Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Metamotivation In Medical Students: Explaining Motivation Regulation Strategies In Medical Students, Ali Norouzi, Maryam Alizadeh, Dean Parmelee, Saharnaz Nedjat, Saiideh Norouzi, Mohammad Shariati

Medical Education Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Metamotivation is a process that students use to monitor their motivational states to reach their academic goals. To date, few studies have addressed the ways that medical students manage their motivational states. This study aim to identify the motivational strategies of medical students as they use the metamotivational process to monitor and control their motivational states.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study uses directed content analysis of the narrative responses of 18 medical students to draft an in-depth and semistructured interview protocol which were conducted through WhatsApp due to social distance restrictions of COVID-19. Data were collected, encoded, and …

Motivational Components Involved In The Metamotivational Monitoring In Medical Students, Ali Norouzi, Dean Parmelee, Mohammad Shariati, Saiideh Norouzi, Maryam Alizadeh

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Background: Theoretical implications of self-regulated learning emphasize that self-regulation of motivation (metamotivation) plays an important role in learning, effort, perseverance, and academic success in general. Metamotivation is how people monitor and control their motivational states to achieve their goals. Researchers believe that metamotivation includes two reciprocal processes: metamotivational monitoring, evaluating whether the person has selected the proper level (quantity) and type (quality) of motivation to perform his tasks; and metamotivational control, using the results of the monitoring phase and applying suitable strategies for adapting or changing the motivation. In metamotivational monitoring, students try to identify the declined motivational component in …

If Gharib Hall Could Talk, Maryam Alizadeh, Dean Parmelee, Saeedreza Mehrpour

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Not only did we have to convince faculty and students that "active and engaged" learning would make for better education-a major "culture" transition-we had to create the learning spaces that would support these changes. Hafferty, in confronting hidden curriculum, has suggested that medical school is a "learning space", which sends messages to students and teachers (1). In sum, we defined the "problem" as an "opportunity" to engage students, faculty, and leadership in a process to transform the learning culture to learner-centered and this included creating a teaching-learning space to fit.

12 Tips For Implementing Peer Instruction In Medical Education, Dean Parmelee, Mary Jo Trout, Irina Overman, Michael P. Matott

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Peer Instruction (PI) is a vibrant instructional strategy, used successfully for over two decades in undergraduate physics and mathematics courses. It has had limited use and few publications in medical education. This 12 TIPS provides a focused review on the evidence supporting its use in higher education and rationale for its wider adoption in medical education. The authors detail important steps for its implementation with large classes. Based on several years of experience with PI in a US allopathic medical school, they feel that PI attends to core principles from the science of learning and provides students and faculty with …

Wright State University Boonshoft School Of Medicine, Brenda Roman, Colleen Hayden, Irina Overman

Medical Education Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Professional Development For Clerkship Administrators: A 16-Year Overview Of The Clerkship Administrator Certificate Program, Donnita Pelser, Cathy Chavez, Lindsey Allison, Virginia Cleppe, Gary L Beck Dallaghan

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Background: Increasing accreditation requirements as well as transformations in medical school curricula necessitate administrative staff who are not only invested in the clerkship coordinator role but also view what they do as a career. To date, there has been a lack of professional development opportunities for clerkship administrators.

Methods: In 2003, the Central Group on Educational Affairs of the Association of American Medical Colleges recognized a need for professional development for clerkship administrators. The Clerkship Administrator Certificate Program emerged from that decision and presented for the first time in 2004 in Omaha, Nebraska. This article provides an overview of the …

Preparing Learners For Learning In The Engaged Learning Classroom, Maryam Alizadeh, Dean Parmelee, Irina Overman, Mohamad Aljasem

Medical Education Faculty Publications

This set of Tips is written to make the best use of an Engaged Learning Classroom (ELC), which some may refer to as the ‘flipped classroom.’ Strategies for the ELC include Team-Based Learning (TBL), Peer Instruction (PI), Case-Based Learning (CBL). Our focus will be on the design and implementation of the out-of-class phase for any ELC activity since this is as important as the in-class phase, but often neglected. Experience has shown that the quality of learning from the ELC is highly dependent on the preparation before, and follow-up to the class session. The instructor’s designation of material (written, audio-visual, …

A Closer Look At The Items Within Three Measures Of Evolution Acceptance: Analysis Of The Mate, I-Sea, And Gaene As A Single Corpus Of Items, William L. Romine, Amber Todd, Emily M. Walter

