Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Arkansas Animal Science Department Report 2008, Zelpha B. Johnson, D. Wayne Kellogg

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

No abstract provided.

The Effects Of Lactation And Negative Energy Balance On Kisspeptin-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone And Growth Hormone In Dairy Cows, Brian K. Whitlock, Joseph A. Daniel, Robyn R. Wilborn, Herris S. Maxwell, Barbara P. Steele, James L. Sartin

Animal Science Publications and Other Works

Kisspeptin, a neuroendocrine regulator of gonadotropin releasing hormone, is hypothesized to integrate nutrition and hormones critical to metabolism and the regulation of reproduction. Since the negative energy balance of early lactation is associated with reduced fertility via suppression of gonadotropin secretion and enhanced growth hormone (GH) responsiveness, this experiment was designed to determine the effects of stage of lactation and negative energy balance on kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) and GH concentrations. Five nonlactating [5.1 ± 0.8 (SEM) years; 577 ± 19 kg body weight (BW)] and five lactating [4.1 ± 0.6 years; 608 ± 11 kg BW] multiparous …

The Effects Of Lactation And Negative Energy Balance On Kisspeptin-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone And Growth Hormone In Dairy Cows, Brian K. Whitlock, Joseph A. Daniel, Robyn R. Wilborn, Herris S. Maxwell, Barbara P. Steele, James L. Sartin

Brian K Whitlock, PhD, DVM, DACT

Kisspeptin, a neuroendocrine regulator of gonadotropin releasing hormone, is hypothesized to integrate nutrition and hormones critical to metabolism and the regulation of reproduction. Since the negative energy balance of early lactation is associated with reduced fertility via suppression of gonadotropin secretion and enhanced growth hormone (GH) responsiveness, this experiment was designed to determine the effects of stage of lactation and negative energy balance on kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) and GH concentrations. Five nonlactating [5.1 ± 0.8 (SEM) years; 577 ± 19 kg body weight (BW)] and five lactating [4.1 ± 0.6 years; 608 ± 11 kg BW] multiparous …

Behavioural Analysis Of A Nociceptive Event In Fish: Comparisons Between Three Species Demonstrate Specific Responses, Siobhan C. Reilly, John P. Quinn, Andrew R. Cossins, Lynne U. Sneddon

Sentience Collection

Nociception is the sensory mechanism by which potentially harmful stimuli are detected in animals and humans. The behavioural responses to noxious stimulation have been studied in two fish species thus far. However, since species-specific differences are seen in mammals, more species need to be examined to determine whether nociceptive responses are generic in fish. The present study investigated the behavioural and respiratory response to an acute noxious or potentially painful stimulus in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Behavioural parameters such as frequency of swimming, use of cover and any anomalous behaviour were measured …

Got Controversy - Milk Does, Margaret Sova Mccabe

Law Faculty Scholarship

This article analyzes ongoing controversy over how to best label rBST-free milk. Recombinant bovine somatotropin is a genetically engineered drug administered by some farmers to their dairy herds to increase milk production. FDA first approved its use in 1994, despite great controversy. The FDA also issued labeling guidelines that allowed voluntary disclosure of rBST-free milk, so long as it carried the disclaimer that no difference could be detected between milk produced with rBST and rBST-free. The controversy continues today as consumers express a preference for rBST-free milk and many rBST-free producers label their milk this way. "Conventional" milk (with rBST) …

Sheep Updates 2008 - Contents, Department Of Food And Agriculture, Western Australia

Sheep Updates

No abstract provided.

