Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Lack Of Association Of The Abo Blood Group With Covid-19 Risk And Severity In Hospitalized Patients In Louisville, Ky, Rafael Fernandez-Botran, Meredith Cahill, Raghava S. Ambadapoodi, Evelyn Exposito Gonzalez, Stephen P. Furmanek, Ruth Carrico, Jose Bordon, Julio A. Ramirez

The University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections

Background: The potential association of the ABO blood group with the risk of COVID-19 and its severity has attracted a lot of interest since the start of the pandemic. While a number of studies have reported an increased risk associated with blood type A and a reduced risk with type O, other studies have did not found a significant effect. This study aimed to define the prevalence of different ABO blood groups in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the Louisville, KY area and to investigate whether an association exists between the blood group and disease severity.

Methods: This was a retrospective …

The Public Good, Bad Policies, And Tough Times: When Profit And Public Interests Collide, Austin Mcneill Brown, Shannon M. Monnat

Population Health Research Brief Series

Privatization of public goods maximizes corporate profits while providing minimal benefits or protections to public health. When calamities such as infectious disease pandemics, natural disasters, and severe weather strike, privatized systems often fail to respond adequately. This issue brief describes how privatization of public goods undermines public health, damages public trust, and erodes democracy and provides suggestions for how we can rethink policies to value people over profits instead of valuing profits over people.

Stability Evaluation Of Extemporaneously Compounded Vancomycin Ophthalmic Drops: Effect Of Solvents And Storage Conditions, Christopher Ross, Basir Syed, Joanna Pak, Vishal Jhanji, Jason Yamaki, Ajay Sharma

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Vancomycin is the drug of choice for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis and other ocular infections. Vancomycin ophthalmic drops are not commercially available and require compounding. The present study was designed to investigate the stability of vancomycin ophthalmic drops in normal saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and balanced salt solution (BSS) while stored at room temperature or under refrigeration. Vancomycin ophthalmic drops (50 mg/mL) were aseptically prepared from commercially available intravenous powder using PBS, BSS, and saline. Solutions were stored at room temperature and in a refrigerator for 28 days. The vancomycin stability was tested by a microbiology assay and high-performance liquid …

Integrated Multidisciplinary Treatment For Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease., Anava A. Wren, Michele H. Maddux

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

No abstract provided.

Engaging Patients And Parents To Improve Mental Health Intervention For Youth With Rheumatological Disease., Oluwatunmise A. Fawole, Michelle V. Reed, Julia G. Harris, Aimee Hersh, Martha Rodriguez, Karen Onel, Erica Lawson, Tamar Rubinstein, Kaveh Ardalan, Esi Morgan, Anne Paul, Judy Barlin, R Paola Daly, Mitali Dave, Shannon Malloy, Shari Hume, Suzanne Schrandt, Laura Marrow, Angela Chapson, Donna Napoli, Michael Napoli, Miranda Moyer, Vincent Delgaizo, Ashley Danguecan, Emily Von Scheven, Andrea Knight, Carra Investigators

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are common in youth with rheumatological disease yet optimal intervention strategies are understudied in this population. We examined patient and parent perspectives on mental health intervention for youth with rheumatological disease.

METHODS: We conducted a mixed methods cross-sectional study, via anonymous online survey, developed by researchers together with patient/parent partners, to quantitatively and qualitatively examine youth experiences with mental health services and resources in North America. Patients ages 14-24 years with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile dermatomyositis, or systemic lupus erythematous, and parents of patients ages 8-24 with these diseases were eligible (not required to participate in …

Detailed Data About A Forty-Year Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis On Nursing Student Academic Outcomes, Celeste Marie Alfes

Faculty Scholarship

Data were extracted from observational studies describing undergraduate nursing students’ academic outcomes that were included in a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2019 and updated in 2020 [1]. Data were extracted by two researchers independently through a previously tested electronic spreadsheet; any disagreement about data extraction was discussed with a third author. Extracted data were studies’ general information, characteristics (i.e., country, study design, involved centers, number of cohort of students involved, duration (years) and denomination of the program attended, sample (N), sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, and methods utilized for data collection), and data related to the research question(s) …

