Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Relationship Between Adiposity And Stature In Prepubertal Children With Celiac Disease, Benjamin U. Nwosu, Rachel I. Snook, Louise S. Maranda

Benjamin U. Nwosu

Background and Aim: The pathogenesis of short stature in celiac disease (CD) is unknown. Obese children are generally taller than their non-obese peers; however, the role of adiposity on stature in CD is unclear. Our aim was to determine the association between adiposity and stature in CD.

Subjects and methods: We compared the anthropometric characteristics of prepubertal children of ages 3-12 years, with biopsy-proven CD (n=40) and who were not on gluten-free diet, to same aged, prepubertal non-CD children (n=50). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula weight/height2. Sex-adjusted midparental target height (MPTH) standard deviation score (SDS) was …

Obesity And Insulin Resistance But Not Hyperandrogenism Mediates Vascular Dysfunction In Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome., Anuja Dokras, Dinesh Jagasia, Michelle Maifeld, Christine Sinkey, Bradley Van Voorhis, William Haynes

Bradley J Van Voorhis

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with biochemical evidence of early atherosclerosis; however, data regarding vascular function are controversial. We hypothesized that resistance vessel function (mediated by the endothelium or smooth muscle) would be impaired in women with PCOS and aimed to determine the contribution of hyperandrogenism, obesity, or insulin resistance to vascular dysfunction.

DESIGN: Prospective study.

SETTING: University practice.

PATIENT(S): Women with PCOS (n = 24) and age/weight-matched controls (n = 22).

INTERVENTION(S): Vascular function was assessed by measuring forearm vasodilatation in response to both endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine/bradykinin) and endothelium-independent dilators (nitroprusside/verapamil).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Resistance vessel function.

RESULT(S): …

Obstetric Outcomes After In Vitro Fertilization In Obese And Morbidly Obese Women., Anuja Dokras, Lindsey Baredziak, Jill Blaine, Craig Syrop, Bradley Van Voorhis, Amy Sparks

Bradley J Van Voorhis

OBJECTIVE: In addition to numerous health detriments caused by obesity, fertility and pregnancy success may also be compromised. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of obesity and morbid obesity on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. We also investigated the effects of obesity on obstetric outcomes after IVF treatment. METHODS: Retrospective study of women less than 38 years of age during their first fresh IVF cycle (January 1995 to April 2005). RESULTS: A total of 1,293 women were included in the study, with 236 obese women (body mass index [BMI] = 30-39.9) and 79 morbidly obese women …

Risk Of Early & Late Obstetric Complications In Women With Ivf- Conceived Pregnancies And Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Pcos), N. A. Bagegni, J. Blaine, Bradley J. Van Voorhis, Anuja Dokras

Bradley J Van Voorhis

There is conflicting evidence on the association between PCOS and early and late obstetric complications. It is unclear if the reported risks are independent of BMI, preexisting hypertension and diabetes. We performed a retrospective chart review to examine the risk of early and late obstetrical complications after IVF in women with PCOS (n=130) compared to controls (n=130). The miscarriage rate was 17.7% in PCOS women and 15.4% in controls. PCOS was not associated with miscarriage independent of age and BMI. The prevalence of gestational DM (GDM) was similar in both groups (12% PCOS versus 11% controls). BMI was independently associated …

Childhood Obesity And Overweight: Causes And Implications In Preschool Children, Melissa L. Sittner

Kinesiology and Public Health

The root causes of childhood obesity and overweight are currently hot topics of research. While many causes have been discovered, researchers are still weighing them against one another while taking the lifestyles of at-risk populations into account. Some of these causes include lack of physical activity, increase in screen time, and the implications of health disparities borne of a child’s socioeconomic status. These causes and more are reviewed further and applied to the population of interest: preschool aged children in the United States, and more specifically preschool aged children of San Luis Obispo County in California. The need for multi-level …

Preventing Paediatric Obesity; Recommendations From A Community-Based Qualitative Investigation, Patricia Tucker, Jennifer Irwin, L. Sangster Bouck, Meizi He, G. Pollett

Trish Tucker

Childhood obesity is on the rise, and interventions targeted at pre-school-aged children are essential for the primary prevention of this disease. Physical activity programming and decreasing screen viewing may be advantageous ways to reduce the early onset of obesity. Parents' perceptions regarding effective tools and programmes to target obesity are needed to develop an efficacious programme. Ten semi-structured focus groups were conducted for this qualitative study. Two experienced moderators facilitated all focus groups which were conducted in local day cares, workplaces and play groups, frequented by parents. All focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Strategies to ensure trustworthiness of …