Sheep Updates 2008 - Part 1, David Hughes, Tony Higgs, Di Evans, Scott Hansen, Michael Paton, Mary Nenke

Sheep Updates

This session covers five papers from different authors: KEYNOTE 1. Global trends in consumer and community expectations and their affect on the market, Dr David Hughes, Imperial College, London. (Powerpoint) PLENARY 2. Animal welfare - trends and opportunities, Tony Higgs, Di Evans, Department of Agriculture and Food WA 3. Australia's live sheep exports to Saudi Arabia, Scott Hansen, Meat & Livestock Australia 4. Livestock Welfare Challenges in Road Transport, Dr Mike Paton, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 5. My 2020 Summit Experience, Mary Nenke, Producer Kukerin WA

Sheep Updates 2008 - Part 3, L. J. E. Karlsson, J. C. Greeff, L. Slocombe, K. Jones, N. Underwood, Fred Wilkinson, W. D. Hoffman, W. A. Mckiernan, V. H. Oddy, M. J. Mcphee, B. L. Mcintyre, P. F. Parnell, R. A. Clark, J. Timms, G. Griffith, C. Mulholland, P. Hyland, Danielle England, Fiona Jones, John Lucey, Martin Staines, Richard Morris, Megan Abrahams, Caroline Peek, Dennis Van Gool, Daniel Gardiner, Kari-Lee Falconer, Sandra Prosser, Mario D'Antuono, John Young, Andrew Thompson, Chris Oldham, Brown Besier, Angus Campbell, Ralph Behrendt

Sheep Updates

This session covers fiveteen papers from different authors:

CONTROLLING FLY STRIKE

1. Breeding for Blowfly Resistance - Indicatoe Traits, LJE Karlsson, JC Greeff, L Slocombe, Department of Agriculture & Food, Western Australia

2.A practical method to select for breech strike resistance in non-pedigreed Merino flocks, LJE Karlsson, JC Greeff, L Slocombe, K. Jones, N. Underwood, Department of Agriculture & Food, Western Australia

3. Twice a year shearing - no mulesing, Fred Wilkinson, Producer, Brookton WA

BEEF

4. Commercial testing of a new tool for prediction of fatness in beef cattle, WD Hoffman^A, WA McKiernan^A, VH Oddy …

Sheep Updates 2008 - Part 2, Meredith L. Sheil, Di Evans, Brown Besier, Tim Scanlon, Andre Martinho De Almeida, Johan Greeff, Tanya Kilminster, John Milton, Chris Oldham, B. L. Mcintyre, Alison Wheatley, John Lucey, Fiona Jones, Nick Costa, Ed Riggall, J. R. L. Hall, Robin Jacob, Dave Pethick, Dave Hopkins, Graham Gardner

Sheep Updates

This session covers eleven papers from different authors: The Sheep Room 1. Analgesia for Surgical Husbandry Procedures in Sheep and Other Livestock, Dr Meredith L. Sheil, Animal Ethics Pty Ltd, Associate Sydney University Faculty of Veterinary Science The Wool Enterprise 2. Unmulsed sheep - implications for chemical use, Di Evans & Brown Besier, Department of Agriculture and Food WA 3. Are Damara and Dorper sheep better adapted than Merinos to nutritional stress? - Growth rates, Tim Scanlon1, Andre Martinho de Almeida2, Johan Greeff1, Tanya Kilminster1, John Milton3, Chris Oldham1, Department of Agriculture and Food WA1, Instituto de Investigacao Cientifica Tropical, …

A Synaptic Basis For Auditory-Vocal Integration In The Songbird, Eric E. Bauer, Melissa J. Coleman, Todd F. Roberts, Arani Roy, Jonathan F. Prather, Richard Mooney

WM Keck Science Faculty Papers

Songbirds learn to sing by memorizing a tutor song that they then vocally mimic using auditory feedback. This developmental sequence suggests that brain areas that encode auditory memories communicate with brain areas for learned vocal control. In the songbird, the secondary auditory telencephalic region caudal mesopallium (CM) contains neurons that encode aspects of auditory experience. We investigated whether CM is an important source of auditory input to two sensorimotor structures implicated in singing, the telencephalic song nucleus interface (NIf) and HVC. We used reversible inactivation methods to show that activity in CM is necessary for much of the auditory-evoked activity …

