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2005

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Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

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Articles 1 - 28 of 28

Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Amlodipine-Induced Gingival Enlargement: A Case Report, Pornmit Songpaisan Sep 2005

Amlodipine-Induced Gingival Enlargement: A Case Report, Pornmit Songpaisan

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Gingival enlargement is a well-known consequence of the administration of some systemic drugs, which may create speech, mastication, tooth eruption, and aesthetic problems. Amlodipine, a new generation of calcium channel blockers, has also been reported of gingival enlargement as a rare side effect. This case report showed that amlodipine-induced gingival enlargement could be resolved by conventional periodontal treatment without any surgical procedure and has no recurrence for one year recall.

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Chief Complaints, Dental Health Status And Dental Treatment Needs In Elderly Patients, Aree Jainkittivong, Vilaiwan Aneksuk, Robert P. Langlais Sep 2005

Chief Complaints, Dental Health Status And Dental Treatment Needs In Elderly Patients, Aree Jainkittivong, Vilaiwan Aneksuk, Robert P. Langlais

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The aims of this study were to investigate the principal oral complaints, dental health status and dental treatment needs in elderly patients. Materials and methods The study sample consisted of 484 dental patients who were 60 years of age and older. Interviews were conducted to identify the oral complaints whereas the dental health status and dental treatment needs were assessed by oral examination. Results There were 17 principal oral complaints identified; and the four leading problems were faulty prostheses (21.1%), pain or/and swelling (16.3%), tooth loss or inefficient chewing (16.1%), and broken teeth and restorations (11.6%). There were more …

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Study Of Orthodontic Treatment Experiences Among First-Year Students At Chulalongkorn University, Chanchai Hosanguan, Suthean Umpronsirirat, Poowadis Kosonittikul Sep 2005

Study Of Orthodontic Treatment Experiences Among First-Year Students At Chulalongkorn University, Chanchai Hosanguan, Suthean Umpronsirirat, Poowadis Kosonittikul

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objectives Orth odontic uptake among adolescents appears to increase in Thai society. The purposes of this research were to assess the rate of fixed orthodontic treatment experiences among first-year students at Chulalongkorn University (CU) and to identify its associating factors. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a stratified-clustered sample of 800 first-year CU students. About 635 completed questionnaires were returned, giving a 79.4% response rate. Results Approximately 32.8 % of subjects experienced fixed orthodontic treatment; divided into 20.6% with orthodontic treatment completed, 8.5% with undergoing orthodontic treatment, and 3.6% with orthodontic treatment discontinued. There were significant relationships …

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Relations Of The Tooth Position And The Operation Time To The Complications After Surgical Removal Of Impacted Molars, Pairoje Sriaroon, Chunsuk Tunjalern, Yupapan Jamonniem, Supichaya Khameiam Sep 2005

Relations Of The Tooth Position And The Operation Time To The Complications After Surgical Removal Of Impacted Molars, Pairoje Sriaroon, Chunsuk Tunjalern, Yupapan Jamonniem, Supichaya Khameiam

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objectives To explore the relations of the positions of impacted mandibular third molar and the operation time to the complications after surgical removal of the impaction. Materials and methods Before surgery, all biostatistic data of the patients and radiographic assessment of the impacted tooth were recorded. From 84 healthy patients, 98 impacted teeth were surgically removed by the dental students in the fifth or the sixth year under a careful supervision of one oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The starting time was recorded at the commencement of an incision and the completion time when the gauze being bitten by the patient. …

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The Influences Of Taste And Temperature Of Green Tea Beverages On Salivary Flow Rate, Raveewan Punya-Ngarm, Pornsri Patimanukaseam Sep 2005

The Influences Of Taste And Temperature Of Green Tea Beverages On Salivary Flow Rate, Raveewan Punya-Ngarm, Pornsri Patimanukaseam

