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Articles 31 - 60 of 2760

Full-Text Articles in Alternative and Complementary Medicine

Vocal Fold Nodules In An 11-Year-Old Boy Treated With An Individualised Homoeopathic Medicine: A Case Report, Shivani Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh Jun 2026

Vocal Fold Nodules In An 11-Year-Old Boy Treated With An Individualised Homoeopathic Medicine: A Case Report, Shivani Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Vocal fold nodules (VFNs) are a primary contributor to childhood dysphonia, accounting for about 63% of cases involving voice disturbances. They have a potentially negative impact over the Quality of Life (QoL), including diminished self-esteem and academic performance. The conventional management for voice improvement varies from vocal hygiene and voice therapy to endo-laryngeal microsurgery. This case illustrates the usefulness of Homoeopathy in managing VFNs. Case Summary: An 11-year-old boy presented with a year-long history of painless hoarseness of voice. He was diagnosed with VFNs and underwent extensive conventional treatment, without any improvement. The initial subjective assessment was done using …


Management Of Submandibular Sialolithiasis With Homoeopathic Medicine Mercurius: A Case Report, Partha Pratim Pal, Laijun Nahar, Faiza Khan Jun 2026

Management Of Submandibular Sialolithiasis With Homoeopathic Medicine Mercurius: A Case Report, Partha Pratim Pal, Laijun Nahar, Faiza Khan

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Sialolithiasis is one of the most prevalent conditions affecting the salivary glands. Sialolithiasis is frequently encountered in clinical practice. A literature search reveals very few reported examples of non-surgical therapy because surgery is thought to be the main option for this clinical situation. Case summary: A 35-year-old female patient presented with symptoms of swelling and pain below the tongue since last two months. The homoeopathic medicine, Mercurius was prescribed at centesimal potency following the construction of the totality and repertorisation, and this led to the expulsion of the stone in three months and an improvement in the related symptoms. …


Alopecia Totalis Treated With Constitutional Medicine Calcarea Carbonica: A Case Report, Deepak Prasher, Urvashi Diwakar Jun 2026

Alopecia Totalis Treated With Constitutional Medicine Calcarea Carbonica: A Case Report, Deepak Prasher, Urvashi Diwakar

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Alopecia totalis is an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss anywhere in the body, but it most commonly affects the hair of the scalp. It occurs in people of all ages and affects 1–2% of the human population. The homoeopathic literature suggests that cases of alopecia totalis have been treated successfully with homoeopathic medicines. Case Summary: This case highlights the potential of the individualised homoeopathic remedy in promoting hair regrowth in alopecia totalis in a 14-yr old girl. The patient was prescribed Calcarea carbonica 200C, 2 doses on the basis of totality of symptoms and individualisation. This evidence-based case …


Gangrenous Diabetic Foot Treated With Homoeopathic Medicine Opium: A Case Report, Sarang Suhas Rahalkar, Neelam Sarang Rahalkar, Sonali Suresh Dhote, Deep Rasik Mandali Jun 2026

Gangrenous Diabetic Foot Treated With Homoeopathic Medicine Opium: A Case Report, Sarang Suhas Rahalkar, Neelam Sarang Rahalkar, Sonali Suresh Dhote, Deep Rasik Mandali

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the most common neuropathic complication of diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes and improper foot care lead to serious conditions like gangrenous DFU, even from minor injuries. DFU also has gangrene as one of its major complications. In general, people with diabetes have a significantly higher risk of developing lower extremity gangrene, which may lead to amputation. Case Summary: A known case of a 68-year-old man of type 2 diabetes mellitus for the past five years, was presented with painless DFU on his right leg that had persisted for the past 6 months. He was …


Nasal Polyp Treated With Homoeopathic Medicine Lemna Minor: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Milan Sengupta, Laijun Nahar, Gurudev Choubey, Chittaranjan Kundu Jun 2026