Preschoolers' Physical Activity Behaviours: Parents' Perspectives, Jennifer Irwin, Meizi He, L. Sangster Bouck, Patricia Tucker, Graham Pollett

Trish Tucker

OBJECTIVES: To understand parents' perspectives of their preschoolers' physical activity behaviours. METHODS: A maximum variation sample of 71 parents explored their preschoolers' physical activity behaviours through 10 semi-structured focus group discussions. RESULTS: Parents perceived Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Children as inadequate; that their preschoolers get and need more than 30-90 minutes of activity daily; and that physical activity habits must be established during the preschool years. Nine barriers against and facilitators toward adequate physical activity were proposed: child's age, weather, daycare, siblings, finances, time, society and safety, parents' impact, and child's activity preferences. DISCUSSION: The need for education and …

Screen-Viewing Behaviors Among Preschoolers Parents' Perceptions, Meizi He, Jennifer Irwin, L. Sangster Bouck, Patricia Tucker, Graham Pollett

Trish Tucker

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity has emerged as a public health concern in Canada. It has been suggested that excessive screen viewing (i.e., television, computer, video) is a major factor contributing to the increased risk of obesity in children. Exploring young children's experiences with this modifiable behavior may be beneficial to the creation of a multifaceted program aimed at the primary prevention of obesity. OBJECTIVES: To seek parents' perceptions and insights pertaining to their preschoolers' screen-viewing behaviors. METHODS: This qualitative study targeted a heterogeneous sample of parents with children aged 2.5 to 5 years. Two experienced moderators using a semistructured interview guide …

Move Montana: An Exercise Program For Children, Adolescents, And Their Families, Deanna Lynn Babb

Dissertations

Despite advances in medical science, the prevalence of obesity in the US has more than doubled in the last three decades, to over 72 million people (CDC, 2009). The purpose of this project was to pilot an exercise program that would increase physical activity in a group of adolescents and one of their parents or guardians. A convenient sample of 10 adults and eight adolescents returned surveys and exercised through the entire eight weeks (N = 18). Ten of the 18 participants (56%), six parents and four adolescents, reported increased frequency of exercise each week throughout the eight week period. …

Effects Of A School-Based Education Intervention On Bmi And Physical Activity, Lauren M. Panner

Evidence-Based Practice Project Reports

In 2011, the CDC reported that there are 12.5 million obese children and adolescents living in the United States (U.S.). The financial burden of childhood obesity in the U.S. is estimated to be 14 billion dollars. The objective of this evidence-based practice (EBP) project was to answer the question: In school-aged children, how does school-based, structured, family-oriented physical activity education affect body mass index (BMI) compared to usual education over an eight week time period? The Stetler Model of EBP and the health belief model were used to guide this project in a rural, Northwest Indiana elementary school. For eight …

Double Diabetes: The Search For A Treatment Paradigm In Children And Adolescents, Benjamin U. Nwosu

Benjamin U. Nwosu

Discusses double diabetes -- the coexistence of features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the same individual -- with a comprehensive discussion of the various aspects of this disorder and a focus on the search for a treatment paradigm in children and adolescents.

Effects Of Short Term High Fat Diet On Obesity And Perivascular Adipose Structure And Function In Mice : Role Of Aldose Reductase, And Aldehyde Metabolizing Enzyme., Daniel Alan Murphy

College of Arts & Sciences Senior Honors Theses

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of high fat diet and aldose reductase deficiency on the structure and function of murine perivascular adipose tissue. Wild type (WT) (C57 bl/6) and aldose reductase knockout (AR-null) mice were aged to 8 or 18 weeks on a normal chow diet then some were switched to a high fat diet for 4 weeks while others remained on the control diet for the same amount of time. Following 4 weeks, mice were euthanized PVAT was analyzed. High fat feeding significantly increased body fat percentage in both age groups of mice and the area …

Acceleration Of The Panin Development In Mice Expressing Oncogenic K-Ras Due To A High Fat Diet, Bincy Philip

Dissertations & Theses (Open Access)