Psychological Experience And Coping Strategies Of Patients In The Northeast Us Delaying Care For Infertility During The Covid-19 Pandemic., David B Seifer, William D Petok, Alisha Agrawal, Tanya L Glenn, Arielle H Bayer, Barry R Witt, Blair D Burgin, Harry J Lieman

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: On March 17, 2020 an expert ASRM task force recommended the temporary suspension of new, non-urgent fertility treatments during an ongoing world-wide pandemic of Covid-19. We surveyed at the time of resumption of fertility care the psychological experience and coping strategies of patients pausing their care due to Covid-19 and examined which factors were associated and predictive of resilience, anxiety, stress and hopefulness.

METHODS: Cross sectional cohort patient survey using an anonymous, self-reported, single time, web-based, HIPPA compliant platform (REDCap). Survey sampled two Northeast academic fertility practices (Yale Medicine Fertility Center in CT and Montefiore's Institute for Reproductive Medicine …

The Development Of A Measure Of Orthographic Processing In The Arabic Language: A Psychometric Evaluation, Sana Tibi, Lisa Fitton, Autumn L. Mcilraith

Faculty Publications

Although Arabic is an official language in 27 countries, standardized measures to assess Arabic literacy are scarce. The purpose of this research was to examine the item functioning of an assessment of Arabic orthographic knowledge. Sixty novel items were piloted with 201 third grade Arabic-speaking students. Participants were asked to identify the correctly spelled word from a pair of two words. Although the assessment was designed to be unidimensional, competing models were tested to determine whether item performance was attributable to multidimensionality. No multidimensional structure fit the data significantly better than the unidimensional model. The 60 original items were evaluated …

Determinants Of The Outcome Of The Transition Of Children With Sickle Cell Disease To Adult Programs., Samir K. Ballas, Gaye Riddick-Burden, Elisabeth Congdon-Martin

Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research

Transition of adolescents with sickle cell disease to adult programs is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The reasons for this poor outcome are not well known. This report describes the various factors that affect the outcome of the transition process. These include four inter-personal factors: country of residence, region within the country of residence, the health care system and intra-personal factors. Each factor is described in some detail. Understanding these factors and the establishment of guidelines or recommendations could improve the outcome of this critical transition in the life of patients with sickle cell disease.

Validity Of The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (Fies) For Use In League Of Arab States (Las) And Characteristics Of Food Insecure Individuals By The Human Development Index (Hdi), Olfat B. Sheikomar, Wesley Dean, Hala Ghattas Ph.D., Nadine R. Sahyoun

Faculty Publications

Background

The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a UN FAO Voices of the Hungry (FAO-VoH) experiential metric of food insecurity (FI). It was pilot tested in some countries but not in Arab speaking ones and validated using global data. Yet, its psychometric properties may vary in the League of Arab States (LAS) due to cultural and linguistic differences.

Objectives

1) assess the validity of FIES for use in the LAS region, 2) determine the prevalence of FI, by gender, age group, and the human development index (HDI), and 3) examine sociodemographic characteristics of severe FI individuals.

Methods

To assess …

Use Of Mhealth Technology For Patient-Reported Outcomes In Community-Dwelling Adults With Acquired Brain Injuries: A Scoping Review., Shannon B Juengst, Lauren Terhorst, Andrew Nabasny, Tracey Wallace, Jennifer A. Weaver, Candice L Osborne, Suzanne Perea Burns, Brittany Wright, Pey-Shan Wen, Chung-Lin Novelle Kew, John Morris

