of service members and veterans in the United States. Researchers conducted this study to examine opportunities for improving integration of care within the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Interviews were conducted with 198 chaplains and 201 mental health professionals in 33 DoD and VA facilities. Using a blended qualitative research approach, researchers identified several themes from the interviews, including recognition that integration can improve services; chaplaincy confidentiality can facilitate help seeking behavior; and mental health and chaplain confidentiality …


Genomic Data-Sharing: What Will Be Our Legacy?, Shawneequa L. Callier, Rajah Husain, Rachel Simpson Jan 2014

Genomic Data-Sharing: What Will Be Our Legacy?, Shawneequa L. Callier, Rajah Husain, Rachel Simpson

Clinical Research and Leadership Faculty Publications

Prior to 1974, the Tuskegee Syphilis experiments, expansive use of the HeLa cells, and other blatant instances of research abuse pervaded the medical research field. Discussion today about these challenges have caused the general public to develop a reluctance and distrust for medical research. This has significant implications for the advancement of genomic science, and the public's perception of genomic research.


Resolving Ethical Dilemma: An Application Of A Theoretical Model, Lubna Ghazal, Zulekha Saleem, Gulzar Amlani Jan 2014

Resolving Ethical Dilemma: An Application Of A Theoretical Model, Lubna Ghazal, Zulekha Saleem, Gulzar Amlani

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Human error can occur in any profession. Medical errors most commonly occur in a health care system, which may delay patient’s recovery and produce harm to patients. However, when a medical error occurs, it is challenging to inform the incident to patients and their family. Health care professionals follow a professional code of ethics to do well and not harm patients. Historically, many of these errors were not disclosed to patients but the trend for more open disclosure of medical errors to patients and their families is a mutually beneficial and welcomed change.


Cura Personalis: A Healthcare Delivery Quandary At The End Of Life, George P. Smith Ii Jan 2014

Cura Personalis: A Healthcare Delivery Quandary At The End Of Life, George P. Smith Ii

Scholarly Articles

Holistic Medicine traces its provenance to the foundational value or chrism of the Society of Jesus of cura personalis which directs respect be given to all individuals and to their souls — especially whenever medical healing is required. Today, the notion of best patient care should include not merely attention to somatic issues of refractory pain management but, equally, to non-somatic or existential suffering. It is at the end-stage of life that palliative — as opposed to curative — care must be provided. When a condition is seen as medically futile, this Article advocates palliative or deep sedation — when …


Refusal To Autopsy: A Societal Practice In Pakistan Context, Laila Akber Cassum Jan 2014

Refusal To Autopsy: A Societal Practice In Pakistan Context, Laila Akber Cassum

School of Nursing & Midwifery

Autopsies or post-mortem examinations have become a common practice in Western medicine for verifying the cause of death, and to obtain additional scientific information on certain diseases. In monotheistic religions autopsies present several ethical questions even though the advantages attributed to post-mortems in the West are well acknowledged by people living in this modern world. In Islamic Republic of Pakistan where Islam is the prevailing religion followed by the Muslims, Pakistani society have diverse perception, assumptions and hypothesis on the concept of autopsy. This presumption is due to presence of diverse objections raised in religious and sociocultural context. In our …


The Rise Of The Reproductive Brothel In The Global Economy: Some Thoughts On Reproductive Tourism, Autonomy, And Justice, April L. Cherry Jan 2014

The Rise Of The Reproductive Brothel In The Global Economy: Some Thoughts On Reproductive Tourism, Autonomy, And Justice, April L. Cherry

Law Faculty Articles and Essays

This article explores some of the ethical issues raised by the rise of a global reproductive tourism model that includes “the reproductive brothel,” a place where women are gathered together in confined areas and their reproductive capacities sold to men as commodities. After exploring the phenomenon of reproductive tourism as it has developed in India, and the ways in which economic globalization has shaped the practice, the article then considers two ethical responses to the development of the practice of global commercial surrogacy; the first of which focuses on the value of autonomy (both as choice and as dignity), and …


Ada Constitution & Bylaws (2014), American Dental Association Jan 2014

Ada Constitution & Bylaws (2014), American Dental Association

Constitution & Bylaws

The ADA Commons Constitution & Bylaws archival collection comprises printed issues of the American Dental Association's Constitution and Bylaws. The collection also includes the ADA Charter and the ADA Code of Ethics issued 1924-1946.


