Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Appraisal Of Atp1b1 And Gstm3 Proteins As Freezability Factors In Buffalo Ejaculated Spermatozoa, Marvin Bryan Segundo Salinas, Thuchadaporn Chaikhun-Marcou, Phongsakorn Chuammitri, Anucha Sathanawongs

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Sperm cryopreservation intensifies the use of assisted reproductive technologies in food animals. However, variations in freezability confront frozen-thawed semen applications. Hence, this groundwork aimed to identify the fundamental differences between high (HF) and low freezability (LF) ejaculated spermatozoa in swamp buffaloes, which were limitedly described for this agricultural species. Twelve (12) different samples of bubaline semen were collected, cryopreserved and categorized into freezability phenotypes using post-thaw sperm motility as the basis. Sperm kinematics and functional plasma membrane integrity were evaluated in HF and LF samples using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and hypo-osmotic swelling test, respectively. The relative concentrations of some …

Impaired Cytokines Gene Expression By Diazinon And Its Relation With Blood Chemistry And Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus), Mahmoud El Sebaei, Mohammad Shathele, Sabry Mohamed El-Bahr

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Diazinon (DZN) is a promising broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. There is no evidence to support the hypothesis that DZN alters cytokine gene expression and that these modifications have an immediate impact on the histopathology, blood chemistry and oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Therefore, 225 fish were divided into one control group and four treatment groups (45 fish/group; 3 replicates/group; 15 fish/ replicate). Fish in the control group were supplied with water free of DZN. Fish in the treatment groups (T1-T4) were intoxicated with DZN at 0.28 mg/L for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. Activities of AST and …

Multiplex Sybr Green Real-Time Rt-Pcr Assays For The Improved Detection Of Viral Pathogens In Horses: Equine Infectious Anemia, West Nile And Japanese Encephalitis Viruses, Sunutcha Suntrarachun, Surasak Akesowan, Suchitra Khunsup

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito-borne viruses that are of great concern for the equine industry worldwide. These viruses produce similar clinical signs and veterinarians need to be able to differentiate between them quickly. In this study, multiplex known as duplex and triplex SYBR Green real-time RT-PCR assays were developed to detect these three viruses and to discriminate between them based on differences in the melting temperatures (Tm) of their amplification products. Three melting peaks, generated simultaneously at temperatures of 78.5±0.5°C, 83.5±0.5°C and 85.0±1.0°C, indicated the presence of EIAV, JEV …

Effect Of Lameness On Daily Milk Yield In Dairy Cow, Piyanat Prasomsri

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Being aware of the impact of lameness on milk production is necessary to encourage farmers to pay more attention to this issue. Therefore, we need evidence that presents the production loss due to lameness. This can be applied to make the farmers realize the importance of lameness. This study aims to examine the impact of lameness on daily milk yield based on data obtained from cow level in a large dairy farm with 2 units in Thailand. The crossbred Holstein Friesian cows were evaluated for the degree of lameness by locomotion score (LS) monthly for 8 consecutive months. Cows were …

Unravelling The Productivity Rate Of Selective Media For Brucella Strains, Mustafa Sencer Karagul, Serkan Ikiz

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The aim of this study is to reveal the productivity rate of selective media for Brucella strains. Brucella selective media namely Farrell’s medium, CITA, Modified Thayer-Martin, Jones-Morgan medium and one additional medium including erythritol and antibiotics were compared within the scope of productivity rate and colony growth in time. The comparison was carried out using 14 strains including Brucella abortus biovars, S19 vaccine strain, Brucella suis biovars and Brucella ovis. Erythritol addition showed a positive effect on colony growth in time. In addition to differences between the productivity rates of the media; there was also some variation in the colony …

Morphometric Measurements Of Posterior Cranial Fossa And Craniovertebral Junction In Chiari I Malformation With And Without Syringohydromyelia, Pawitra Imemkamon, Supada Prakkamakul, Ketsuda Jakchairoongruang

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Syringohydromyelia occurs about 30.0 - 85.0% in patients with Chiari I malformation (CMI). The syrinx formation is supposed to be a result of disturbed cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics, which is associated with the degree of mechanical blockage that may be related to posterior cranial fossa (PCF) and craniovertebral junction anatomy. Objective: Our study aimed to determine the morphometric difference in PCF and craniocervical junction between the CMI patients with and without syringohydromyelia. Methods: Thirty CMI patients (16 with syringohydromyelia; 14 without syringohydromyelia) and 16 healthy subjects were also recruited. PCF and craniocervical junction measurements of 5 distances and 5 …