A Spatial Sirs Boolean Network Model For The Spread Of H5n1 Avian Influenza Virus Among Poultry Farms, Alexander Kasyanov, Leona Kirkland, Mihaela Teodora Matache

Mathematics Faculty Proceedings & Presentations

To predict the spread of Avian Influenza we propose a synchronous Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SIRS) Boolean network of poultry farms, using probabilistic Boolean rules. Gravity models from transportation theory are used for the probability of infection of a node in one time step, taking into account farm sizes, distances be- tween farms, and mean distance travelled by birds. Basic reproduction numbers are computed analytically and numerically. The dynamics of the network are analyzed and various statistics considered such as number of infected nodes or time until eradication of the epidemic. We conclude that mostly when large farms (eventually) become infected the epidemic …

Calf Development: Most Births At Night, Robert H.I. Dale

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

For many years, field researchers studying both African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximas) elephants have indicated that they have observed relatively few births in situ, suggesting that most elephant dams give birth at night. For example, according to Cynthia Moss, "Possibly the majority of births occur at night and perhaps those that do take place in the daytime happen in secluded places" (1988, p. 151). Others, for example, Clive Spinage, have referred to "the old beliefs that the cows retreated to 'calving grounds' or that birth took place at night." (Spinage, 1994, p. 90). Although …

Dr. Maximillian Schmidt's 1884 Review Of The Growth Rates Of Asian Elephants, Robert H.I. Dale, Fred Yaniga

Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS

Rarely is there a scientific article of such creativity, insight and importance that it is fascinating even 125 years after it was written. The following article by Max Schmidt, translated in English for the first time, as far as we know, is one of these. As in the original article, an illustration precedes the text.

Dr. Schmidt addressed a topic of considerable interest in recent times (for example, Sukumar, 2003, Appendix 2): The growth curves of elephants. He combined data on multiple elephants from several sources to generate a table of shoulder heights from birth to the age of 34 …

Amyloid Fibrils: Potential Food Safety Implications, Michael Greger

Human Health Collection

The demonstration of oral Amyloid-A (AA) fibril transmissibility has raised food safety questions about the consumption of amyloidotic viscera. In a presumed prion-like mechanism, amyloid fibrils have been shown to trigger and accelerate the development of AA amyloidosis in rodent models. The finding of amyloid fibrils in edible avian and mammalian food animal tissues, combined with the inability of cooking temperatures to eliminate their amyloidogenic potential, has led to concerns that products such as pâté de foie gras may activate a reactive systemic amyloidosis in susceptible consumers. Given the ability of amyloid fibrils to cross-seed the formation of chemically heterologous …

Uterine And Ovarian Metastasis Of Transmissible Venereal Tumor In A Bitch, Ayhan Baştan, Duygu Baki̇ Acar, Mehmet Cengi̇z

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this case report, metastasis of a transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) to the uterus and ovaries is presented. A 7-year-old female boxer dog with hemorrhagic vulvar discharge and a vaginal mass was brought to Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinics of Gynecology and Obstetrics. TVT was diagnosed by clinical findings and cytologic examination. Multifocal nodules in the uterus and enlargements of the uterine wall were detected by ultrasonographic examination. Ovariohysterectomy was performed because of uterine pathology. Histopathologic examination of the uterus and ovarium showed that the multifocal masses in the uterus and ovaries originated from vaginal TVT.