Nasal Polyp Treated With Homoeopathic Medicine Lemna Minor: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Milan Sengupta, Laijun Nahar, Gurudev Choubey, Chittaranjan Kundu

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: In the general population, nasal polyps (NPs) linked to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are common. Patients with CRS are 60–65% more likely to develop NP. Treatment for NPs resulting from chronic rhino-sinusitis continuous to be challenging. Case summary: A 31-year-old female came with a swelling in her left nostril, clinically diagnosed as a case of NP. Homoeopathic medicine Lemna minor 1M was prescribed based on the acute complaints and pathological symptoms. The swelling was completely resolved within 45 days. This case report demonstrates the usefulness of homoeopathic medicine in the management of NP.


Exfoliative Cheilitis Treated With Homoeopathic Medicine Nitricum Acidum: A Case Report, Dinesh Sura, Niharika Shaw, Rubina Bashir, Chintamani Nayak Jun 2026

Exfoliative Cheilitis Treated With Homoeopathic Medicine Nitricum Acidum: A Case Report, Dinesh Sura, Niharika Shaw, Rubina Bashir, Chintamani Nayak

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Exfoliative cheilitis is an uncommon, persistent inflammatory disorder that impacts the vermilion border of the lips, characterised by ongoing peeling, dryness, and occasional bleeding. The condition can be resistant to conventional treatment and often causes significant emotional distress. Case Summary: A 16-year-old male presented with chronic dry, scaly eruptions on his lips, accompanied with a burning sensation and bleeding for the past 8 months. He reported anxiety about his appearance and also about his father's health. Based on a thorough evaluation of his overall symptoms and repertorial analysis, he was prescribed a single dose of Nitricum acidum 200C. By …


Homoeopathic Treatment Of Multiple Verruca Vulgaris On Dorsal Aspect Of Hands: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Shweta Singh Kureel, Gurpreet Singh, Bharti Wadhwa Jun 2026

Homoeopathic Treatment Of Multiple Verruca Vulgaris On Dorsal Aspect Of Hands: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Shweta Singh Kureel, Gurpreet Singh, Bharti Wadhwa

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Verruca vulgaris, widely recognised as warts, are benign epithelial growths with an exophytic nature, typically resulting from infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). A general cutaneous ailment that can range in severity from a minor annoyance that resolves itself unexpectedly into a long-lasting condition. Homoeopathy aims to concentrate on the fundamental cause of the inherent susceptibility and tendency towards HPV infections by diminishing the size and occurrence of warts and enhancing the body's immune response, thereby minimising the risk of recurrence. Case Summary: A 46-year-old male presented at the outpatient clinic with multiple verruca vulgaris on the dorsal surfaces …


Homoeopathic Treatment Of Chronic, Relapsing Tinea Corporis: A Case Report, Lalit Kumar Chauhan, Shakti Priya Jun 2026

Homoeopathic Treatment Of Chronic, Relapsing Tinea Corporis: A Case Report, Lalit Kumar Chauhan, Shakti Priya

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Tinea corporis (dermatophysis) is a common dermatophytic infection that affects a significant proportion of the global population, with dermatophytosis accounting for nearly 20–25% of all superficial fungal infections worldwide. Increasing reports of resistance and relapse to conventional antifungal therapy highlight the need for alternative approaches. This case is unique in demonstrating how past history can decisively influence remedy selection in homoeopathic practice, contributing to the exsisting literature on individualised approaches for chronic, relapsing fungal infections. Case Summary: A 35-year-old female presented with multiple erythematous, scaly, pruritic plaques on the back and abdomen, with itching aggravated by sweating and tight …


Indian Standards For Methods Of Preparation Of Homoeopathic Mother Tinctures, Kumar Vivekanand, Daisy Katarmal, Indra Gaurav Saxena, Divya Taneja, Shrishti Dixit, Raj Kumar Manchanda Jun 2026