Workplace Innovation Management Of Nurse Managers In University Hospitals: A Phenomenological Study, Siriwan Thongthip, Kannikar Chatdokmaiprai, Phechnoy Singchungchai

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: University Hospitals in Thailand still have no responsible unit related to Workplace Innovation Management (WPIM) and First-Line Nurse Managers (FLNMs) are the key person of the organization, but today there is still a lack of knowledge on individual innovation and creativity in the workplace, especially in nursing organizations with the future practice of nursing in a technologically advanced future and keep up with modern society and digital technology transformation era. Objectives: To describe the definition and components of Workplace Innovation Management from First-Line Nurse Managers’ experiences in University Hospitals. Methods: Data were collected by in-depth interviews of FLNMs. Colaizzi’s …

Efficacy Of Digitalized Comprehensive Educational Program For Patients With Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Wongsiya Viarasilpa, Prattana Sittiwattanawong

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease resulting from exposure to allergen. The patient education is crucial to successful treatment and management of ACD. However, this process can be time consuming, requiring trained healthcare personnel resulting in increased workload and may be difficult in the setting of limited workforce or resource. Objective: To assess the effect of informative digitalized video-based educational program (iDVE) on patients’ quality of life, disease severity and knowledge of ACD compared to standard counselling (control). Methods: Patients with ACD were randomized to participate in iDVE or control group. The primary outcome was the …

The Coincidence Of Abernethy Malformation And Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome: A Case Report, Thipsumon Tangsiwong, Siriwan Wananukul, Panruethai Trinavarat

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Abernethy malformation was demonstrated in a 10-year-old boy, whose underlying disease of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) was achieved first-time-right diagnosis by cutaneous stigmata, presenting with persistent gross hematuria and hemodynamic instability secondary to vesical venous malformation. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) imaging was obtained to explore identifiable and treatable causes of the active bleeding, revealing Abernathy malformation and unusual visceral slow-flow vascular malformations including venous varicosities and splenic lymphangiomatosis. This is a first case report of the coincidence of Abernathy malformation and BRBNS. Imaging played an important role in detection of clinically occult congenital portal venous anomalies and visceral …

Intra-Rater And Inter-Rater Reliability And Minimum Detectable Change Of Visual Analog Scale And Digital Goniometer In Patients With Subacute Unilateral Lateral Ankle Sprain, Thongchai Suksri, Chitanongk Gaogasigam, Sujitra Boonyong

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Patients with subacute unilateral lateral ankle sprain commonly experience pain and limited range of motion (ROM). Measurement reliability should be investigated before assessing treatment effectiveness. Objective: To determine both intra-rater and inter-rater reliability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of visual analog scale (VAS) and digital goniometer in patients with subacute unilateral lateral ankle sprain. Methods: Ten subjects (7 men, 3 women; aged 29.90  12.81 years) with subacute unilateral lateral ankle sprain were recruited. Two investigators measured pain intensity and ROM using VAS and a digital goniometer, respectively, with a 30-minute break between measurements. The same protocol was repeated …

Acute Effect Of Low-Dose Sugar Ingestion On Forearm Blood Flow In Healthy Men, Manta Korakot, Weerapat Kositanurit, Pachara Varachotisate, Chuti Burana, Chanchai Boonla, Onanong Kulaputana

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease resulting in vascular damage in both diabetic and non-diabetic people. Objective: To determine acute effect of elevated plasma glucose from a low-dose sugar ingestion on forearm blood flow (FBF) in healthy men. Methods: Ten healthy men (aged 24.1 4.1 years) participated in two experimental conditions: 1) drinking 200 mL of water (Control), and 2) drinking 15 grams of sugar solution (Sugar). The two conditions were scheduled in random order with a minimum of three days of washout period between conditions. FBF was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography. Peak forearm blood …

Occupational Stress And Related Factors Among Registered Nurses At Relief And Community Health Bureau, The Thai Red Cross Society, Itsaraporn Palasak, Siriluck Suppapitiporn

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Previous studies have found that occupational stress affects work performance among registered nurses and causes a high turnover rate. The study of occupational stress levels and related factors can help prevent occupational stress impacting on physical and mental health. Also, it may help increase work efficiency and enhance the commitment to the organization. Objective: To study the level of occupational stress and related factors among registered nurses at Relief and Community Health Bureau, The Thai Red Cross Society (RCHB-TRC). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the RCHB-TRC, Thailand. Data were collected from 133 registered nurses using self-administered …

Development Of A Questionnaire To Evaluate The Attitudes Towards Home Health Visits In Applied Thai Traditional Medical Students: A Pilot Study, Sarunthorn Puttipaibool, Athippat Tantiwongsekunakorn, Kaittiyos Kuldejchaichan, Sukree Kade, Sirikan Poopong, Photnicha Jaturapat, Sasima Tongsai, Suprapath Sonjaipanich, Pravit Akarasereenont

