Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Life Sciences (180)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (137)
- Animal Studies (113)
- Research Methods in Life Sciences (112)
- Laboratory and Basic Science Research (87)
-
- Animal Experimentation and Research (83)
- Veterinary Medicine (29)
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (19)
- Other Veterinary Medicine (18)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (17)
- Statistics and Probability (17)
- Politics and Social Change (16)
- Sociology (16)
- Design of Experiments and Sample Surveys (13)
- Arts and Humanities (10)
- Philosophy (10)
- Ethics and Political Philosophy (9)
- Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (9)
- Animal Sciences (8)
- Geography (7)
- Law (7)
- Nature and Society Relations (7)
- Neuroscience and Neurobiology (6)
- Psychology (6)
- Public Health (6)
- Animal Law (5)
- Cognitive Neuroscience (5)
- Evolution (5)
- Keyword
-
- Animal welfare (24)
- Laboratory animals (21)
- Animal research (20)
- Animal experimentation (17)
- Ethics (13)
-
- Pain (13)
- Research animals (8)
- 3Rs (7)
- Animal rights (7)
- Distress (7)
- Animals (6)
- Euthanasia (6)
- Replacement (6)
- Alternatives (5)
- Animal models (5)
- Animal protection (5)
- Reduction (5)
- Refinement (5)
- Suffering (5)
- Animal ethics (4)
- Conservation (4)
- Pandemics (4)
- Research (4)
- Sentience (4)
- Wildlife (4)
- Alternative methods (3)
- Animal Welfare Act (3)
- Animal experiments (3)
- Animal testing (3)
- Biomedical research (3)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- Experimentation Collection (63)
- Animal Sentience (18)
- Morality and Ethics of Animal Experimentation Collection (13)
- Laboratory Experiments Collection (10)
- Animal Welfare Collection (7)
-
- Professional Veterinary Ethics Collection (7)
- Experimental Research and Animal Welfare Collection (6)
- Application of Alternative Methods Collection (5)
- Biomedical Research and Alternative Methods Collection (5)
- Conservation Collection (5)
- Humane Science Movement Collection (5)
- Professional Science Research Ethics Collection (5)
- Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection (5)
- in Vitro Research Models Collection (5)
- Commentaries and Editorials (4)
- Ethics and Conservation Biology Collection (4)
- Popular Press Items (4)
- Articles (3)
- Human Clinical Trials Collection (3)
- Validation of Alternative Methods Collection (3)
- eBooks (3)
- Laboratory Research and Animal Welfare Collection (2)
- Laws and Legislation Collection (2)
- Profiles (2)
- State of the Animals 2001 (2)
- Attitudes Towards Animals Collection (1)
- Close Up Reports (1)
- Companion Animals as Laboratory Research Subjects Collection (1)
- Conference Presentations (1)
- Draize Test Campaign (1)
- Publication Type
Articles 151 - 180 of 211
Full-Text Articles in Bioethics and Medical Ethics
The Ethical Judgment Of Animal Research, Shelley L. Galvin, Harold A. Herzog
The Ethical Judgment Of Animal Research, Shelley L. Galvin, Harold A. Herzog
Experimentation Collection
One hundred sixty subjects acted as members of a hypothetical Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and evaluated five proposals in which animals were to be used for research or educational purposes. They were asked to approve or reject the proposals and to indicate what factors were important in reaching their ethical decisions. Gender and differences in personal moral philosophy were related to approval decisions. The reasons given for the decisions fell into three main categories: metacognitive statements, factors related to the animal, and factors related to the design of the experiment.
Use Morality As Basis For Animal Treatment, Kenneth J. Shapiro
Use Morality As Basis For Animal Treatment, Kenneth J. Shapiro
Experimentation Collection
No abstract provided.
Animals In Biomedical Research: The Undermining Effect Of The Rhetoric Of The Besieged, John P. Gluck, Steven R. Kubacki
Animals In Biomedical Research: The Undermining Effect Of The Rhetoric Of The Besieged, John P. Gluck, Steven R. Kubacki
Experimentation Collection
It is correctly asserted that the intensity of the current debate over the use of animals in biomedical research is unprecedented. The extent of expressed animosity and distrust has stunned many researchers. In response, researchers have tended to take a strategic defensive posture, which involves the assertation of several abstract positions that serve to obstruct resolution of the debate. Those abstractions include the notions that the animal protection movement is trivial and purely anti-intellectual in scope, that all science is good (and some especially so), and the belief that an ethical consensus can never really be reached between the parties.