A Bicistronic Dna Vaccine Containing Gene Of Fmdv And Bovine Ifn-\Alpha Can Prime Humoral And Cellular Immune Responses Of Guinea Pigs, Huichen Guo, Shiqi Sun, Jiangtao Ma, Zaixin Liu, Xiangtao Liu, Qingge Xie

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The study was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Genes encoding the P1, 2A, 3C of FMDV O/China99 and bovine IFN-\alpha were cloned into pcDNA3.1 (+) expression vector under CMV promoter and FMDV IRES control, respectively. The recombinant plasmids were administered to guinea pigs by intramuscular injection with mono- or bicistronic expression plasmids and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). After 2 sequential vaccinations with plasmid DNA, all of guinea pigs were challenged with 100 ID_{50} FMDV O/China99. Anti-FMDV antibodies were detected by ELISA and neutralization assay, and the phenotyping of T-cell …

Genetic Parameters Of Residual Energy Intake And Its Correlations With Other Traits In Holstein Dairy Cattle, Pouya Zamani, Seied Reza Miraei Ashtiani, Hosein Mohammadi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Residual energy intake (REI) or residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between actual energy intake, is predicted on the basis of requirements for maintenance, milk production, and body weight change of an animal. Genetic variation of REI and its relationships with dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat, and protein yields was investigated using 3503 monthly records collected from 906 Holstein lactating cows. Variance components were estimated using univariate and multivariate animal models with the derivative-free approach of restricted maximum likelihood algorithm, fitting animal models with fixed effects of herd-year-season, parity number and …

Prevalence And Antibiotic Resistance Of Listeria Spp. Isolated From Ready-To-Eat Foods In Ankara, Ufuk Tansel Şi̇reli̇, Ali̇ Gücükoğlu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study the presence of Listeria spp. is tested in 100 ready-to-eat food samples purchased from different stores and traditional food shops in the province of Ankara. The tested materials were 20 each of the following: mayonnaise based salad, kadınbudu köfte (fried meatball), fried liver, rice stuffed mussel, and green salad. Microbiological analyzes showed that 13 of 100 salad samples (13%) were contaminated with Listeria spp. while 10 of 100 salad samples (10%) were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Among these, 4 of 20 mayonnaise based salad samples (20%), 1 of 20 fried liver (5%), 1 of 20 rice stuffed …

Investigation Of Anti-Toxoplasma Gondii And Anti-Leishmania Infantum Antibodies Among Sivas Kangal Dogs, Selçuk Kiliç, Cahi̇t Babür, Ayşegül Taylan Özkan, Nuri̇ Mamak

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and leishmaniosis among Kangal dogs on breeding farms in Sivas, Turkey. Serum samples from 50 Kangal dogs without clinical symptoms of disease were tested for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies with the Sabin Feldman Dye Test (SFDT) and for anti-Leishmania antibodies with the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Forty-six out of the 50 dogs were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii, with titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:1024. Only 1 of the 50 dogs was seropositive for leishmaniosis (titer: 1:128) and 5 had anti-Leishmania antibodies with a titer of 1:64, which was …

The Effects Of A Nutritionally Unbalanced Diet On Some Blood And Postpartum Fertility Parameters In Dairy Cows, Erol Alaçam, Şaki̇r Doğan Tuncer, M. Rifat Salmanoğlu, Seher Küçükersan, Kemal Küçükersan, Abdurrahman Özlüer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was carried out to determine the effects of mineral imbalances and negative energy balance on reproductive functions during the early and later stages of the postpartum period in dairy cows. The study included 100 randomly selected multiparous Holstein cows aged between 2 and 8 years (mean weight: 650 kg). The animals´ diets were not manipulated and they were fed the rations used by the study farm. Blood samples were taken on postpartum days 0, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 45, 60, and 90. Cows with calving and/or puerperium problems were recorded. Analyses were made for non-esterified fatty acids, …

Circadian Variations Of Thyroid Hormone Levels Of Nonpregnant Uniparous Fat-Tailed Iranian Ewes In Summer, Saeed Nazifi, Mahdi Saeb, Mahdi Hasankhani, Maryam Ansari-Lari, Narjes Ghafari, Fatemeh Hasanshahi