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To study the influences of taste and temperature of green tea beverages on salivary flow rate. Materials and methods The subjects were 30 healthy volunteers, 20-22 years old, who had not taken any kinds of medicines for at least 3 months. Control saliva were collected on the first day by sitting position and head bowing down, then let saliva drool into the container for 10 minutes. Experimental saliva were collected on day 2 to 7 by the same procedure after subjects had drunk 300 ml of 5o, 30o and 50oC demineralized water or green tea by straw. The salivary …

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Enamel Fluoride Retention After Fluoride Gel Application, Pichian Anchanpen, Supathra Amatyakul, Siriporn Chotipaibulpan, Pratchya Habkongleg, Vorawat Pukjaroon Sep 2005

Enamel Fluoride Retention After Fluoride Gel Application, Pichian Anchanpen, Supathra Amatyakul, Siriporn Chotipaibulpan, Pratchya Habkongleg, Vorawat Pukjaroon

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To determine the enamel fluoride retention after application with fluoride gel. Materials and methods Fourteen subjects, aged between 20-22 years old, were included. The buccal enamel biopsies were conducted on the middle buccal surfaces of the upper premolar before and at 30 minutes, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride application. Fluoride concentration of the etching solution was determined using a fluoride electrode. Calcium concentration was evaluated by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Friedman test at significant level .05. Results The baseline value of enamel fluoride content …

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Endodontic Treatment In Orthodontic Patient: A Case Report, Sumalee Songpaisan Sep 2005

Endodontic Treatment In Orthodontic Patient: A Case Report, Sumalee Songpaisan

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

One of the most common problems of patients having fixed orthodontic appliance is oral hygiene negligence, which leads to dental caries and, in some cases, may need endodontic treatment. If the tooth designated to be an anchorage for the tooth movement has a large periapical lesion, then the orthodontic treatment plan may have to be altered. Also, endodontic considerations for such tooth are to be determined in accordance with the orthodontic treatment, and it is extremely crucial to keep the case under close supervision until complete healing is ascertained. This case report presents a 19 year-old Thai female having fixed …

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Autogenous Tooth Transplantation And Orthodontic Treatment, Sirichai Thammachartaree, Chintana Sirichompun Sep 2005

Autogenous Tooth Transplantation And Orthodontic Treatment, Sirichai Thammachartaree, Chintana Sirichompun

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Autogenous tooth transplantation is one of the options used in combination with an orthodontic treatment in cases of missing, embedded or impacted tooth. Those who undergo tooth transplantation should be physically evaluated to rule out contraindications, if any, for surgery. The donor tooth should possess three-quarter root formation without abnormal root morphology while the bony wall at recipient site should be at least 0.5 mm. Tooth transplantation can be performed in several areas, i.e. incisor, canine, premolar and molar. Its success rate is 50-97 percent. After transplantation, the tooth must be fixed for periodontal healing with wire, acrylic splint, acidetch …

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Nickel-Titanium Alloy Wires In Orthodontics, Sirichom Satrawaha, Vachara Phetcharakupt Sep 2005

Nickel-Titanium Alloy Wires In Orthodontics, Sirichom Satrawaha, Vachara Phetcharakupt

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Nickel-titanium alloy wires have suitable properties for orthodontic tooth movement because they have the light and continuous force delivery or superelasticity. Some wires have shape memory effect. However, these wires are expensive and have poor formability. Nowadays there are many kinds of nickel-titanium alloy wires for choosing so it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties of each wire. The purpose of this article was to review the mechanical properties of each kind of nickel-titanium alloy wires including their effect on temperature changing providing the basic knowledge of wire selection.