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Home health visits (HHV) are the new duty and development of students of applied Thai traditional medicine (ATM). We performed to develop a measuring instrument to ensure that students have positive attitudes to HHV. Objective: To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire for evaluating attitudes regarding home health visits among ATM students. Methods: There are 28 items in creating the questionnaire which is supposed to be used to assess attitudes toward HHV in four areas, including those related to the practice in HHV, the role of ATM practitioners, relationship with patients and patient’s relatives, and collaboration with the multidisciplinary …

Reliability Of The Thai Version Of The Modified Start Back Screening Tool In Individuals With Neck Pain, Nattawan Phungwattanakul, Uchukarn Boonyapo, Taweewat Wiangkham

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Backgrounds: The modified STarT Back Screening Tool in Thai version (mSBST-TH) for individuals with neck pain (NP) was adapted from the STarT Back Screening Tool in Thai version (SBST-TH) for individuals with low back pain (LBP) to classify individuals with NP into low, medium, and high risk for chronicity. Owing to a lot of individuals with NP in Thailand. It would be beneficial if the mSBST-TH was available to help primary care management in Thai individuals with NP. However, the reliability of this tool has not been investigated. Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the reliability …

Cyberbullying, Well-Being And Mental Health Of Freshmen Of A University In Bangkok, Thachira Jamnongrit

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Cyberbullying is an electronic harassment commonly found in adolescents and affects the wellbeing and mental health of the victims. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cyberbullying among freshman and to investigate the relationship between cyberbullying, psychological well-being, and mental health among freshmen of Chulalongkorn University. Methods: A cross-sectional design enrolled participation of 1,433 freshmen in 19 faculties of Chulalongkorn University. The subjects were requested to complete online surveys concerning demographic information, cyber-aggression victimization scale (Thai version), Thai mental health questionnaire (TMHQ: CU-modified version), and CU student psychological well-being (revised 2020). Results: Fifty-two point-seven …

Mental Health, Social Skills, And Associated Factors Of Flight Attendants In A Commercial Airline In Thailand, Thanradee Kongmanee, Peeraphon Lueboonthavatchai

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Mounting evidence has shown that most flight attendants have an average mental health and mental health problems such as stress, fatigue, and sleep problems. However, there were limited studies concerning their social skills and associated factors. This study identified the flight attendants’ mental health, associated factors with the mental health of flight attendants in Thai Airways International Public Company Limited. Objective: To explore the mental health, social skills, and associated factors of flight attendants in Thai Airways International Public Company Limited. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed with the participation of 408 flight attendants of Thai Airways International …

Social Media Addiction And Self-Esteem Of High School Students In Hat Yai Municipality, Secondary Educational Service Area Office 16, Thailand, Montira Muanjan, Sookjaroen Tangwongchai

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Social media use has been increasing dramatically. Some evidences suggest that excessive use of social media may impact the level of self-esteem. Objective: To explore the level of social media addiction, self-esteem and associated factors among high school students in Hat Yai municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed with participation of 415 high school students in Hat Yai municipality. The instruments included a set of questionnaires to assess the demographic data and patterns of social media use, media addiction test (SMAT), Thai version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (T-PSQI), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and …

Factors Influencing Decision Making To Use Large Private Hospitals Of Thai Patients In Bangkok After Covid-19 Outbreak, Decha Lalitanantpong, Kingporn Thongbai, Anothai Ngamvichaikit

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus infections disease 2019 (COVID-19 impacts the Thai medical’s hub tourism industry. The private hospital sector needs to provide appropriate services for Thai consumers. Objectives: The objectives of this research were to study: 1) The level of decision making of use large private hospitals of Thai patients living in Bangkok after COVID-19 outbreak; 2) The marketing mix related to the level of decision making to use large private hospitals; 3) The marketing mix that influences decision making to use large private hospitals. Methods: This study was a survey research. The population was 8,757,843 Thai patients …

Changes In Brain Structural Volume And White Matter Abnormalities In Young Perinatally-Acquired Hiv Infected Children Treated With Antiretroviral Therapy, Netsiri Dumrongpisutikul, Kultida Chaiyagool

Chulalongkorn Medical Journal

Background: Several studies have reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) effects on brain volume and found white matter signal abnormality (WMSA) on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Objective: To evaluate brain volume and WMSA of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated perinatally-acquired HIV infected (PHIV) young children. Methods: From November 2016 to March 2018, MRI of 19 ART-treated PHIV young children, aged 12 - 56 months, were analyzed for structural brain volume using FreeSurfer software with manual correction. WMSA were classified into 4 grades. Comparison between the brain volumes and WMSA between early and late ART-treated groups as well as changes of the brain …