The Human–Hookworm Assemblage: Contingency And The Practice Of Helminthic Therapy, Sophia Anne Strosberg Jan 2014

The Human–Hookworm Assemblage: Contingency And The Practice Of Helminthic Therapy, Sophia Anne Strosberg

Theses and Dissertations--Geography

Through a qualitative analysis of the use of intestinal parasites for treating immune system disorders, this research illustrates how contingency emerges in the context of the human relationship to hookworms. The affect of the human–nonhuman relationship is an important part of understanding the direction of evolutionary medicine today, and has implications for the politics of biological health innovations. The shift from the bad parasite to a parasite that at least sometimes heals, discursively and materially, has opened new spaces for patients to change the way they relate to medical knowledge, medical professionals, and pharmaceutical companies. Hookworms are banned by the …


Context Matters: Disability, The End Of Life, And Why The Conversation Is Still So Difficult, Alicia Ouellette Jan 2014

Context Matters: Disability, The End Of Life, And Why The Conversation Is Still So Difficult, Alicia Ouellette

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


Philosophy, Medicine And Health Care - Where We Have Come From And Where We Are Going, Michael Loughlin, Robyn Bluhm, Jonathan Fuller, Stephen Burtow, Rose E. G. Upshur, Kirstin Borgerson, Maya J. Goldenberg, Elselijn Kingma Jan 2014

Philosophy, Medicine And Health Care - Where We Have Come From And Where We Are Going, Michael Loughlin, Robyn Bluhm, Jonathan Fuller, Stephen Burtow, Rose E. G. Upshur, Kirstin Borgerson, Maya J. Goldenberg, Elselijn Kingma

Philosophy Faculty Publications

The role of philosophy in discussions of clinical practice was once regarded by many as restricted to a very limited version of ‘medical ethics’, one that has been extensively criticized in the pages of this journal and elsewhere for being at once philosophically untenable and practically unhelpful [1–4]. While this uninspiring view of the nature and scope of applied philosophy has by no means been eradicated, over a number of years there has been a resurgence of interest in the philosophy of medicine and health care as an intellectually serious and practically significant enterprise. Controversies about evidence, value, clinical knowledge, …


Dispute Resolution Mechanisms For Intractable Medical Futility Disputes, Thaddeus Mason Pope Jan 2014

Dispute Resolution Mechanisms For Intractable Medical Futility Disputes, Thaddeus Mason Pope

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


From Schiavo To Death Panels: How Media Coverage Of End-Of-Life Issues Affects Public Opinion, Sherrie Dulworth Jan 2014

From Schiavo To Death Panels: How Media Coverage Of End-Of-Life Issues Affects Public Opinion, Sherrie Dulworth

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


Advance Directives, Dementia, And Eligibility For Physician-Assisted Death, Paul T. Menzel Jan 2014

Advance Directives, Dementia, And Eligibility For Physician-Assisted Death, Paul T. Menzel

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


Right-To-Die Cases: A New York Historical Perspective, Sol Wachtler Jan 2014

Right-To-Die Cases: A New York Historical Perspective, Sol Wachtler

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


Health Justice Denied Or Delayed At The End Of Life: A Crisis Needing Remedial Action, David C. Leven Jan 2014

Health Justice Denied Or Delayed At The End Of Life: A Crisis Needing Remedial Action, David C. Leven

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


Give Me Liberty At My Death: Expanding End-Of-Life Choice In Massachusetts, Kathryn L. Tucker Jan 2014

Give Me Liberty At My Death: Expanding End-Of-Life Choice In Massachusetts, Kathryn L. Tucker

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


A New Life For Wrongful Living, Nadia N. Sawicki Jan 2014

A New Life For Wrongful Living, Nadia N. Sawicki

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


The Limits Of Autonomy: Force-Feedings In Catholic Hospitals And In Prisons, Ann Neumann Jan 2014

The Limits Of Autonomy: Force-Feedings In Catholic Hospitals And In Prisons, Ann Neumann

NYLS Law Review

No abstract provided.


