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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences

Nf-Κb And Methyl-Lysine Signaling In The Epigenetic Regulation Of Memory, William Mitchell Webb Jan 2018

Nf-Κb And Methyl-Lysine Signaling In The Epigenetic Regulation Of Memory, William Mitchell Webb

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Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone methylation are critical regulators of gene transcription during memory consolidation and retrieval. However, the means by which these mechanisms are themselves initiated and directed to specific gene regions, and the extent to which these marks coordinate control of gene expression, remain poorly understood. In this dissertation, we explore the role of methyl-lysine signaling in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in two contexts. First, we investigated the role of histone H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) and DNA 5-hydroxymethylation (5hmC) during memory retrieval, finding that these marks increased globally and at CpG-enriched coding …

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Identification Of Molecular Regulators Of Morphogenesis During Early Development Of Xenopus, Ivan Popov Jan 2018

Identification Of Molecular Regulators Of Morphogenesis During Early Development Of Xenopus, Ivan Popov

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During embryonic development of all animal species, dramatic changes in morphology occur to transform a single-celled zygote into a well-organized adult body that contains different organs positioned in stereotypical ways for the species. The processes that shape tissues and organs are called morphogenesis, and gastrulation is the first morphogenetic process in embryogenesis. During gastrulation, three germ layers are specified and a set of regionally specific cell movements act in concert to position these germ layers for proper establishment of future body plan of the developing animal. Although factors regulating cell lineage specification have been studied extensively, the molecular machinery controlling …

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Molecular Characterization Of The Rare Cftr Mutation P67l As A Model For Genotype-Specific Drug Development And Personalized Medicine In Cystic Fibrosis, Carleen Mae Pomperada Sabusap Jan 2018

Molecular Characterization Of The Rare Cftr Mutation P67l As A Model For Genotype-Specific Drug Development And Personalized Medicine In Cystic Fibrosis, Carleen Mae Pomperada Sabusap

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The traditional CFTR functional defect subcategories (i.e. protein misfolding, gating, conductance, etc.) are sometimes inadequate for determining patients most likely to benefit from emerging modulator treatment. We employ the P67L variant as emblematic of ways a thorough biochemical analysis of a rare CF defect can guide new therapeutic approaches, help predict drug response, and facilitate clinical precision. Historically, P67L has been designated a class IV conductance abnormality (i.e., malformed ion pore). In contrast, our studies demonstrate P67L disrupts CFTR protein maturation, prompts misfolding, causes gating defects, and exhibits wild-type like conductance. We show that P67L CFTR is robustly rescued by …

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The Contribution Of Mitochondrial Genetic Background To Glucose Metabolism And Insulin Sensitivity In Vivo, Melissa June Sammy Jan 2018

The Contribution Of Mitochondrial Genetic Background To Glucose Metabolism And Insulin Sensitivity In Vivo, Melissa June Sammy

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It has been observed that the risk of developing diabetes increases with age as well as among certain races, most notably African Americans and Hispanic Americans who are almost two times as likely to develop perturbed glucose metabolism compared to Caucasian Americans. Interestingly, there are distinct mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms that distinguish people of different races and thus may contribute to differential susceptibility to diseases of glucose metabolism. To test the hypothesis that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contributes to glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, two strains of mice were used with distinct mtDNA sequences namely, C57BL6/J and C3H/HeN as well as …

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Cigarette Smoking Among Hiv-Positive Patients In Routine Clinical Care, Cosmas Mudenda Zyambo Jan 2018

Cigarette Smoking Among Hiv-Positive Patients In Routine Clinical Care, Cosmas Mudenda Zyambo

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People living with HIV (PLWH) are two to three times more likely to be current smokers, less likely to quit smoking and more likely to relapse than those in the general population. Although smoking status, prescription of smoking cessation medications (SCMs), smoking cessation and relapse has been explored in this population, few have investigated using a large sample of PLWH receiving routine HIV care. Using data from a large observational cohort of PLWH receiving routine care in Birmingham, we determined: 1) Factors associated with smoking status; 2) Factors associated with prescription of SCMs; 3) Predictors of smoking cessation and; 4) …