Indian Standards For Methods Of Preparation Of Homoeopathic Mother Tinctures, Kumar Vivekanand, Daisy Katarmal, Indra Gaurav Saxena, Divya Taneja, Shrishti Dixit, Raj Kumar Manchanda

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Homoeopathic mother tinctures form the foundation of homoeopathic pharmaceutical preparations, and their quality largely depends on the source material and the method of extraction. Standardisation of these processes of extraction is essential to ensure consistency, safety, therapeutic reliability, and reproducibility of preparations. The recently published Indian Standards IS 19327 (Part 1): 2025 and IS 19327 (Part 2): 2025 provide standardised procedures for the preparation of homoeopathic mother tinctures through maceration and percolation, respectively. This article reviews the salient features of these standards, including apparatus, materials, procedural steps, process modifications, and storage requirements. The standards emphasise the use of suitable extraction …


Homeopathy In Integrative Oncology: Ethical And Evidence Considerations, Sneha Pawar Jun 2026

Homeopathy In Integrative Oncology: Ethical And Evidence Considerations, Sneha Pawar

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

NA


Cholelithiasis Treated With Homoeopathy: A Case Report, Girish Gupta Jun 2026

Cholelithiasis Treated With Homoeopathy: A Case Report, Girish Gupta

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: The supersaturation of bile with cholesterol, necessary for maintaining bile salts in soluble state, leads to precipitation of cholesterol and other bile components in gallbladder lumen resulting in formation of gall stones. Cholelithiasis is a common digestive disorder that affects about 15% of people over 50 years of age, however in younger individuals it is common between the age of 20–40 years. Gall stones are asymptomatic in about 80% cases, but 1–4% of patients may present with symptoms like pain, nausea and vomiting etc. due to obstruction to bile flow. The treatment of gallbladder stone depends on the clinical …


Management Of Pilar Cyst On The Scalp With Individualised Homoeopathic Medicine: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Anindita Das, Suparja Sinha, Mihir Kanti Biswas Jun 2026

Management Of Pilar Cyst On The Scalp With Individualised Homoeopathic Medicine: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Anindita Das, Suparja Sinha, Mihir Kanti Biswas

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Pilar cysts, also referred to as trichilemmal cysts, are benign cystic lesions that commonly occur on the scalp. Conventional management generally involves surgical excision. Homoeopathy provides an individualised, non-invasive therapeutic approach based on the totality of symptoms. Case summary: A 35-year-old female patient presented with a soft, cystic swelling on the scalp associated with itching and tenderness, clinically diagnosed as pilar cyst. Thuja occidentalis was prescribed on the basis of individualisation and a follow-up period of over twelve months showed gradual resolution of the cyst without any surgical intervention, along with improvement in general well-being. The patient was subsequently …


Delicate, Backward, Puny, And Stunted Children By J. Compton Burnett, M.D.- A Book Review, Shreyank Kotian Jun 2026

Delicate, Backward, Puny, And Stunted Children By J. Compton Burnett, M.D.- A Book Review, Shreyank Kotian

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

NA


Resolution Of Vocal Cord Papilloma With Potentised Causticum: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Partha Pratim Pal, Souvik Dutta Jun 2026

Resolution Of Vocal Cord Papilloma With Potentised Causticum: An Evidence-Based Case Report, Partha Pratim Pal, Souvik Dutta

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Vocal cord papilloma, also known as laryngeal papilloma, is a benign wart-like growth on the vocal cord folds caused by the Human papilloma virus (HPV). This condition presents with symptoms such as hoarseness, stridor, dysphonia, and potential airway obstruction, depending on the size and location of the papillomas. Diagnosis of vocal cord papilloma involves laryngoscopy, a procedure used to visualise the growths on the vocal cords. Treatment options for vocal cord papilloma include surgical excision, laser therapy, and antiviral medications. Case Summary: A 55-year-old male attended the outpatient department of Dr. Anjali Chatterji Regional Research Institute for Homoeopathy, Kolkata, …