Obesity is postulated to be one of the major risk factors for pancreatic cancer, and recently it was indicated that an elevated body mass index (BMI correlates strongly with a decrease in patient survival. Despite the evident relationship, the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. Oncogenic mutation of K-Ras is found early and is universal in pancreatic cancer. Extensive evidence indicates oncogenic K-Ras is not entirely active and it requires a triggering event to surpass the activity of Ras beyond the threshold necessary for a Ras-inflammation feed-forward loop. We hypothesize that high fat intake induces a persistent low level inflammatory response …

Comparison Of Obesity Bias, Attitudes, And Beliefs Among Undergraduate Dietetic Students, Dietetic Interns, And Practicing Registered Dietitians, Sarah E. Welborn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The obesity epidemic in the United States is increasing, and health concerns are also on the rise as they are directly related to obesity. Even though the majority of Americans are overweight or obese, prejudice and weight bias continue to be prevalent and socially accepted in a culture that tolerates discrimination towards these individuals. Health care providers, including registered dietitians, are not exempt from instigating bias towards obese patients causing a decrease in the level of care that they receive. The main purpose of this study was to compare attitudes, beliefs, and bias concerning obesity among undergraduate dietetic students, dietetic …

Lessons Learned From Training Of Promotores De Salud For Obesity And Diabetes Prevention, Erica T. Sosa, Lesli Biediger-Friedman, Zenong Yin

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Background: Promotores de Salud are impactful in reducing health disparities for Hispanic communities. The purpose of this paper is to present the training process and fidelity of study protocol implementation using a promotora model for community-based diabetes prevention.

Methods: Five Hispanic bilingual promotores were recruited from a Community Health Worker program and received intensive 30-hour promotora training on how to recruit participants, lead group sessions, and support participants making behavior changes. Evaluation of the training included a survey and focus group to assess promotores’ feedback, a post-training knowledge test to assess knowledge acquired during the training and an observational assessment …

Obesity Indicators By Race/Ethnicity For Diagnosis Of Cardiometabolic Diseases For A Us Representative Sample Of Adults, Joan A. Vaccaro, Fatma G. Huffman

Department of Dietetics and Nutrition

Background: Obesity, a growing epidemic, is a preventable risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases. Obesity and cardiometabolic diseases affect Hispanics and African Americans more than non-Hispanic Caucasians. This study examined the relationship among race/ethnicity, obesity diagnostic measures (body mass index, waist circumference, subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness), and cardiometabolic risk factors (hyperglycemia, high, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension) for adults across the United States.

Methods: Using data from two-cycles of the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010, and accounting for the complex sample design, logistic regression models were conducted comparing obesity indicators in Mexican Americans, other …

Elongation Factor 1a-1 And Hepatocyte Response To Fatty Acid Excess, Alexandra M. Stoianov

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Obesity is associated with elevated levels of serum fatty acids, which accumulate in nonadipose tissues including the liver. Elongation factor 1A-1 (EF1A-1) has previously been shown to participate in the cell stress and death response of cardiomyocytes to excess saturated fatty exposure, and in steatotic mouse myocardium. In this thesis, the hypothesis that the hepatocyte response to fatty acid overload involves EF1A-1 was tested. EF1A-1 expression was induced in the livers of obese mice in association with severe hepatic steatosis, and in HepG2 human hepatoma cells in response to excess palmitate. Partial translocation of EF1A-1 from the ER to polymerized …

Community Built Environment And Multilevel Social Determinants Of Obesity: Evidence From China Health And Nutrition Survey, Libin Zhang, Tim F. Liao, Laura L. Hayman

Office of Community Partnerships Posters

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is highest in wealthy countries like the United States, but is rapidly increasing in less developed countries. From 1992 to 2002, China had an increase from 14.6% to 21.8% in overweight and obesity. Social determinants of obesity in developing countries remain poorly understood. Further, these associations may vary by community built environment (BE) of developing countries.