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Endothelin-1 And The Diurnal Regulation Of Sodium Excretion, Jermaine Gajrae Johnston Jan 2018

Endothelin-1 And The Diurnal Regulation Of Sodium Excretion, Jermaine Gajrae Johnston

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Healthy individuals typically have a diurnal rhythm in sodium (Na+) excretion, with levels higher during the daytime and lower at nighttime. While the mechanism behind this rhythm is not yet fully understood, molecular clock genes such as Bmal1 may contribute to the diurnal variation in urinary Na+ excretion (UNaV). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a peptide that aids in the regulation of Na+ balance through activation of the endothelin B (ETB) receptor. Although the ETB receptor has been shown to play an important role in promoting natriuresis, whether this varies according to time of day is unknown. This dissertation examines the role …

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Fracture Strength Of Translucent Zirconia Crowns, Carlos Alberto Jurado Jan 2018

Fracture Strength Of Translucent Zirconia Crowns, Carlos Alberto Jurado

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To measure and compare crown fracture load of a new translucent zirconia. Methods: 72 Standarized crown preparations were designed with AutoCAD software with a 0.8mm shoulder margin and 1 mm incisal-cervical marginal curvature. A stylized crown with a 1mm thickness and 0.8mm minimum thickness in the central pit was designed in 3shape software. Tooth dies were milled out of a resin composite (Crystal Ultra) that has a similar modulus as dentin (Modulus 10 GPa). Crowns were fabricated and prepared into the following groups: 24 crowns of translucent zirconia (Lava Esthetic, 3M), 8 bonded with resin cement (Group 1), …

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Simulation Of Correlated Variables, Mixture Distributions, And Repeated Measures And Comparison Of Pharmacogenetic Prediction With Machine Learning Methods, Allison Cynthia Fialkowski Jan 2018

Simulation Of Correlated Variables, Mixture Distributions, And Repeated Measures And Comparison Of Pharmacogenetic Prediction With Machine Learning Methods, Allison Cynthia Fialkowski

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Pharmacogenetics aims to improve individualized medicine by combining genetic information with clinical data when assigning drug treatments. Different diseases are often associated with different factors, each with its own distributional characteristics. For rare or complex diseases, these characteristics may not be well understood and standard analysis methods may not be appropriate. In psychiatric disorders, for example, multiple drug treatments need to be compared across small sample sizes with heterogeneous patient populations, making implementation of standard methods difficult. Simulating data that mirrors clinical data is important because it allows investigators to determine which method is best suited for data from their …

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Immunosuppression And Risk Prediction Of Sepsis Following Solid Organ Transplantation, John Patrick Donnelly Jan 2018

Immunosuppression And Risk Prediction Of Sepsis Following Solid Organ Transplantation, John Patrick Donnelly

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Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients typically need immunosuppressive therapy (IST) to protect graft function and regimens may include an induction agent (e.g., anti-thymocyte globulin [ATG] or alemtuzumab) with maintenance medications (e.g., tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil [MMF], mycophenolic acid [MPA], or azathioprine [AZA]). Sepsis, or organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection, is a common complication among SOT recipients. Using national data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS), we sought to determine the associations of IST regimens and maintenance medication exposure with sepsis risks and outcomes among kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Using USRDS and single center data, …

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African American Caregivers’ Decision To Use Hospice Services For A Loved One: A Grounded Theory Study, Paula M. Gordon Jan 2018

African American Caregivers’ Decision To Use Hospice Services For A Loved One: A Grounded Theory Study, Paula M. Gordon

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This qualitative grounded theory study explored the process of decision making for African American family caregivers in the southeastern United States, as they make hospice decisions for their loved ones, Although hospice use in the United States has grown over the last decade, a disparity continues to exist between African American and Caucasian populations. African Americans represent a small percentage of hospice users in the United States, despite research that has found that patients who use hospice experience improved symptom control, fewer unmet needs, and better end of life care. Research has identified many reasons for this disparity; however, little …