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Circadian variations in serum triiodothyronine (T_3), thyroxine (T_4), free triiodothyronine (fT_3), and free thyroxine (fT_4) levels were investigated in Iranian ewes. For that purpose, blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of 15 adult clinically healthy Iranian nonpregnant uniparous ewes every 6 h (0600, 1200, 1800, and 0000) during 6 days in summer with a mean ambient temperature of 40 °C. Serum T_3, T_4, fT_3, and fT_4 were measured by radioimmunoassay. There were statistically significant differences in thyroid hormone concentrations (T_3, T_4, fT_3, and fT_4) at different hours of the day. The results revealed that serum T_3, T_4, fT_3, …

The Effects Of Feeding Pollen Cake Containing Royal Jelly On Bombus Terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colony Development, Fehmi̇ Gürel, Ayhan Gösteri̇t

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was performed to determine the effects of feeding pollen cake containing honeybee royal jelly on Bombus terrestris colony development. In total, 125 bumblebee queens, 68 of which were fed pollen cake containing 10% royal jelly and 57 of which were fed normal pollen cake, were used. We found that 84% of the queens fed pollen cake containing royal jelly and 82% of those fed normal pollen cake laid eggs; 56% of the queens fed normal pollen cake established colonies, whereas queens fed pollen cake containing royal jelly did not establish any colonies and their larvae died. The results …

Single Dose Pharmacokinetics Of Cefepime After Intravenous And Intramuscular Administration In Goats, Kalpesh Patani, Urvesh Patel, Shailesh Bhavsar, Aswin Thaker, Joravarsinh Sarvaiya

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Pharmacokinetics of cefepime was determined following single dose intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at the rate of 10 mg/kg body weight in a crossover design with an interval of 21 days between IV and IM injections. The experiment was done on 6 healthy young female Surati goats (4-6 months of age). All animals were randomly allocated to receive either IV or IM injection of the drug. Blood samples were collected at various time intervals. Cefepime concentration in serum was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The serum drug concentration-time profile was characteristic of a 2- and 1-compartment open …

Principal Component And Clustering Analysis Of Functional Traits In Swiss Dairy Cattle, Burak Karacaören, Haja N. Kadarmideen

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The objective of the research was to investigate the relationship among functional traits (body condition score (BCS), milk yield (MY), milking speed (MS), dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight (BW)). Data were from multiparous dairy cows (n = 55) of Chamau research farm of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland. Principal component analysis with correlation matrix was used to find the relationship among BCS, MY, MS, DMI, BW, and other fixed effects including breed, year at calving, season, parity and year-season interaction. It was found that for all functional traits first 4 principal components explained more than 70% …

Apparent Nutrient Digestibility Of Balanced Diets With Soy Bean Extract Or Meat And Bone Meal In The Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.) Infected With Vibrio Anguillarum, Kenan Engi̇n, Ferbal Özkan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., infected with Vibrio anguillarum or not infected were fed balanced diets containing vegetal (solvent extracted soy bean meal (SBM)) or animal (meat and bone meal (MBM)) protein sources in order to demonstrate the apparent nutrient and energy digestibility. Regardless of protein sources in the diets, feed intake was lower in the infected group. Apparent nutrient (AD_{DM} and AD_{CP}) and energy digestibility (AD_{kJ}) values of Nile tilapia fed the SBM diet were significantly better (P < 0.05) than those fed the CONT and MBM diets and changed little between the measurement days in both groups (non-infected and infected). Although no visible symptoms associated with vibriosis were evident on either the skin or internal organs, the significantly lower (P < 0.05) AD_{DM}, AD_{CP}, and AD_{kJ} values obtained between day 1 and 10 (specifically on days 3 and 10) in the infected group fed the CONT and MBM diets might have implicated the pathogenicity of the bacteria. Further research concentrating on higher amounts of solvent extracted soy bean and meat and bone meal, different environmental conditions and doses of infection with V. anguillarum and immune response parameters including physiological and cellular stress responses is needed in order to identify the overall apparent nutrient digestibility of plant and animal protein sources in Nile tilapia infected with V. anguillarum.