From Clinical Success To Scientific Publication: Writing Meaningful Homoeopathic Case Reports And Case Series, Chaturbhuja Nayak Jun 2026

From Clinical Success To Scientific Publication: Writing Meaningful Homoeopathic Case Reports And Case Series, Chaturbhuja Nayak

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

NA


Issue Editorial: Case Reports Special, Subhash Kaushik Jun 2026

Issue Editorial: Case Reports Special, Subhash Kaushik

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

NA


Individualised Homoeopathic Treatment In Alopecia Areata: An Evidence-Based Case Series, Dinesh Sura, Niharika Shaw, Rubina Bashir, Rahnuma Rao, Ramakrishna Ghosh Jun 2026

Individualised Homoeopathic Treatment In Alopecia Areata: An Evidence-Based Case Series, Dinesh Sura, Niharika Shaw, Rubina Bashir, Rahnuma Rao, Ramakrishna Ghosh

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterised by hair loss in patches from one or more areas of skin. While it can affect the scalp, it may occur in other parts of the body as well. No age group is predominantly affected. Objective: This case series evaluates the effects of individualised homoeopathic treatment in patients with AA. Method: A total of 5 cases are included in this study. AA was diagnosed based on presentation of clinical symptoms. Two patients improved with Phosphorus. Another two were prescribed Natrium muriaticum and Typhoidinum respectively. One patient improved with Tuberculinum when …


Intraepidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ (Bowen's Disease) Managed With Classical Homoeopathy: A Case Report, Anastasia Leivada, Aaditi Lakshmana, Ioannis Constantaras, Seema Mahesh, George Vithoulkas Jun 2026

Intraepidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ (Bowen's Disease) Managed With Classical Homoeopathy: A Case Report, Anastasia Leivada, Aaditi Lakshmana, Ioannis Constantaras, Seema Mahesh, George Vithoulkas

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Introduction: Bowen's disease, also known as intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS), is a pre-cancerous skin condition with the potential for progression into invasive carcinoma. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight is considered a primary causative factor, leading to DNA damage and subsequent cellular mutations within the epidermis. Conventional treatments are generally effective but may be associated with complications, including pain, local infection, scarring, pigmentation changes, and occasional recurrence. Case summary: This case report describes a 58-year-old male with Bowen's disease who experienced limited benefit from conventional treatments and sought homoeopathic therapy. The patient was treated with …


Research Highlights, Sujata Madhukar, Sakshi Chaudhary Jun 2026

Research Highlights, Sujata Madhukar, Sakshi Chaudhary

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

NA


Bridging The Evidence Gap: The Need For Scientific Research On The Effects Of Thiosinaminum In Adhesive Capsulitis, Nuzhatul Arab Jun 2026

Bridging The Evidence Gap: The Need For Scientific Research On The Effects Of Thiosinaminum In Adhesive Capsulitis, Nuzhatul Arab

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

NA


Samannachan: A Thai Traditional Herbal Recipe With Cytotoxic Potential Against Breast, Cervical, And Ovarian Cancers, Perika Monkanna, Srisopa Ruangnoo, Pakakrong Thongdeeying, Arunporn Itharat, Pranporn Kuropakornpong, Reawfang Sriyom, Apinya Wiboonwattanakit, Kanyarat Namphonsan, Paponpachara Pibanpaknitee, Neal M. Davies Jun 2026

Samannachan: A Thai Traditional Herbal Recipe With Cytotoxic Potential Against Breast, Cervical, And Ovarian Cancers, Perika Monkanna, Srisopa Ruangnoo, Pakakrong Thongdeeying, Arunporn Itharat, Pranporn Kuropakornpong, Reawfang Sriyom, Apinya Wiboonwattanakit, Kanyarat Namphonsan, Paponpachara Pibanpaknitee, Neal M. Davies