Reflective Ethology, Applied Philosophy, And The Moral Status Of Animals, Marc Bekoff, Dale Jamieson
Reflective Ethology, Applied Philosophy, And The Moral Status Of Animals, Marc Bekoff, Dale Jamieson
Experimental Research and Animal Welfare Collection
Currently there is an unprecedented interest in ethological studies of nonhuman animals. Much of this interest is motivated by a desire to learn more about animals themselves. For scientists assuming this stance, a secondary goal is to use this knowledge to assess the place of humans in the natural order of things, stressing continuity or discontinuity depending on one's views. Others, however, study animals primarily to apply this knowledge to human behavior. We argue that behavioral research demands the rigorous application of methods that are minimally harmful to the animals being studied. We argue for a moderate, but rigorous and …
Alternatives To And Reduction Of Animal Use In Biomedical Research, Education And Testing, John M. Frazier, Alan M. Goldberg
Alternatives To And Reduction Of Animal Use In Biomedical Research, Education And Testing, John M. Frazier, Alan M. Goldberg
Experimentation Collection
Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general tissues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.
Conversations With Veterinary Students: Attitudes, Ethics, And Animals, Harold A. Herzog, Tamara L. Vore, John C. New Jr.
Conversations With Veterinary Students: Attitudes, Ethics, And Animals, Harold A. Herzog, Tamara L. Vore, John C. New Jr.
Attitudes Towards Animals Collection
Interviews were conducted with 24 graduating veterinary students to examine (a) changes in their attitudes toward animals; (b) the types of experiences and procedures that they found personally distressing; (c) their perceptions of the most important ethical issues that they will face in private practice; and (d) their responses to euthanizing animals. Students’ responses differed considerably. For example, about half of the students claimed that they were not affected by euthanasia, but another 25% still were struggling with this aspect of their professional role. Rationalization was a common mechanism by which the students attempted to deal with stressful experiences. It …
Inventing The Skin You Love To Test, Rick Weiss
Inventing The Skin You Love To Test, Rick Weiss
Popular Press Items
No abstract provided.
A New Invasiveness Scale: Its Role In Reducing Animal Distress, Kenneth J. Shapiro, Peter B. Field
A New Invasiveness Scale: Its Role In Reducing Animal Distress, Kenneth J. Shapiro, Peter B. Field
Experimentation Collection
No abstract provided.
Industry Toxicologists Keen On Reducing Animal Use, Constance Holden
Industry Toxicologists Keen On Reducing Animal Use, Constance Holden
Profiles
No abstract provided.
The Case For The Use Of Animals In Biomedical Research, Carl Cohen
The Case For The Use Of Animals In Biomedical Research, Carl Cohen
Morality and Ethics of Animal Experimentation Collection
No abstract provided.
Alternatives Sought To Save Lab Animals, Jim Detjen
Alternatives Sought To Save Lab Animals, Jim Detjen
Popular Press Items
No abstract provided.
The Case Against The Use Of Animals In Science, Donald J. Barnes
The Case Against The Use Of Animals In Science, Donald J. Barnes
Experimentation Collection
As a scientist long committed to the understanding, prediction, and control of biological, physiological, and behavioral events, I have no objection to the animal as a legitimate focus of science. As a parent, a son, a sibling, and the proud recipient of unconditional positive regard from a few special people, I am vitally interested in matters of health and in the most ethically efficient use of available resources. As a member of a species which has evolved sufficiently to allow the relatively broad perspective of a "web of life" and at least a rudimentary concept of altruism, I have laboriously …
The Case For The Use Of Animals In Science, James A. Will
The Case For The Use Of Animals In Science, James A. Will
Experimentation Collection
Animals are now used extensively in research and teaching, and the appropriateness of their use appears to be questioned. Some people believe that we are in a new era where the animal activists have become much more influential, and that the antagonism between the scientists and these groups is worse than it ever has been. This does not appear to be the case. The preeminence of various influences seems rather cyclic, even perhaps influenced by such things as economic conditions or wars. At present, the question is often asked, "Should we continue to use animals in science?" The real question …
The Significance Of Alternative Techniques In Biomedical Research: An Analysis Of Nobel Prize Awards, Martin Stephens
The Significance Of Alternative Techniques In Biomedical Research: An Analysis Of Nobel Prize Awards, Martin Stephens
Experimentation Collection
No abstract provided.