Clinical Research and Leadership Faculty Publications

The purpose of our scoping review was to describe the current use of mHealth technology for long-term assessment of patient-reported outcomes in community-dwelling individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a scoping review of literature meeting these criteria: (1) civilians or military veterans, all ages; (2) self-reported or caregiver-reported outcomes assessed via mobile device in the community (not exclusively clinic/hospital); (3) published in English; (4) published in 2015-2019. We searched Ovid MEDLINE(R) < 1946 to 16 August 2019, MEDLINE InProcess, EPub, Embase, and PsycINFO databases for articles. Thirteen manuscripts representing 12 distinct studies were organized by type of ABI [traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke] to extract outcomes, mHealth technology used, design, and inclusion of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Outcomes included post-concussive, depressive, and affective symptoms, fatigue, daily activities, stroke risk factors, and cognitive exertion. Overall, collecting patient-reported outcomes via mHealth was feasible and acceptable in the chronic ABI population. Studies consistently showed advantage for using EMA despite variability in EMA timing/schedules. To ensure best clinical measurement, research on post-ABI outcomes should consider EMA designs (versus single time-point assessments) that provide the best timing schedules for their respective aims and outcomes and that leverage mHealth for data collection.

Overexpression Of Mir-1306-5p, Mir-3195, And Mir-3914 Inhibits Ameloblast Differentiation Through Suppression Of Genes Associated With Human Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Hiroki Yoshioka, Yin-Ying Wang, Akiko Suzuki, Meysam Shayegh, Mona V Gajera, Zhongming Zhao, Junichi Iwata

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a congenital form of enamel hypoplasia. Although a number of genetic mutations have been reported in humans, the regulatory network of these genes remains mostly unclear. To identify signatures of biological pathways in amelogenesis imperfecta, we conducted bioinformatic analyses on genes associated with the condition in humans. Through an extensive search of the main biomedical databases, we found 56 genes in which mutations and/or association/linkage were reported in individuals with amelogenesis imperfecta. These candidate genes were further grouped by function, pathway, protein-protein interaction, and tissue-specific expression patterns using various bioinformatic tools. The bioinformatic analyses highlighted a group …

Targeting Epha2 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Initiation And Progression By Dual Inhibition Of Jak1/Stat3 And Akt Signaling, Hao Wang, Wei Hou, Aldeb Perera, Carlee Bettler, Jordan Beach, Xianzhong Ding, Jun Li, Michell F. Denning, Asha Dhanarajan, Scott J. Cotler, Cara Joyce, Jun Yin, Fowsiyo Ahmed, Lewis R. Roberts, Wei Qiu

Biostatistics Collaborative Core: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. One major obstacle to treatment is a lack of effective molecular-targeted therapies. In this study, we find that EphA2 expression and signaling are enriched in human HCC and associated with poor prognosis. Loss of EphA2 suppresses the initiation and growth of HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CRISPR/CAS9-mediated EphA2 inhibition significantly delays tumor development in a genetically engineered murine model of HCC. Mechanistically, we discover that targeting EphA2 suppresses both AKT and JAK1/STAT3 signaling, two separate oncogenic pathways in HCC. We also identify a small molecule kinase inhibitor …

Authentic Youth Engagement In Environmental Health Research And Advocacy, Kathryn M. Cardarelli, Melinda J. Ickes, Luz Huntington-Moskos, Craig Wilmhoff, Angela Larck, Susan M. Pinney, Ellen J. Hahn

Health, Behavior & Society Faculty Publications

Training in environmental health (EH) engages and inspires youth to tackle health promotion and policy change. Yet, there is little guidance on how to successfully nurture and sustain youth engagement. This paper compares four case studies of youth engagement to promote EH in rural and urban communities using the Youth Empowerment Solutions (YES!) framework. Of the case studies in rural (Central Appalachia) and urban (Cincinnati, Ohio) communities, two employ citizen science approaches using PhotoVoice and environmental sampling; one engages youth in a science communication camp; and one focuses on policy advocacy. We compare and contrast these case studies using the …