The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background: Samannachan (SMC) is a Thai traditional herbal recipe that has been used since 2005 at Khampramong Temple, Sakon Nakhon, to treat more than 6,000 cancer patients. However, scientific evidence supporting cytotoxic effects remains limited.
Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the SMC recipe and its ten herbal components against breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer cells compared to normal cells.
Methods: Cytotoxic activity was assessed using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay on breast (MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231), cervical (HeLa), and ovarian (SK-OV-3) cancer cell lines, as well as on non-cancerous human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both aqueous …


(Re)Claiming Homeplace: Dance As Embodied Resistance & Healing For Health & Spatial Justice, Preeya G. Kannan Jun 2026

(Re)Claiming Homeplace: Dance As Embodied Resistance & Healing For Health & Spatial Justice, Preeya G. Kannan

University Honors Theses

This thesis argues that dance functions as both an upstream public health intervention and a form of radical spatial resistance; creating healing, agency, and belonging among historically marginalized communities. Drawing on bell hooks' concept of homeplace, Jasbir Puar's assemblage theory, Nancy Krieger's eco-social theory, and Katherine McKittrick's Black geographies, I position the body as both an ecological and political landscape shaped by histories of colonialism, racial capitalism, displacement, and resilience.

Through this community-based participatory research study, Homeplace, I explore dance as a form of social prescription that centers liberation rather than pathology. Movement is often reduced in public health discourse …


Evaluation Of Neuroplastic Changes In Psychological Intervention And Contemporary Treatments Of Depression, Taylor Severance Jun 2026

Evaluation Of Neuroplastic Changes In Psychological Intervention And Contemporary Treatments Of Depression, Taylor Severance

Dissertations

Major depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide. There is a vast range of treatment options for depression, with varying levels of effectiveness. Recent treatments for depression have expanded, increasing alternative treatments, and it is unknown which treatments have the largest impact on depression. This research was designed to examine the treatments of depression, with a focus on psychotherapy and contemporary treatments such as ketamine, psilocybin, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. A literature review was conducted to assess treatment outcomes and neuroplastic changes in these interventions, as well as combinations of the interventions. Data were evaluated …


Exercise Therapy For Mood Disorders In Retiring/Former Athletes, Christian Antos Jun 2026

Exercise Therapy For Mood Disorders In Retiring/Former Athletes, Christian Antos

Dissertations

This dissertation examined the potential integration of exercise therapy and psychotherapy as a treatment approach for mood-related difficulties experienced by former elite athletes during the transition out of competitive sport. Retirement from athletics is often associated with significant biopsychosocial challenges, including disruptions in identity, healthy routines, social support, and emotional well-being. Existing literature suggests that exercise may serve as an effective adjunctive intervention for improving mood and overall psychological functioning, though limited research has explored its application among retiring athletes within psychotherapeutic contexts. This literature review synthesized current research related to athletic retirement, neurobiological mechanisms associated with physical activity, and …


Waterway: A Steam-Based Therapeutic Device System, Mingyuan Dong May 2026

Waterway: A Steam-Based Therapeutic Device System, Mingyuan Dong

Masters Theses

Across history and global cultures, water has played a central and often spiritual role in practices of care, from cleansing rituals to saunas and steam therapies. Yet, within contemporary product design, water is typically treated as a utility rather than as an experiential material capable of shaping perception, attention, and well-being. This thesis, Waterway, investigates how water, specifically in its steam state, can be designed as both a therapeutic medium and a ritualized experience that engages the body and mind.

Waterway proposes a steam-based wellness system that addresses physical pain and somatic discomfort while cultivating slower, more attentive interaction. Rather …


Somatic Prosthetics For Planetary Resonance, Disha Dharesh Kumar R May 2026

Somatic Prosthetics For Planetary Resonance, Disha Dharesh Kumar R

Masters Theses

This thesis investigates how industrial design can transcend extractive technological paradigms in favor of relational interfaces that foster planetary attunement. Framing the climate crisis as a 'crisis of imagination', the research challenges the Western bifurcation of nature and culture by drawing on Indic cosmologies- which recognize stones, plants, and ecosystems as conscious at different levels and participants in a shared cosmic field. By synthesizing research in Biosemiotics, Quantum Information Pansycishm, and Neuroscience, the project redefines intelligence as a distributed, more-than-human phenomenon.