Iranian Health Transformation Plan In Physiotherapy Services: Comparison Of Household Based Financial Outcomes, Seyedeh Mitra Hosseini Malekroudi, Zahra Mohtasham-Amiri, Enayatollah Homaie Rad

Journal of Health Research

Background: Physiotherapy services are important because they help disabled patients to return to work and other social activities. High out-of-pocket payments of physiotherapy services are one of the major barriers to the utilization of these services. In 2014 a reform was implemented in Iran named as Health Transformation Plan aimed to improve Universal Health Coverage of Iranians. We tried to find the effects of HTP on the financial outcomes of physiotherapy services.

Method: Data of Iranian Household Income and Expenditures Survey (IHIES) before and after HTP was used in this study. Out of Pocket payments and utilization of physiotherapy services …

Molecular Detection And Isolation Of Mycoplasma Conjunctivae From Goats With Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis In Sichuan Province, Southwest China, Youwen Yang, Yanmin Li, Xiaofang Dao, Lei Fei, Falong Yang

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a common contagious ocular disease in ruminants worldwide characterized with keratitis and conjunctivitis and, in severe cases, blindness. Recently two outbreaks of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) occurred in goats in Sichuan Province, China. To identify the causative agent responsible for these outbreaks, ocular swabs were then taken from 40 goats with IKC and 22 goats without IKC for isolation and molecular detection of mycoplasma. Mycoplasma conjunctivae-specific nested-PCR was 85.0% positive among samples from goats with IKC and 40.9% positive from goats without IKC. Nine PCR products were sequenced and showed that there was 99.6-100% sequence homology among …

Enterococcus Faecium Septicemia In A Dog: Clinical Features And Molecular Screening Of Virulence Genes Of Enterococcus, Trasida Ployngam, Numfa Fungbun

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

A one-year-old Golden Retriever male dog manifested multi-systemic inflammation with a marked increment of plasma D-dimer. Enterococcus spp. was identified from hemoculture and it showed multidrug resistance (MDR), including amikacin, cephazolin, ceftriaxone, clindamycin, imipenem, penicillin G and sulfa-trimethoprim. Pure Enterococcus colonies were identified for species-specific DNA by PCR amplification and sequencing. It was 100% identical with the Enterococcus faecium strains in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Molecular screening of virulence genes of the isolated E. faecium strain exhibited four of nine genes including gelatinase (gelE), cell wall adhesion (efaAfm), second collagen adhesin (scm) and adhesin of collagen …

A Systematic Review: The Source Of Antimicrobial Resistance Pathogenic Bacteria On Slaughtered Meat, Cross-Contamination Or Self-Contamination?, Xin Wu, Fanan Suksawat, Sunpetch Angkititrakul, Chunlian Song, Jun Chai, Yifang Zhang, Xianghua Shu, Huiyan Xing, Wengui Li

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Slaughtered meat has been identified as one of the major vehicles for forming antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It is still believed that AMR pathogens introduced by overusing antimicrobials in the breeding industry are directly brought in from farm animals. This disregards however the fact that many gut pathogens do not settle on muscle parts; the presence of gut pathogens on muscle products does not directly correlate to farm feeding. To investigate whether the source of AMR bacteria on slaughtered meat was cross-contamination or self-contamination, many peer-reviewed publications were studied to assess if the observational studies focused on AMR pathogenic bacteria association …

Semen Production Capacity Among Boar Breeds And Effect Of Organic Antioxidant Supplementation On Sperm Characteristics During The Hot Season In Thailand, Congbang Ngo, Suriya Sooksong, Nutthee Am-In, Padet Tummaruk

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The present study was carried out to investigate semen production capacity among boar breeds and measure the efficiency of a new organic antioxidant supplementation on semen production and qualities during the hot season in Thailand. A total of 711 ejaculates from 87 boars (i.e., 26 Duroc, 15 Landrace, 30 Yorkshire and 16 crossbred Landrace × Yorkshire) were included in the study. Semen samples were allocated into two treatments – without organic antioxidant (CONTROL; n = 397) and with organic antioxidant supplementation (TREATMENT; n = 314). The experiment was carried out for three months during the hot season in May (n …

Haplotype Variation Of Partial Sry Gene In Ongole Grade Bulls (Bos Indicus) Of Indonesia, Widya Pintaka Bayu Putra, Saiful Anwar, Slamet Diah Volkandari, Syahruddin Said