The Case For The Use Of Animals In Medicine, Gary F. Merrill
The Case For The Use Of Animals In Medicine, Gary F. Merrill
Experimentation Collection
The use of animals in medical research and teaching, and the public concern this has generated is not a new issue (Visscher 1969). Ever since scientists began using animals to investigate the function of the body in health and disease, there have been those who opposed their work (Fishman and Richards 1982). Whether this controversy is cyclic is not known, but most concerned biomedical investigators agree that the opposition is here to stay. The author shares this opinion, and thus maintains that it is in the best interest of all parties to be properly educated on the issues. Only through …
Wildlife And Nature Liberation, Michael W. Fox
Wildlife And Nature Liberation, Michael W. Fox
Conservation Collection
Humane ethics--animal welfare--and animal rights are not incompatible with ecologically sound wildlife stewardship. They are an integral part of it, from treating wildlife for necessary research purposes humanely, to finding humane ways to control the populations of species that are out of balance and thus threatening the viability of other species and the diversity and integrity of the ecosystem. That mistakes may be made in stewardshipmanagement policies is inevitable. It is, for instance, difficult to know if the sudden abundance of one or more species and the dwindling of others is part of the natural process of succession and should …
Wildlife Conservation And Animal Rights: Are They Compatible?, Michael Hutchins, Christen Wemmer
Wildlife Conservation And Animal Rights: Are They Compatible?, Michael Hutchins, Christen Wemmer
Conservation Collection
The purpose of this paper is to explore the philosophical tenets of the animal rights/humane ethic as they relate to the environmental ethic and, more specifically, as they relate to wildlife management and conservation. The two ethics will be compared in an effort to identify potential sources of conflict. Recent criticisms of the animal rights ethic, most notably by Fox (1978, 1979), Rodman (1977), Callicott (1980), Gunn (1980), and Hutchins et al. (1982) have identified several major discrepancies. The implications of these differences will be discussed.
Alternative To Current Uses Of Animals In Research, Safety Testing, And Education: A Layman's Guide, Martin L. Stephens
Alternative To Current Uses Of Animals In Research, Safety Testing, And Education: A Layman's Guide, Martin L. Stephens
eBooks
No abstract provided.
One Man’S Beef, William Severini Kowinski
One Man’S Beef, William Severini Kowinski
Profiles
Henry Spira believes that animals have rights but no say. He speaks for all species.
Ethical Aspects Of Animal Experimentation, Wolfgang Scharmann
Ethical Aspects Of Animal Experimentation, Wolfgang Scharmann
Experimentation Collection
If inquiries are made of people regarding their attitudes towards animal experimentation, there will no doubt be various answers corresponding to the different ethical attitudes today. Three principle points of view are imaginable. The two extremes are: an unrestricted support of all animal experiments; and a radical rejection of any such experiment. These two positions, in all likelihood, are taken by only a minority of the population. The majority will approve of animal experimentation in principle, however, only insofar as it is really necessary to preserve human life. So, the point of controversy arises from the question: When is an …
Alternatives To Aversive Procedures With Animals In The Psychology Teaching Setting, Jeffrey A. Kelly
Alternatives To Aversive Procedures With Animals In The Psychology Teaching Setting, Jeffrey A. Kelly
Experimentation Collection
In this paper, we will consider the treatment of laboratory animals in psychology instruction and will focus on practical alternatives to traditional practices that cause pain and distress to animals. While the discussion will draw on psychology for examples, many of the issues apply equally to the instruction of students in other courses of study, including medicine, veterinary medicine, biology, and physiology.