Double Diabetes: The Evolving Treatment Paradigm In Children And Adolescents, Benjamin U. Nwosu

Benjamin U. Nwosu

The global pandemic of obesity in children and adolescents has resulted in a new expression of diabetes mellitus designated as double diabetes. The entity encompasses the autoimmune load of Type 1 Diabetes and the metabolic load of Type 2 Diabetes. There is no consensus on the best therapeutic modality for this new expression of diabetes mellitus. Optimal therapeutic options must address the coexistence of both metabolic and autoimmune components of diabetes mellitus in the patient. There have also been calls to revise the current classification of diabetes mellitus to take into account the surging prevalence of double diabetes in children …

Cancellation Of Scheduled Exercise And Its Influence On Consumption: Exercisers Vs. Sedentary Individuals, Kayla A. Lange

Antonian Scholars Honors Program

With the obesity epidemic on the rise an effort must be initiated to discover why dietary choices are made. Exercise cancellation in individuals who frequently exercise may cause a decrease in calories consumed. However, exercise cancellation in sedentary individuals may have opposite effect, increasing calories consumed. PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine whether the cancellation of regularly scheduled exercise affects an individual’s daily food consumption, particularly in individuals who exercise regularly compared to those who are sedentary. METHODS: Female college students (n=10) scheduled two morning exercise sessions of 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise. One session randomly determined by …

Review Of Physical Activity Prevalence Of Asian School-Age Children And Adolescents, Andre M. Müller

Andre M Müller

Overweight and obese populations in Asia are high and increasing rapidly. Physical activity prevalence studies have found low physical activity rates among Asian school-age children and adolescents. The purpose of this review is to establish a baseline for physical activity rates in Asian school-age children and adolescents and serve as a platform for additional research. Thirty articles published between 2000 and 2011 on physical activity prevalence of school-age children and adolescents were included in the review. Fourteen studies were conducted in East Asia, 10 in Southeast Asia, 2 in South Asia, and 2 in West Asia. Studies used subjective methods …

Effect Of Time-Of-Day Specific Obese Training On Body Composition And Physical Capacity, Walid Bouaziz

Walid Bouaziz

The best strategy for management of obese, outside pharmacological interventions, is physical exercise associated to diet. Recent research has discovered that the problem of obesity is largely due to a biological clock and that lipid oxidation is higher in the evening compared to the morning and at night compared to day. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity in obese following a low calorie diet. 20 sedentary pre-obese and obese with a mean BMI of 34.3 kg/m2 aged 20 to 47 years subjects participated in a …

"Caught Between A Rock And A Hard Place: Obesity And Delivery Decisions", Mark Santillan

Mark K. Santillan

The incidence of obesity has achieved epidemic proportions. The increase in the proportion of women gaining more than 40 pounds during pregnancy and the related increased perinatal morbidity demonstrates how obesity has affected the reproductive outcomes for women. Individualized counseling and preparation for the needs of an obese woman in labor are at the cornerstone of managing obese women in labor and delivery.

Is Obesity Socially Contagious?, Ciani Jean Sparks

Statistics

The main objective of this paper is to analyze three different articles that discuss whether obesity could be socially contagious. According to the World Health Organization in 2013, obesity is the fifth leading risk for deaths around the world. This disease has dramatically increased in the last decade, which has led scientists to believe there are other factors contributing to the epidemic besides genetics. The first article I analyzed, written by Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler, provided a logistic regression model to estimate the odds of a person becoming obese. The model included the explanatory variables: age, sex, education, smoking …

An Acacb Variant Implicated In Diabetic Nephropathy Associates With Body Mass Index And Gene Expression In Obese Subjects, Lijun Ma, Mariana Murea, James A. Snipes, Alejandra Marinelarena, Jacqueline Krüger, Pamela J. Hicks, Kurt A. Langberg, Meredith A. Bostrom, Jessica N. Cooke, Daisuke Suzuki, Tetsuya Babazono, Takashi Uzu, Sydney C. W. Tang, Ashis K. Mondal, Neeraj K. Sharma, Sayuko Kobes, Peter A. Antinozzi, Matthew Davis, Swapan K. Das, Neda Rasouli, Philip A. Kern, Nathan J. Shores, Lawrence L. Rudel, Matthias Blüher, Michael Stumvoll, Donald W. Bowden, Shiro Maeda, John S. Parks, Peter Kovacs, Robert L. Hanson, Leslie J. Baier, Steven C. Elbein, Barry I. Freedman

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase B gene (ACACB) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2268388 is reproducibly associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)-associated nephropathy (DN). ACACB knock-out mice are also protected from obesity. This study assessed relationships between rs2268388, body mass index (BMI) and gene expression in multiple populations, with and without T2DM. Among subjects without T2DM, rs2268388 DN risk allele (T) associated with higher BMI in Pima Indian children (n = 2021; p-additive = 0.029) and African Americans (AAs) (n = 177; p-additive = 0.05), with a trend in European Americans (EAs) (n = 512; p-additive = 0.09), but not Germans (n …

Preventing And Treating Olanzapine-Induced Obesity With Betahistine: A Chronic Animal Model Study, Jiamei Lian, Xu-Feng Huang, Nagesh Pai, Chao Deng

Xu-Feng Huang

Objective : Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is widely prescribed to treat schizophrenia, but induces serious weight gain/ obesity side-effects. Antipsychotic drugs antagonistic affinity for histamine H1 receptors is the main indicator of weight gain side-effects. This study aimed to investigate whether chronic treatment with betahistine (H1 receptor agonist/H3 receptor antagonist) could prevent/ treat olanzapine-induced weight gain at different stages of treatment.