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Ongole grade cattle (Bos indicus) are Indonesian beef cattle that adapt well in a tropical climate. This study was aimed to observe the genetic diversity of partial Sex-determining of the region Y chromosome (SRY) gene (625 bp) in Ongole grade bulls (Bos indicus) of Indonesia. A total twenty-three (23) DNA samples of animal studies were collected from frozen sperm (straws) produced by the National Artificial Insemination Centers (NAICs) of Lembang (13 straws) and Singosari (10 straws). Research showed that a total of four (4) insertion mutations were detected in the intronic region with the position of 1831th, 1844th, 1850th and …

A Study Of Standard Values Of Two-Dimensional, M-Mode And Doppler Echocardiography In Conscious Small Domestic Rabbits, Nattanicha Ngosurachet, Tipparat Tangtraitha, Preeyanit Kaewyara, Pattharat Asvaesoontorn, Thawat Lekdumrongsak, Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

To determine normal cardiac values for two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler echocardiography because standard echocardiographic values have not been adequately studied in small-breed rabbits. Data was collected from 40 healthy small-breed rabbits. The results of complete physical examination, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography were collected and analysed as descriptive statistics. The correlation between weight and age and echocardiographic parameters was evaluated. A t-test was performed to compare the parameters between males and females. Most parameters were normally distributed and could be reliably used as standard values of echocardiographic parameters. Weight and age correlated positively with several echocardiographic parameters. However, there was …

Environmental Enrichment And The Behavioral Effects On Captive Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus Leucas), Tsung-Hsien Li, Evonne Lim, I-Chun Chen, Chuen-Fu Lin, Shih-Chu Chen, Ming-An Tsai

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Environmental enrichment methods are meant to encourage animals to display their complete ethogram while under human care in zoos and aquariums. In this study, we sought to characterize the effectiveness of environmental enrichment (involving the inclusion of toys in the living environment) on captive beluga whales in the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium. Our results indicate that belugas with toys spend less time floating and swimming repetitively than do belugas without toys. The presence of toys was also shown to enhance social interactions among captive belugas. Overall, our findings indicate that the provision of toys can enrich the …

Molecular Determination Of West Nile Virus, Equine Herpesvirus 1 And Herpesvirus 4 In Feral Horses In Turkey, Irmak Dik, Oguzhan Avci, Sibel Yavru, H. Pelin Aslim, H.Sercan Palanci

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

West Nile Virus (WNV), Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) are among the important pathogenic viral factors for both domestic and feral horses. This study was carried out to determine the molecular presence of WNV, EHV-1 and EHV-4 infections in feral horses in Konya. Blood samples were taken from 36 horses selected by a randomized sampling method from a total of 250 feral horses bred together. The leukocyte samples obtained were examined virologically for the presence nucleic acid of WNV using the Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay (nested RT-PCR) method and using molecular methods for the …

Pueraria Mirifica Can Modulate The Ovarian Activity Of Crossbred-Thai Native Does, Phubet Satsook, Sukanya Rattanatabtimtong, Lak Piasai, Patcharapa Towiboon, Chalermchart Somgird, Anuchai Pinyopummin

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

To evaluate the effect of P. mirifica supplementation on ovarian activity in crossbred Thai native does, a study was carried out for three consecutive estrus cycle periods: 1) D0-D21(pre-treatment), 2) D21-D42 (treatment) and 3) D42-D63 (post-treatment); D0, D21 and D42 were the days of expected estrus. P. mirifica was orally fed at 1000 mg/kg BW/d for 21 days in supplemented groups. Twenty-one does were equally divided into three groups: 1) CON – control, no supplementation and 2) supplemented groups included 2.1) FEC – start feeding at early-cycle (D21-D42), and 2.2) FMC – start feeding at mid-cycle (D32-D53). Estrus behavior was …

Sex-Associated Differences In Patellotrochlear Morphology In Small-Breed Dogs, Radka S. Garnoeva

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

The purpose of this study was to make a between-sex comparison of trochlear groove and patellar metrics in healthy dogs on tangential radiographs. A total of 38 stifle joints from 19 healthy dogs (9 males; 10 females) from three small breeds (Pomeranian, Pinscher, Chihuahua) were evaluated. The following morphometric parameters of patella and trochlear groove were measured: trochlear sulcus angle (SA), lateral and medial trochlear inclination angles (LTI; MTI), trochlear groove depth (TD), retropatellar angle of Wiberg (WA), lateral and medial patellar facet angles (LFA, MFA), lateral and medial facet lengths (LF, MF), horizontal and vertical patellar diameters. In the …