The Imbalance Between Experiment And Theory In Biology: The Need For Theory-Directed Modeling, M. L. Fidelman, D. C. Mikulecky
The Imbalance Between Experiment And Theory In Biology: The Need For Theory-Directed Modeling, M. L. Fidelman, D. C. Mikulecky
Experimentation Collection
In biological and biomedical research, the vast majority of resources are focused on conducting experiments. Most of these experiments utilize animals. Only a tiny amount of resources is spent on theory and modeling. It is our contention and the basic theme of this paper that the imbalance between theory and experiment in biology produces very poor science. The implications of which are that many of the experiments conducted have little real scientific meaning or value and, therefore, go hand-in-hand with unnecessary animal use and suffering. Given the finite resources available for research, the redirection of significant resources from an almost …
Veterinary Conduct And Animal Welfare, H. Rozemond
Veterinary Conduct And Animal Welfare, H. Rozemond
Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection
This paper is a lecture presented to the same Association but fifteen years later: the 131st Annual Congress in 1984. This second presentation contemplates two points: First, it tries to indicate how this criticism has gradually emerged and a historical outline is put forth of the development of veterinary medicine, a differentiation being made between a mythical, a technical, and a critical approach. Second, a discussion of how veterinarians have to associate themselves with this criticism in their professional conduct is presented. This discussion is necessary for two reasons. Veterinarians have increasingly become aware that they bear a professional responsibility …
To Write A Theriatric Oath, Gretchen Lockwood
To Write A Theriatric Oath, Gretchen Lockwood
Veterinary Science and Medicine Collection
The Veterinarian's Oath was a disappointment to me. When I first read it as a freshman, I suppose I was expecting something along the lines of the Hippocratic Oath; instead I was struck by the contrast to it-by the lack of eloquence, of poetry, of ancient power. As impressionable as I was then, a whole year and a half ago, it left me unmoved. Now, having had my eyes opened to its more troubling ethical difficulties, I feel the desire to create something better, something that is at least more meaningful to me. As an individual, particularly without extensive dialogue …
Animals In Testing: How The Cpi Is Handling A Hot Issue, Anonymous
Animals In Testing: How The Cpi Is Handling A Hot Issue, Anonymous
Popular Press Items
No abstract provided.
Whales Are Not Cetacean Resources, Dale Jamieson, Tom Regan
Whales Are Not Cetacean Resources, Dale Jamieson, Tom Regan
Conservation Collection
What we know about whales is sufficient for ascribing to them the analogues of human rights, including the fundamental right to be treated with respect. Once we recognize their possession of this right, it follows that whales are not to be used or exploited by us for the promotion of our ends, however "benign" they may appear. In the case of humans, to refrain from killing them is to discharge only a small part of our total duties. We must also refrain from exploiting them, whether "consumptively" or "nonconsumptively." Having come as far as we have in our understanding of …
Vivisection And Misanthropy, George P. Cave
Vivisection And Misanthropy, George P. Cave
Experimentation Collection
Goodman recognizes that it is reasonable to question whether all experiments performed on animals really contribute to human welfare, and he even concedes that the use of animals in laboratories "could no doubt be reduced further without harm to humankind." On the other hand, it is quite clear that he is completely unaware of the sheer quantity of absolutely worthless experiments currently being conducted, ,and that he subscribes to the popular misconception, deliberately perpetrated by the research establishment, that animal experimentation is coextensive with biomedical research, thereby contributing directly to human welfare through the conquering of disease. Furthermore, Goodman seems …
Thoughtful Use Of Animals, Hyram Kitchen
Thoughtful Use Of Animals, Hyram Kitchen
Experimentation Collection
As part of a symposium held in Cincinnati entitled, "Ethical Issues Related to the Use of Research Animals," I was asked by the program director to consider whether further legislation regarding the use of animals might be necessary to ensure more thoughtful use of animals at universities. The following is my response.
Protection Of Animals And Animal Experimentation: A Survey Of Scientific Experts, Norbert Lagoni, Joachim Fiebelkorn, Hans-Joachim Wormuth
Protection Of Animals And Animal Experimentation: A Survey Of Scientific Experts, Norbert Lagoni, Joachim Fiebelkorn, Hans-Joachim Wormuth
Experimentation Collection
This article summarizes information from a survey of biomedical scientists, specifically pharmacologists and toxicologists, on the use of laboratory animals and the potential for replacing their use with alternative methods for the development and evaluation of pharmaceutical substances. The majority of those surveyed felt that the alternatives could supplement or complement animal tests, but not replace the tests altogether. However, most favored the use of nonsentient material in safety tests.
Alternatives To Animal Experimentation, Steven M. Niemi
Alternatives To Animal Experimentation, Steven M. Niemi
Experimentation Collection
Alternatives to animal experimentation are highly touted today by animal welfare advocates. Their campaign for adoption of alternatives has caused much discussion and debate within and outside of the biomedical community. The purpose of this paper was to examine the controversy and assess the more common alternatives, including the bacterial mutagenicity assay or Ames test, cell culture, and mathematical models for toxicity prediction. Safety testing of chemicals is the most promising of the fields for alternatives where laboratory animals are used, and incorporation of alternatives with live-animal assays is increasing. However, due to limitations of alternatives in use currently, there …