Drinking Behavior Among College Students: Interventions To Increase Mindfulness And Social Capital, Jenna C. Anderson, Antonio J. Gardner, Barry Hunt

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences

The impacts of drinking behaviors are far-reaching, with college student drinking contributing to over 1,500 deaths and an estimated 696,000 assaults on college campuses each year (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], 2019). There are a variety of explanations to explain why college students engage in risky drinking behaviors. However, there is evidence to suggest that drinking and other substance use may be a result of complex psychological origins, including adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). This paper reviews the literature available on ACEs among college students, how these experiences impact alcohol use among this population, and potential areas for …

Medalt: Single-Cell Copy Number Lineage Tracing Enabling Gene Discovery, Fang Wang, Qihan Wang, Vakul Mohanty, Shaoheng Liang, Jinzhuang Dou, Jincheng Han, Darlan Conterno Minussi, Ruli Gao, Li Ding, Nicholas Navin, Ken Chen

2020-Current year OA Pubs

We present a Minimal Event Distance Aneuploidy Lineage Tree (MEDALT) algorithm that infers the evolution history of a cell population based on single-cell copy number (SCCN) profiles, and a statistical routine named lineage speciation analysis (LSA), whichty facilitates discovery of fitness-associated alterations and genes from SCCN lineage trees. MEDALT appears more accurate than phylogenetics approaches in reconstructing copy number lineage. From data from 20 triple-negative breast cancer patients, our approaches effectively prioritize genes that are essential for breast cancer cell fitness and predict patient survival, including those implicating convergent evolution.The source code of our study is available at https://github.com/KChen-lab/MEDALT .

A Crisis Of Her Own: Fatal Opioid Overdose, Opioid Use Disorder, And Intimate Partner Violence Among Rural Utah Women, Timothy Light, Erin Fanning Madden, Debasree Das Gupta, Hilary Disch, Katie Zaman, Suzanne Prevedel, Sandra H. Sulzer

All Current Publications

The Centers for Disease Control report that the rate of overdose deaths among women is rapidly increasing, with women experiencing a 532% increase in fatal opioid overdose deaths between 1999 and 2017, compared to a 355% increase for men. Among women, those in rural areas have disproportionately higher drug overdose death rates than women in urban areas (Mazure & Fiellin, 2018), indicating an opportunity for targeted rural public health interventions to slow overdose fatality increases among women. This fact sheet reviews Utah trends, potential factors increasing fatal opioid overdose, intimate partner violence and substance use disorders, and provides resources for …

Assessment Of The Blockchain Technology Adoption For The Management Of The Electronic Health Record Systems, Saeed Mohammed Alzahrani

Dissertations and Theses

Blockchain is an emerging technology that holds great promises in healthcare despite slow adoption and previous unsuccessful implementation projects. Blockchain adoption in healthcare has been slow, partly because healthcare is a heavily regulated and complex industry. Blockchain applications span various areas of healthcare such as patient data management, health information exchange, health supply chain management, financial and insurance claims, clinical trial, biomedical devices tracking, and pharmaceutical counterfeit. The main challenges with blockchain technology in healthcare are: scarcity of real applications, the high level of failing projects, and the need for various parties to function together. There is, however, a lack …

The Risk Factors And Preventive Measures Regarding Fall-Related Injuries At Home Among Older Adults: A Literature Review, Alexarae A. Deer, Carlyn Ellison, Linda R. Struckmeyer

Student Journal of Occupational Therapy

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors, among older adults, that play a role in causing fall-related injuries in the home as well as to investigate the various preventive measures via a literature review. 14 articles were identified to have met the inclusion/exclusion criteria for this review. The results showed that there were potentially modifiable risk factors (for example, musculoskeletal factors like balance and gait impairment), several available preventive measures (for example, home modifications and medication review), and effective multifactorial programs in preventing falls among older adults. This study also sought to locate gaps in the …