The research materializes as a speculative design artifact: a device that functions as a somatic prosthetic for planetary resonance. …


Health Practices And Use Of Traditional Medicine Among Asian Indian Immigrants In The United States: A Pilot Study, Parita Patel, Anil N.F. Aranha May 2026

Health Practices And Use Of Traditional Medicine Among Asian Indian Immigrants In The United States: A Pilot Study, Parita Patel, Anil N.F. Aranha

Medical Student Research Symposium

Title: Health Practices and Use of Traditional Medicine Among Asian Indian Immigrants in the United States: A Pilot Study

Authors

Parita Patel, MPH1; Anil N.F. Aranha, PhD1,2

Medical Education1, Internal Medicine2, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Traditional and alternative medicine (TAM), including Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Naturopathy, and home remedies, remains widely used among Asian Indian (AI) immigrants in the United States alongside Western medicine. Cultural familiarity, family influence, and perceived safety shape these practices. This pilot study examined TAM prevalence, patterns, and perceptions among AI immigrants and …


In Silico Molecular Docking Study Of Antidiabetic Bioactive Compounds From Brotowali (Tinospora Cordifolia) Targeting Glut4 In Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus, Gita Euaggelion Tarigan, Surya Dwira May 2026

In Silico Molecular Docking Study Of Antidiabetic Bioactive Compounds From Brotowali (Tinospora Cordifolia) Targeting Glut4 In Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus, Gita Euaggelion Tarigan, Surya Dwira

Indonesian Journal of Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake. Despite the availability of pharmacological therapies, limitations such as adverse effects and high costs highlight the need for alternative therapeutic candidates. Tinospora cordifolia has been widely reported to contain bioactive compounds with antidiabetic potential; however, comparative evaluation of their interaction with glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) remains limited.

This study aimed to identify the most promising bioactive compounds from Tinospora cordifolia targeting GLUT4 using an in silico molecular docking approach, followed by pharmacokinetic and toxicity (ADMET) prediction. Molecular docking was performed using …


Using Weekly Guided Meditation To Develop Community, Connection And Improved Overall Experience And Wellbeing At Work, Mary Patterson Friedmeyer May 2026

Using Weekly Guided Meditation To Develop Community, Connection And Improved Overall Experience And Wellbeing At Work, Mary Patterson Friedmeyer

InnovateHER Meeting 2026

The majority (99%) of respondents rated the Weekly Guided Meditation (via zoom) as being both impactful and valuable in their lives. The majority (82%) of respondents reported finding more balance in the workday and improvement in overall well-being. The majority (63%) of respondents were neutral on building community, with just over one third (36%) of respondents responding positively to community building.


A Critically Appraised Topic: Effectiveness Of Hydrogen-Rich Water Therapies In Reducing Inflammation, Bill Craig, Dawn Hammerschmidt, Jay Albrecht May 2026

A Critically Appraised Topic: Effectiveness Of Hydrogen-Rich Water Therapies In Reducing Inflammation, Bill Craig, Dawn Hammerschmidt, Jay Albrecht

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Inflammation is an important part of healing, but prolonged inflammation or inflammatory disease can cause excess pain and tissue damage. Hydrogen-rich water therapies have shown to have positive effects on this wide variety of conditions and may have a role in future therapeutic intervention for inflammatory conditions and acute injury care. Hydrogen is a commonly known element that has recently been the subject of scientific studies to analyze its beneficial properties when used as a therapeutic intervention. Hydrogen is physically the smallest element on the periodic table, and when two hydrogen atoms combine to form H2, it is known as …