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Introduction To Cone Beam Computed Tomography For The Dental Practitioner, Marcel Noujeim, William D. Mcdavid, Robert P. Langlais Sep 2005

Introduction To Cone Beam Computed Tomography For The Dental Practitioner, Marcel Noujeim, William D. Mcdavid, Robert P. Langlais

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (Cone beam CT) is a rapidly expanding technology with an ever-increasing number of applications. Its many advantages have resulted in the rapid adoption by the dental profession worldwide. Every day, new innovations are reported in the literature as investigations in different dental specialties discover applications of the technology. As part of this evolutionary process, manufacturers are planning new models with a variety of innovative features. At the present time a number of new manufacturers are planning to introduce Cone Beam CT machines in the very near future while current manufacturers continue to compete among themselves in …

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Sedation, Anxiolysis, And Analgesia Of Midazolam Orally Administered In Adult Patients Undergoing Surgical Removal Of Impacted Molars, Pairoje Sriaroon, Ratachai Samol, Watcharobon Sitisara, Suntharee Chaisen May 2005

Sedation, Anxiolysis, And Analgesia Of Midazolam Orally Administered In Adult Patients Undergoing Surgical Removal Of Impacted Molars, Pairoje Sriaroon, Ratachai Samol, Watcharobon Sitisara, Suntharee Chaisen

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To disclose the effects of midazolam in sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia in healthy patients undergoing surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and methods Each of 40 healthy patients having left and right impacted mandibular third molars underwent surgical removal in separate visits. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled method was used for prescription of a 7.5 milligram of midazolam tablet. After oral administration of the drug and local anaesthesia, the impacted teeth were removed surgically in a standard fashion. By means of an observation and visual analogue scale, the clinical effects of midazolam on sedation, anxiolysis and analgesia …

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Incidence Of Dentigerous Cysts Associated With Impacted Mandibular Third Molars, Surin Tangsuphoom May 2005

Incidence Of Dentigerous Cysts Associated With Impacted Mandibular Third Molars, Surin Tangsuphoom

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of dentigerous cysts associated with impacted mandibular third molars for routine prophylactic removal. Materials and methods Pathological conditions of cystic like soft tissue attached to the cervical surface of impacted mandibular third molars which were removed from 90 patients were studied. Results The incidence of dentigerous cyst arising from impacted mandibular third molars was 52.2% and of compatible with dentigerous cyst was 18.9%. Conclusion Impacted mandibular third molars should be removed for preventing pathological changes of pericoronal tissues.

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The Relationship Between Orbital And Perioral Measurements In A Group Of Thai Population, Pornchai Jansisyanont, Pirat Karntiang, Praewpailin Sompeewong May 2005

The Relationship Between Orbital And Perioral Measurements In A Group Of Thai Population, Pornchai Jansisyanont, Pirat Karntiang, Praewpailin Sompeewong

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective This study was aimed to find means, ratios and the relations of orbital and perioral measurements in a group of Thai randomized population. Materials and methods In this study 117 Thai samples (71 females and 46 males) were measured as followed, A: interpupillary distance, B: distance between medial canthi, C: distance between lateral canthi, D: vertical difference between medial and lateral canthi, E: alar base width, F: rest lip width, G: relation between lip and limbus, and H: means of maxillary central incisors width. Means and ratios were calculated. Analytic statistics in T-test, One-Way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient …

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Effect Of Aloe Vera Gel Extract And Exudate On The Proliferation Of Osteoblasts Isolated From Rat Bone Marrow And Osteoblastic Cell Line Mc3t3-E1, Vichitra Vipismakul, Pasutha Thunyakitpisal May 2005

Effect Of Aloe Vera Gel Extract And Exudate On The Proliferation Of Osteoblasts Isolated From Rat Bone Marrow And Osteoblastic Cell Line Mc3t3-E1, Vichitra Vipismakul, Pasutha Thunyakitpisal

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To investigate the effect of aloe vera gel extract and exudate on the proliferation of osteoblasts isolated from the rat bone marrow stromal cells and the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Materials and methods Cells were treated with the aloe vera gel extract and exudate at different concentrations in the serum-free media for 24 hours. After that the amount of cells were measured with the MTT assay and analyzed with One-Way Analysis of Variance. Results The aloe vera gel extract, at concentrations of 10, 20 and 50 μg/ml, significantly enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts isolated from the rat bone marrow …