The Effect Of Perceptually Regulated Recovery On Lift Quality Of Females During Different Resistance Training Conditions, Sarah Matthews, Andrew Wolfe, Matt Laurent, Michael Luera, Ty Hill, Aaron Rinehart, David Sneed, Tyler Frank, Heath Mcpherson, Samantha Derda

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Previous investigation identified the utilization of perceptually regulated recovery as a comparable, and occasionally optimal, method of regulating rest-time between bouts of exercise. Additionally, substantial variances in mean self-selected recovery time between male and female has recently been reported when completing resistance exercise intended to improve muscular strength. These finding suggested females recover quicker than males, and the current standardized intrasession rest recommendations may necessitate adjustments to account for sex specific responses. PURPOSE: The goal of the current investigate was to examine female lift quality responses to perceptually regulated intrasession recovery during various resistance training protocols. METHODS: Participants …

Recognizing Need For At In Middle School Setting, Leynah Flores, Andrea Green

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Athletic trainers (AT) play an important role in a variety of job settings. However, one population that could greatly benefit from additional attention is the Middle School setting. A full time AT will be able to communicate and create a positive rapport with not only the athletes but the parents as well while providing competent healthcare. PURPOSE: To recognize the need of an athletic trainer in the middle school setting. METHODS: A multi-question Qualtrics survey was distributed through social media for coaches, administrators, and athletic trainers to fill out. The athletic trainers must currently work at a high …

Does Mental Toughness Relate To Maximum Heart Rate During Secondary Prevention? Preliminary Evidence Of A Phase Ii Cardiac Rehabilitation Program., Josh Pian, Grant B. Morgan, Jeffrey S. Forsse, Shawn Hernandez, Christopher Rosser, Andreas Stamatis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of cardiovascular events (CVEs) and deaths in the United States. Individuals, who experience a CVE, are currently referred to Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) phase II to improve their overall health and quality of life outcomes. Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) is one of the strongest predictors of CR outcomes. Over the past few decades, psychological health has been recognized as a crucial part of CR outcomes. Mental toughness (MT) has been found to predict well-being. Research investigating the direction and the strength of the relationship between mental toughness (MT) and CR is scarce. PURPOSE: To …

Paraspinal Muscle Fatigue Influences Trunk Kinematics During Single-Leg Drop Jump Landings, Natalie A. Delgadillo, Michael W. Olson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Neuromuscular fatigue of the paraspinal muscles modifies kinematics responses to perturbations in controlled settings. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess trunk kinematics response during single-leg drop landings before and after induced neuromuscular fatigue of the low back muscles. METHODS: 13 male and female volunteers (22.3 ± 2.6 years, 1.66 ± 0.09m, 68.0 ± 14.0 kg) performed single-leg drop landings with their preferred leg from a 30 cm height before and after induced neuromuscular fatigue of the trunk. 3-D analysis of the trunk kinematics was performed using reflective spheres of 14 mm diameter. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) …

Shooting Accuracy And Precision After Tactical Exercises Among Special Weapons And Tactic (Swat) Team Members, Kristina M. Woodford, Monica V. Kock, Jacob D. Fanno, Heather E. Webb

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Law enforcement is one of the most stressful occupations and investigations have demonstrated law enforcement officers (LEOs) have greater CVD-related morbidity and mortality than the general population. LEOs are chronically exposed to events including physical dangers and psychological stress. Every day, LEOs utilize their training to save lives and keep themselves and their communities safe, however, Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams have duties that are beyond the scope of normal law enforcement personnel. Part of this training includes the use of firearms to prepare officers to protect themselves and others in highly dangerous situations. Engaging in these dangerous situations …

Difference In Standardized Repetitions Completed At 1- Repetition Maximum Load Percentages For Women, Aaron Rinehart, Andrew A. Wolfe, Matt Laurent