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Background: Current direct Likert measures for evolution acceptance include the MATE, GAENE, and I-SEA. Pros and cons of each of these instruments have been debated, and yet there is a dearth of research teasing out their similarities and differences when they are used together in a single context beyond the fact that their measures tend to be highly correlated. We administered these to 452 college students in non-major biology classes at two research-intensive universities from the Midwestern and Western United States to investigate the measurement properties of the items within these instruments when combined as a single corpus.Results: Factor analysis …

The Effect Of Positive And Negative Reinforcement On Sixth Graders’ Mental Math Performance, Tess Greene, Amber Todd

Medical Education Faculty Publications

We examined the relationship between different forms of reinforcement and subjects’ mathematical performance. Thirty sixth-grade students were asked to mentally calculate answers to fraction problems, while holding a heart rate monitor, after receiving a positive, negative, or neutral form of reinforcement. While the results suggest that any motivation, positive or negative, may result in higher grades, the positive reinforcement group displayed the largest gain. However, the results were not statistically significant, though the trend was consistent with prior research. The heart rates of the positively-reinforced group were significantly lower than those of the negatively-reinforced and control groups. These results suggest …

Does Music Directly Affect A Person’S Heart Rate?, David Sills, Amber Todd

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Music can have a profound effect on a person’s body, in that it may cause people to dance and move around, but does it have a direct and significant effect on a person’s heart rate if they are still? In this study, 24 high school students’ heart rates were recorded while listening to 6 selections of 6 different genres of music. The effect of different types of music was tested using heart rate monitors, data collection software, and music from free music archives. We found that music has a significant impact on heart rate. Average heart rates were significantly higher …

Mood Disorders Team-Based Learning Exercise, Brenda J. Roman, Lisa Anacker, Dean Parmelee

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Abstract Introduction: This exercise is used in a second-year medical course titled “The Mind.” The purpose of this 3-week long course is to provide an introduction to psychiatric illnesses, including diagnoses, neuroscience correlates, and basic treatments for psychiatric illnesses, including psychopharmacology. The authors of this exercise have extensive experience developing and facilitating TBL modules. This TBL session focuses on case vignettes with the following subject matter: a bipolar woman on an inpatient psychiatric ward who is actively manic and a young woman, also on an inpatient psychiatric ward, who has been hospitalized for major depression. Methods: Learning involves preclass reading …

Middle Years And Elder Years Team-Based Learning Exercise, Brenda J. Roman, Sabrina M. Neeley, Dean Parmelee, Lindsey Allison

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Introduction: This exercise is used in a first-year medical curriculum Human Development course. It was developed in 2012, and has been used twice. This team-based learning (TBL) session utilizes a Readiness Assessment Test (RAT), with questions regarding development during the middle and elder years, and an application exercise consisting of two case vignettes. One case involves two siblings, both in their middle years of life, who struggle with what to do with their ailing father, from whom they had previously had minimal contact with for a number of years. The second case involves physician who receives a diagnosis of cancer. …

Teenage Pregnancy: Team-Based Learning Exercise, Sabrina M. Neeley, Brenda J. Roman, Dean Parmelee

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Abstract Introduction: This team-based learning (TBL) session is used in a first-year medical curriculum and contains a video case presentation of a pregnant teen, her issues and concerns, and her decisions about her pregnancy and the baby. It is well suited to the first-year medical student curriculum. It is one of seven modules featured in our Human Development: Health Across the Lifespan course: Introduction to Population Health, Normal Child Development, Child Abuse, Adolescence (the current resource), Adulthood, Middle Age, and Aging. Methods: Learning involves preclass reading and completion of a tutorial by students, in-class viewing of the video case, analysis …

Using Learning Progressions To Map High School Student Understandings Of Molecular Genetics, Amber Todd, Lisa Kenyon

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Because the general public is beginning to encounter molecular genetics during the course of their everyday lives with things like genetic screening, genetically modified food, and stem cell research, among others; scientific literacy in molecular genetics is becoming increasingly important in society today. Two learning progressions have recently been published by Roseman, Caldwell, Gogos & Kurth (2006) and Duncan, Rogat & Yarden (2009). Our study aims to test the upper bounds of the Duncan et al. (2009) progression in three different classroom contests using 10th graders and supplying teachers with molecular genetics intervention units. These units differ from normal classroom …

First-Year Medical Student Objective Structured Clinical Exam Performance And Specialty Choice, Katherine A. Backes, Nicole J. Borges, S Bruce Binder, Brenda J. Roman