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Antimicrobial Activity Of Polysaccharide Gel From Durian Fruit-Hulls Against Streptococcus Mutans And Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans, Phakawan Musikapong, Pasutha Thunyakitpisal, Sunanta Pongsamart May 2005

Antimicrobial Activity Of Polysaccharide Gel From Durian Fruit-Hulls Against Streptococcus Mutans And Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans, Phakawan Musikapong, Pasutha Thunyakitpisal, Sunanta Pongsamart

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial activity of polysaccharide gel (PG) extracted from fruithulls of durian against Streptococcus mutans and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, in vitro. Materials and methods An inhibitory activity was determined by using broth dilution technique and time kill analysis. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans were grown in Tryptic Soy Broth and Brain Heart Infusion, respectively. Both organisms were treated with different concentrations of PG (1, 5, 10, 20 and 35 mg/ml) in broth medium at 37˚C, 5% CO2 for 24 hours. Their survival were evaluated in comparison to the control using drop plate method. Results The minimum inhibitory concentrations …

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A Study Of Dental Treatment Profile Of Child Patients In Ratchaphiphat Hospital, Bangkok, Siwaporn Sukaram May 2005

A Study Of Dental Treatment Profile Of Child Patients In Ratchaphiphat Hospital, Bangkok, Siwaporn Sukaram

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental treatment profile in child patients and the type of dental coverage. Materials and methods Data were collected from dental records of 1,052 child patients at the Dental Department of Ratchaphiphat Hospital during January 1, 1999-December 31, 2003. Data were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test at a significant level of p < .05. Results The number of child patients peaked in 2002, the first year of the Universal Coverage (UC) program. Most child patients received dental care between 4-9 years of age. Most visits were symptom- based and dental treatment profile was more curative than preventive (p < .001), regardless of the type of dental coverage. Filling and extraction were the most regular treatment. Conclusion In conclusion, dental treatment profile remained markedly unchanged after the introduction of the UC Program.

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Cross-Bite Caused By Functional Shift Of Mandible, Rugrath Sitdhichoke, Chintana Sirichompun May 2005

Cross-Bite Caused By Functional Shift Of Mandible, Rugrath Sitdhichoke, Chintana Sirichompun

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Cross-bite caused by lateral and/or anterior functional shift of mandible is resulted from various etiological factors. An early differential diagnosis is important for a proper orthodontic treatment plan. Because it is not self-corrected, an untreated functional cross-bite may lead to an abnormality in craniomandibular growth. The purpose of this article was to review recently published and associated articles. The details of which included characteristics, diagnosis, timing and methods of treatment, retention, and post-treatment alterations after the treatment of posterior and/or anterior functional cross-bite.

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3-Dimensional Radiographic Analysis For Orthodontics, John Huang, Axel Bumann, James Mah May 2005

3-Dimensional Radiographic Analysis For Orthodontics, John Huang, Axel Bumann, James Mah

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

This is a first of a kind attempt at a comprehensive three-dimensional orthodontic analysis based on Cone Beam CT data. It includes elements that are based in traditional orthodontic analyses which draws upon existing knowledge base, and it also includes novel approaches to the examination of volumetric 3-D perspective. The goal of this analysis is to extract pertinent details from the image volume and provide the orthodontist with clinical applications of this information. The orthodontist will then be able to better assess the patientûs malocclusion condition and develop enhanced diagnosis and treatment approaches.