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In resistance training, a given training load is determined by two factors, volume (number of repetitions completed) and intensity (weight lifted). The current literature clearly recognizes an inverse relationship between the weight lifted and repetitions completed. The previous studies establishing intensity-to-repetition ratios predominantly utilized male participants. Research has yet to explore and determine appropriate resistance training intensity-repetition ratios for females. PURPOSE: Furthermore, the purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between achieved repetitions and load lifted (a percentage of 1RM) of college females. METHODS: Subjects included 11 females with six month of consistent resistance training experience. Each participant …

Determining The Attitudes & Use Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine (Cam) Among Collegiate Athletes, Baylee C. Rejcek, Andrea L. Green, Megan B. Haynes

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

There are many different approaches to medicine, so it is necessary to expand current knowledge on what patients and clinicians are using. Efforts to expand complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research will enhance clinicians’ perspectives by not only creating an interest in becoming educated on the topic, but also by challenging negative perspectives to become more unbiased. Clinicians should educate themselves and patients in a way that is non-discriminatory. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to gain insight on what medicinal practices collegiate-level athletes are utilizing in effort to heal themselves, whether that be physically, mentally, or spiritually. METHODS: …

The Effects Of Multiple Bouts Of Tabata On Post-Exercise Metabolism: A Pilot Analysis, Blake W. Johnson, Alexander Alvara, James R. Rowe Jr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Compare the resting metabolic rate (RMR) following: 1) no exercise (REST), 2) completion of 1 bout of TABATA (1-BOUT), 3) completion of 2 bouts of TABATA (2-BOUT), and 4) completion of 10 bouts of TABATA (10-BOUT). METHODS: Recreationally active individuals (n = 5; 1F, 4M; age = 23.4 ± 1.9 yrs; body mass = 72. 7.2 ± 16.9 kg; body fat% = 28.7 ± 4.9) performed each of the 4 protocols on separate days with at least 7 days in between protocols. Rest consisted of not exercising on the day of the assessment. 1-BOUT consisted of performing a …

The Effects Of Mindful Meditation On Self-Esteem And Self-Compassion In Female Collegiate Dance Majors, Katherine Jankevicius, Robyn H. Whitehead, Heather Samuelson, Malcolm T. Whitehead

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Body image and self-esteem is an everchanging mindset that occurs in everyone, and in recent years the idea of positive thinking has become more prevalent. In physical activities such as dance, that focuses on the way the body moves and looks, perceptions of one’s body image can become distorted. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a mindful meditation intervention on self-esteem and self-compassion in female collegiate dance majors. METHODS: A total of ten female participants (age = 22.1 ± 1.5 years) with an average of 12.6 ± 5.9 years of dance experience were recruited …

Psychological Impact Of An Athlete's Life, Kaylee Rose, Andi Green

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Injuries are a common occurrence for athletes that are active in competitive sports. When an athlete is injured, many emotions are at play and can provide a powerful impact psychologically. PURPOSE: This research will identify any psychological impact from an injury on an athlete’s overall life. The data gained will be instrumental in providing a basis for clinician education and intervention development. METHODS: Participates completed a 21-question survey through Qualtrics for this study. All of the participants are current or recently retired in the last five years NCAA Division 1 athletes. Out of the 21 questions, 12 of …

Enhancing Mental Toughness In Student-Athletes During The Covid-19 Pandemic Via Educational-Based Psychological Skills Training: Preliminary Results Of A Pilot Study, Madison Giuliani, Grant Morgan, Richard G. Cowden, Jeff S. Forsse, Andreas Stamatis Dr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

One group of measures against the COVID-19 pandemic have been the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). NPIs taken by the NCAA included suspension of athletic seasons. Suspended championships during the pandemic have decimated the world of sports and led to changes in athletic role identity and social connectedness, which negatively affected student-athletes’ mental health (MH). One psychological characteristic that has the potential to support the MH and well-being of athletes is mental toughness (MT). MT is associated with successful sport performance and positive MH outcomes. Although empirical evidence supports the effectiveness of educational-based psychological skills training (PST) in promoting MH, similar effects …