Methods : Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered under 5 conditions (n=12) : (1) Rats were treated with vehicle (control) during whole experimental period ; (2) ‘‘Obesity treatment group’’ : 5 weeks olanzapine treatment (1 mg/kg, t.i.d.), followed by …

Diet High In Oat Β-Glucan Activates The Gut-Hypothalamic (Pyy3-36-Npy) Axis And Increases Satiety In Diet-Induced Obesity In Mice, Xu-Feng Huang, Yinghua Yu, Eleanor Beck, Timothy South, Yulin Li, Marijka Batterham, Linda Tapsell, Jiezhong Chen

Xu-Feng Huang

This study tested the effects of (1-3),(1-4) b-D-glucan from oats, on activation of the guthypothalamic (PYY3–36-NPY) axis, satiety, and weight loss in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. DIO mice were fed standard lab chow diets or varied doses of b-glucan for 6 weeks. Energy intake, satiety, body weight changes and peptide Y-Y3-36 (PYY3-36) were measured together with a satiety test and measurement of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc). The average energy intake (-13%, po0.05) and body weight gain was lower with increasing b-glucan over 6 wk with acute suppression of energy intake over 4 h. …

Obesity, Weight Change, And Risk Of Adenoma Recurrence: A Prospective Trial, Adeyinka Laiyemo, Chyke Doubeni, Dilhana Badurdeen, Gillian Murphy, Pamela Marcus, Robert Schoen, E. Lanza, Duane Smoot, A. Cross

Chyke A. Doubeni

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Obesity is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia. Lifestyle modifications, including weight loss, have been advocated to reduce the risk. However, no prospective study has evaluated whether weight loss actually affects adenoma recurrence. The aim of this study was to examine whether weight change (loss or gain) over 4 years is associated with adenoma recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1826 patients with colorectal adenoma in the Polyp Prevention Trial had their height and weight measured at baseline. Adenoma recurrence was determined by end of trial colonoscopy 4 years after study entry when patients' weights …

Weight Stigma In Maternity Care: Women’S Experiences And Care Providers’ Attitudes, Kate Mulherin, Yvette D. Miller, Fiona Kate Barlow, Phillippa C. Diedrichs, Rachel Thompson

Dartmouth Scholarship

Weight stigma is pervasive in Western society and in healthcare settings, and has a negative impact on victims' psychological and physical health. In the context of an increasing focus on the management of overweight and obese women during and after pregnancy in research and clinical practice, the current studies aimed to examine the presence of weight stigma in maternity care. Addressing previous limitations in the weight stigma literature, this paper quantitatively explores the presence of weight stigma from both patient and care provider perspectives. Study One investigated associations between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and experiences of maternity care from …

Maternal Obesity Is Associated With The Formation Of Small Dense Ldl And Hypoadiponectinemia In The Third Trimester, Barbara J. Meyer, Frances M. Stewart, Elizabeth A. Brown, Josephine Cooney, Solveig Nilsson, Gunilla Olivecrona, Jane E. Ramsay, Bruce A. Griffin, Muriel J. Caslake, Dilys J. Freeman

Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A

CONTEXT: Maternal obesity is associated with high plasma triglyceride, poor vascular function, and an increased risk for pregnancy complications. In normal-weight pregnant women, higher triglyceride is associated with increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). HYPOTHESIS: In obese pregnancy, increased plasma triglyceride concentrations result in triglyceride enrichment of very low-density lipoprotein-1 particles and formation of small dense LDL via lipoprotein lipase. DESIGN: Women (n = 55) of body mass index of 18-46 kg/m(2) were sampled longitudinally at 12, 26, and 35 weeks' gestation and 4 months postnatally. SETTING: Women were recruited at hospital antenatal appointments, and study visits were in a …