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Effect Of Propranolol On Tmd Pain, Kanokporn Bhalang, Venus Khemkhun, Apinya Srilekarat, Lakana Luangjarmekorn May 2005

Effect Of Propranolol On Tmd Pain, Kanokporn Bhalang, Venus Khemkhun, Apinya Srilekarat, Lakana Luangjarmekorn

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective The aim of this study was to test whether propranolol, a non selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, can reduce clinical pain of patients with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD). Materials and methods Four TMD subjects received 2 weeks of propranolol (20 mg/day for the first week and 40 mg/day for the second week), followed by a 2-week washout period and 2 weeks of placebo tablets. Pain ratings (average pain, highest pain, lowest pain, and percentage of the time that subjects had pain) were recorded daily. All subjects and the investigator were blinded to the type of medication the subjects took at each …

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Titanium For Removable Denture, Artorn Suthiwarapirak, Mansuang Arksornnukit May 2005

Titanium For Removable Denture, Artorn Suthiwarapirak, Mansuang Arksornnukit

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Titanium (Ti) and some of its alloy have been the alternative metal for removable denture framework due to their high strength, light weight, low modulus, excellent corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility. However, several practical problems including casting difficulty, permanent deformation of Ti clasps, debonding of the denture base resin from the Ti framework, discoloration of Ti surface and poor wear resistance have limited their popularity. This article describes the development and properties of titanium and reviews the differences between titanium and its alloys comparing to cobalt-chromium alloy. The recent improvements and limitations of the usage have also been listed as …

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A Comparative Study Of Lateral Cephalometric Analysis By Computer Programs And Manual Method, Chatree Chayochaichana, Somsak Chengprapakorn Jan 2005

A Comparative Study Of Lateral Cephalometric Analysis By Computer Programs And Manual Method, Chatree Chayochaichana, Somsak Chengprapakorn

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective This study was to determine the different of measurements of Steiner and Rickett analyses obtained from 5 computer cephalometric programs as compared to measurements by manual method. Materials and methods Thirty-two lateral cephalograms were selected from those of patients of Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University by purposive sampling (8 males and 24 females) age 11-27 years (average 16.06 years). The films had permanent teeth, no embedded tooth, no pathology that could overlap the root area of incisors and first permanent molar. A manual tracing, including measurements and landmarks identification were proceded following the direction of 5 computer …

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Prevalence Of Ectopic Eruption Of First Permanent Molars And Its Etiologic Factors, Noppadol Chanpongsaeng Jan 2005

Prevalence Of Ectopic Eruption Of First Permanent Molars And Its Etiologic Factors, Noppadol Chanpongsaeng

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objectives The purposes of this study were to survey the prevalence of ectopic eruption of the first permanent molars in children, 7-10 years of age in Bangkok and to study the etiologic factors. Materials and methods A survey of prevalence of ectopic eruption of the first permanent molars was carried out in three types of school: municipal school, public school and private school, in children 7-10 years of age (6,957 children). Questionaires of etiologic factors were sent to the parents of children in experimental group and control group. Afterthen body weight, height and age of children in both groups were …

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Difficult Airway In Patients With Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery: Case Report, Jirawan Jirakijja Jan 2005

Difficult Airway In Patients With Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery: Case Report, Jirawan Jirakijja

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

General anesthesia for patients undergoing surgery in the oral and maxillofacial region may be complicated. The anesthesiologist frequently faces the condition that makes mask ventilation and tracheal intubation potentially difficult. A careful preoperative airway assessment and proper preparation are essential for safe anesthesia. This is a report of two patients with different management of difficult airway problems. Case I: a 16-year-old man was scheduled for reconstruction of mandible with titanium reconstruction plate and iliac crest graft. His abnormal anatomic features were short, receding mandible and fixed tongue which were due to his previous operations. The airway was successfully secured with …

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Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: A Literature Review, Ekarat Phattarataratip Jan 2005

Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: A Literature Review, Ekarat Phattarataratip

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

This article presents proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL), a distinct form of oral leukoplakia which exhibits aggressive behavior due to its high rates of recurrence and malignant transformation. It is a disease of unknown origin. The prevalence and distribution of this lesion are different from those of other forms of oral leukoplakia, and its clinical-pathologic appearance is varied, depending on the stage of development of the lesion. PVL is resistant to most kinds of therapy; therefore, the control of this disease is difficult, especially in the late course of disease in which multiple lesions usually occur. The early diagnosis of this …