Future Oversight Of Recombinant Dna Research: Recommendations Of An Institute Of Medicine Committee, Lawrence O. Gostin, Bruce M. Altevogt, Andrew M. Pope Jan 2014

Future Oversight Of Recombinant Dna Research: Recommendations Of An Institute Of Medicine Committee, Lawrence O. Gostin, Bruce M. Altevogt, Andrew M. Pope

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) in 1974 in response to public concerns about the safety of manipulating genetic material through recombinant DNA. The accumulation of 40 years of experience with gene transfer research has led to a better understanding of the risks. Yet, as gene transfer research has matured, the complexity of the overall regulatory environment has remained. Gene transfer research continues to be subjected to multiple layers of review: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), institutional review boards, institutional biosafety committees, and the RAC. It is within the context of overlapping …


Cutting Out Worry: Popularizing Psychosurgery In America, Antonietta Louise Iannaccone Jan 2014

Cutting Out Worry: Popularizing Psychosurgery In America, Antonietta Louise Iannaccone

Scripps Senior Theses

We think of the lobotomy as utterly primitive and brutal; we shudder at the idea of it. The archetypal image of creepiness, violence, and unnecessary brutality was expressed in the book and movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. This procedure weighs heavy on America’s conscience but in 1945 the procedure was characterized as being as gentle as ‘cutting through butter’ and the therapeutic effect was described as ‘cutting out worry’. How did the lobotomy gain such widespread acceptance? One part of the answer is that Walter Freeman advocated for it not just among his colleagues, but through the popular …


Managing Conflict In Clinical Health Care With Diminished Reliance On Third Party Intervention: Forging An Ethical And Legal Mandate For Effective Physician-Patient Communication, Edward J. Bergman Jan 2014

Managing Conflict In Clinical Health Care With Diminished Reliance On Third Party Intervention: Forging An Ethical And Legal Mandate For Effective Physician-Patient Communication, Edward J. Bergman

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

The world of clinical medicine is rife with conflict among caregivers, patients and their surrogates. This should not surprise given medicine's scientific, psychological, and language complexities, high stakes, fragmentation of care, multiplicity of players, time constraints, institutional politics, cultural differences, competing philosophies and economic dimensions. "Hospital life with its byzantine array of moving parts layered atop the unpredictable rhythms of illness is a permanent state of flux."


Bioethics Mediation & The End Of Clinical Ethics As We Know It, Autumn Fiester Jan 2014

Bioethics Mediation & The End Of Clinical Ethics As We Know It, Autumn Fiester

Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution

In this Article, I will not only argue that bioethics mediation is a superior approach for resolving ethics conflicts, but I will also defend the controversial position that it is the only ethically justifiable method for resolving values-based conflicts in a pluralistic society. Although it has so far been relegated to the status of mere handmaiden to conventional consultation, bioethics mediation-as its detractors have surmised-has the potential to end clinical ethics consultation as we know it.


Family, Faith/Religion, And African Americans' Decisions To Seek Lung Cancer Treatment, Carla Demetrius Williams Jan 2014

Family, Faith/Religion, And African Americans' Decisions To Seek Lung Cancer Treatment, Carla Demetrius Williams

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, especially among African Americans, who have the lowest survival rate from this disease among all racial/ethnic groups. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate how family support and religion/faith influence patients' decisions about seeking treatment for lung cancer. This study was guided by the medical decision-making model and used a phenomenological approach. Data were collected from male and female lung cancer patients (n = 15) who were being treated in a thoracic and cardiovascular surgery clinic in Greensboro, North Carolina using semi-structured interviews. All participants …


Patient Preference For Physician Prayer In Medical Situations, Blaine Mahlon Schlawin Jan 2014

Patient Preference For Physician Prayer In Medical Situations, Blaine Mahlon Schlawin

Honors Program Theses

As medical issues present themselves in an individual’s life, some may resort to religion and spirituality. Because health care providers care for the individual, these practitioners need to be aware of the connections that occur within the realm of spirituality and medicine. The overall purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of physician use of prayer during medical visits in a sample of adults. Specifically, four research questions were examined: Overall, do patients want their physicians praying for them? Overall, do patients prefer a certain type of physician prayer (i.e., active, silent or physician distant intercessory prayer)? Does …