Detection Of Coxiella Burnetii In Cattle By Pcr, Şükrü Kirkan, Osman Kaya, Serten Tekbiyik, Uğur Parin

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study is aimed to detect Coxiella burnetii in cattle by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 138 cattle blood samples were collected from 8 farms and then examined in laboratory conditions. The examination of Coxiella burnetii was carried out by PCR with specific primers. In this study, a total of 6 (4.3%) cattle serum samples were found PCR positive for Coxiella burnetii. This result proves that cattle are an important reservoir of Coxiella burnetii infection.

Microbial Flora From The Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (Eus) Infected Murrel Channa Striatus (Bloch, 1797) In Tirunelveli Region, Muthukrishnan Dhanaraj, Mohamed A. K. Haniffa, Chidambaram Muthu Ramakrishnan, S. Vijayakesava Arun Singh

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The microbial flora of the liver, gills, intestine, and muscle of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) infected murrel Channa striatus in Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu was estimated quantitatively and qualitatively, and the isolates were identified at genus and species level. Total viable microbial count was measured as highest range in gills (5.9 ± 0.5 x 10^7 CFU (colony forming units) g^{-1}) and lowest range in intestine (8.7 ± 1.8 x 10^4 CFU g^{-1}). In total 17 bacterial and mycotic species were isolated and identified and Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter sp., Vibrio sp., Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Aphanomyces invadans, and Aspergillus sp. were the most …

The Effect Of Feed Supplemented With Different Sodium Bentonite Treatments On Broiler Performance, Talat Naseer Pasha, Amir Mahmood, Farina Malik Khattak, Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar, Allah Dita Khan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of rations containing different sodium bentonite treatments on broiler performance. The study included 280 broiler chicks (1-day-old) that were randomly allocated to 7 experimental groups designated as follows: A (control); B and C (0.5% and 1.0% sodium bentonite, respectively); D and E (0.5% and 1.0% sodium bentonite + 0.5% and 1.0% gentian violet, respectively); F and G (0.5% and 1.0% sodium bentonite + 0.5% and 1.0% acetic acid, respectively). The experimental diets were given to the broilers for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment (day 42), weight gain, feed …

Heritability Estimates Of Post Weaning Performance Traits Of Hissardale Sheep In Pakistan, Pervez Akhtar, Safdar Ali, Asghar Hussain, Muhammad A. Mirza, Muhammad Iqbal Mustafa, Javed Iqbal Sultan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Data obtained from 5260 birth records of 1179 Hissardale sheep maintained at the Livestock Experiment Station, Jahangirabad, in the district of Khanewal during 1978-1995 were analyzed. The objective was to evaluate the performance and to estimate the heritability of Hissardale sheep in Pakistan. Mean 180-day, 270-day, and yearling weights were 23.5 ± 3.31 kg, 25.7 ± 3.49 kg, and 30.7 ± 3.83 kg, respectively. Mean greasy fleece weight was 3.6 ± 0.57 kg. Post-weaning mean daily weight gain was 45 ± 0.02 g. Mean weight at first service was 38.9 ± 4.9 kg. The number of services per conception averaged …

Pathological And Biochemical Effects Of Intramuscular Gentamicin Administration In Chickens, Ijaz Khan, Muhammad Zargham Khan, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Ijaz Javed, Ahrar Khan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The objective of this experimental study was to examine the pathological effects of the intramuscular administration of gentamicin to growing chickens. Two experiments of 35 days´ duration were conducted simultaneously. In both experiments White Leghorn cockerels of 6 weeks of age were randomly divided into 4 groups and gentamicin was administered intramuscularly to the birds on days 1 and 3 at a dose of 10, 50, 100, and 0 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Birds administered 50 and 100 mg/kg gentamicin showed depression, diarrhea, increased water intake, and lower body weights. Mortality was 0%, 26%, and 100% in the 10, 50, …