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if first-year physical exam and interview Objective Structured Clinical Examination scores differ for medical students entering person or technique-oriented specialties. Methods: Objective Structured Clinical Examination physical exam and interview scores from 2004 to 2007 for first-year medical students (n=280) at one United States medical school were compared using t-tests based on specialty choice from this cohort of students. Results: T-test results (p<0.05) showed a significant difference in the mean physical exam (mean=92.85, sd=3.94) versus interview (mean=90.77, sd=6.76) scores for students entering person-oriented specialties (n=157, p<0.001). There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean physical exam (mean=93.46, sd=3.92) versus interview (mean=91.40, sd=5.75) scores for students entering technique-oriented specialties (n=123, p<0.001). Results indicate that physical exam scores are significantly higher than interview scores for students regardless of whether they enter person or technique-oriented specialties, except for psychiatry where interview scores were significantly higher than physical exam scores. Conclusion: Subsequent studies are needed to better understand the relationship of Objective Structured Clinical Examination performance and specialty choice by medical students.

'A Lion In The House' Module For Health Care Education: Pediatric End-Of-Life Case Studies, Julia Reichert, Dean Parmelee, Steve Bognar, Karen Durgans, Melissa Godoy

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Justin's Story is part of Pediatric End-of-Life Case Studies, one of seven teaching modules drawn from the Emmy Award-winning documentary, A Lion in the House. A Lion in the House portrays an unprecedented, intimate look at the realities of childhood cancer through the journeys of five families and their professional caregivers over the course of 6 years. Justin's Story provides a forum for open-ended discussion and consideration of compassionate approaches for navigating pediatric end-of-life. It offers content that is unpredictable and not always best practice. Learners reflect on the complex impact of childhood cancer on Justin, his family, and …

Neurologic Localizations, John C. Pearson, Mark M. Rich, Dean Parmelee

Medical Education Faculty Publications

This module uses two clinical scenarios (brainstem infarct; multiple extra-dural abscesses) to help students learn how to apply basic neuroscience content knowledge to lesion localization. The module begins with students arriving having read necessary advanced-preparation readings. Students then take a readiness assurance test, a measure of how well students have mastered fundamental content knowledge, such as the structure and function of neural pathways and cranial nerves. A series of group application exercises (GAEs) then requires students to apply this knowledge to solve clinical problems in neurology, namely, lesion localizations. In these exercises, teams are required to submit written answers that …

Atrioventricular Nodal Function In The Immature Canine Heart, Jorge Mccormack, Henry Gelband, Hui Xu, Juan Villafane, Adrienne Stolfi, Arthur S. Pickoff

Medical Education Faculty Publications

Previous studies have suggested that the atrioventricular nodal functional refractory period in the neonate is equal to or shorter than that of the ventricle, providing little or no protection to the ventricle against rapid atrial rates and allowing closely coupled atrial beats to fall within the ventricular vulnerable period. We evalu­ated atrioventricular node function in 21 mongrel neonatal puppies, 3-15 days old, and 15 adult dogs utilizing intracardiac His bundle recording and stimulation techniques. The mean atrioventricular nodal functional refractory period (173.1 ± 20.0 ms) exceeded both the ventricular effective refractory period (139.5 ± 14.3) and ventricular functional refractory period …

In Vivo Demonstration Of Maturational Changes Of The Chronotropic Response To Α-Adrenergic Stimulation, Jorge Mccormack, Henry Gelband, Juan Villafañe, Hui Xu, Adrienne Stolfi, Arthur S. Pickoff

Medical Education Faculty Publications

In vitro studies suggest that neonates and adults may have different cardiac chronotropic responses to a-adrenergic stimulation. To investigate these differences in vivo, three groups of dogs were studied. Group I = 12 puppies, ages 3-7 days; group II = 12 puppies ages 8-15 days, and group III = seven adult dogs. Heart rate and blood pressure determinations were made in the control setting and then after combined β-adrenergic and parasympathetic blockade (propranolol 0.6 mg/kg and bilateral vagotomies). Alpha-stimulation was then achieved with phenylephrine given in doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 μg/kg/ min. A second, high dose of propranolol …

Digoxin-Quinidine Interaction In The Neonatal Dog, Arthur S. Pickoff, Adrienne Stolfi, Henry Gelband

Medical Education Faculty Publications

The effects of quinidine on steady state serum and tissue digoxin concentrations in the neonatal dog were studied. To determine the effects of quinidine on serum digoxin concentrations, two groups of neonates were evaluated: Group I (n = 11) was digitalized with 40 μg/kg body weight, intramuscularly, and placed on a 10 μg/kg per day maintenance dose; Group II (n = 7) was digitalized with 50 μg/kg per day, intraperitoneally, and placed on a 20 μg/kg per day maintenance dose. After 10 days of digoxin alone, quinidine was coadministered (30 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneally) for 7 days. Serum digoxin concentrations …