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Early Treatment Of Class Iii Malocclusion, Pagaiprut Sutangcanu, Porntip Chiewcharat Jan 2005

Early Treatment Of Class Iii Malocclusion, Pagaiprut Sutangcanu, Porntip Chiewcharat

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

A type of malocclusion which is often found in Thais is Class III malocclusion. Selection of orthodontic appliances and proper treatment techniques depends on many factors such as characteristics of malocclusion, age of the patient and genetics. Therefore, orthodontists must be able to recognize and identify the characteristic of Class III malocclusion that should be treated in the early years. The proper treatment time also plays an important role in the success of treatment and thus may decrease the need for orthognathic surgery. This article describes classifications and causes of Class III malocclusion, indications and contraindications for early treatment, treatment …

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Conscious Sedation With Propofol In Outpatient Oral Surgery, Jirawan Jirakijja, Vacharee Changsirivatanathamrong, Kobsuke Sombatpium Jan 2005

Conscious Sedation With Propofol In Outpatient Oral Surgery, Jirawan Jirakijja, Vacharee Changsirivatanathamrong, Kobsuke Sombatpium

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of propofol intravenous infusion for conscious sedation in outpatients undergoing minor oral surgery in the Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. Materials and methods Fifty ASA physical status I or II patients, aged between 12 and 77 years, scheduled for minor oral surgery under local anesthesia were entered into the study. Intravenous sedation was accomplished by using propofol initial bolus of 0.75-1 mg/kg followed by the continuous infusion at a rate of 3 mg/kg/hr. The infusion rate was titrated to achieve and maintain an appropriate level of sedation. Vital signs: heart rate, …

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Effects Of Sugar-Free And Sweetened Green Tea Beverages On Salivary Flow Rate And Ph, Raveewan Punya-Ngarm, Pornsri Patimanukaseam, Yuttana Punya-Ngarm Jan 2005

Effects Of Sugar-Free And Sweetened Green Tea Beverages On Salivary Flow Rate And Ph, Raveewan Punya-Ngarm, Pornsri Patimanukaseam, Yuttana Punya-Ngarm

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objective To study the changes of salivary flow rate and pH after drinking of sugar-free and sweetened green tea beverages. Materials and methods The subjects were 50 healthy volunteers, 20-22 years old who had not taken any kinds of medicines for at least 3 months. On day 1; resting saliva were collected for 10 minutes in 3 successive portions; from 0 to 1, 1 to 5 and 5 to 10 minutes respectively. The salivary flow rate was calculated in ml/min and the pH was determined by pH meter (pH meter, IQ125, USA.). On day 2, 3 and 4; subjects drank …

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The Deactivation Force Of Superelastic Nickeltitanium Alloy Wire Stimulated By The Direct Electric Resistance Heat Treatment Method, Sarawadee Kunlayanapak, Vachara Phetcharakupt, Chintana Sirichompun Jan 2005

The Deactivation Force Of Superelastic Nickeltitanium Alloy Wire Stimulated By The Direct Electric Resistance Heat Treatment Method, Sarawadee Kunlayanapak, Vachara Phetcharakupt, Chintana Sirichompun

Chulalongkorn University Dental Journal

Objectives To study the deactivation force of superelastic nickel-titanium alloy wires treated by the direct electric resistance heat treatment method and to compare the deactivation forces of treated and non-treated groups in the same brand. Materials and methods The distal ends of 0.016x0.022 inches2 preformed rectangular archwires, Sentalloy Heavy type (Tomy Co. Ltd.) and NiTi (Ormco Co. Ltd.) were cut into 21.5 millimeters and tested by three-point bending method to study the deactivation force at 4 deactivation distances (2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 millimeters). The optimum electric currents for wire bending in 3, 4 or 5 seconds were used for …

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