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Risk Factors Associated With Multiple Myeloma, Stephen Gragg Jan 2018

Risk Factors Associated With Multiple Myeloma, Stephen Gragg

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Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy in which clonal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, leading to the formation of lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, anemia, renal insufficiency, and immunosuppression. It develops from a pre-malignant condition known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which is prevalent in up to 3% of White populations over the age of 50 years, and twice that in Black populations. Although much progress has been made toward understanding the large scale genomic aberrations that facilitate the formation of MGUS clones and the various copy-number variations and mutations that trigger the development of MM, …

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The Effect Of Primary Palatal Repair On Growth In Cleft Lip And Palate Patients, Nadia Abou Kheir Jan 2018

The Effect Of Primary Palatal Repair On Growth In Cleft Lip And Palate Patients, Nadia Abou Kheir

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Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a facial defect that is represented as a split in the mouth, palate or both. In the United States approximately 4440 babies are born with CLP annually. More than US$600 million are spent on their treatment and mostly on surgical interventions. Considering the high expenses of primary palatal repair, its effect on growth has been controversial. Surgical scaring is postulated as the cause of maxillary hypoplasia. However, this operation has been considered necessary for function and development of speechHowever, this operation has been considered as necessary for better functional and speech outcomes. Materials and …

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Mechanisms Of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 And Alphα-Synuclein In Pathogenesis Of Parkinson Disease, Hisham Abdelmotilib Jan 2018

Mechanisms Of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 And Alphα-Synuclein In Pathogenesis Of Parkinson Disease, Hisham Abdelmotilib

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Two pathological hallmarks define Parkinson disease (PD) including dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and accumulation of α-synuclein insoluble inclusions, called Lewy pathology, in surviving neurons. LRRK2 (encoding Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) and SNCA (encoding α-synuclein (α-syn)) are two major genes linked to PD. Pathogenic mutations in these two genes cause autosomal dominant (AD) PD. Additionally, genetic variations in LRRK2 and SNCA are associated with increased risk of sporadic PD. Cellular and animal studies using preformed α-syn fibrils (PFF) demonstrate that the fibrils can be internalized by neurons and act as seeds that can recruit and corrupt endogenously …

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Culture And Patient Safety Outcomes: Examining The Impact Of The Departmental Work Environment On Outcomes, Dawn Ahner Jan 2018

Culture And Patient Safety Outcomes: Examining The Impact Of The Departmental Work Environment On Outcomes, Dawn Ahner

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This study examined the relationship between the departmental work environment and patient safety outcomes to determine if there were particular subcomponents of a department’s work environment that had a more significant impact on patient safety outcomes. The work environment was defined as the culture of an individual nursing department which consisted of the employee’s perception of engagement and patient safety culture. The research was informed by the commitment-based theory. Based on this theory, it was predicted that a team-based approach in the work environment would lead to a learning and positive environment, which would be positively associated with quality of …

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Examining The Role Of Perceived Benefits And Barriers In Physical Activity Behavior For Cancer Prevention And Control, Matthew Cole Ainsworth Jan 2018

Examining The Role Of Perceived Benefits And Barriers In Physical Activity Behavior For Cancer Prevention And Control, Matthew Cole Ainsworth

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Physical activity (PA) is important for health outcomes like breast cancer, but most U.S. adults do not meet recommended guidelines. Behavioral theories like the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) have demonstrated success in PA behavior change, but perceived benefits and barriers are understudied. PA time barriers are shared between healthy and cancer survivor populations, and study of time use in breast cancer survivors using mobile phone technology like the Life in a Day (LiaD) app would support future intervention development. We conducted 3 studies to investigate benefits and barriers to PA in adults and time use among breast cancer survivors to …

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Collecting Duct Nos1 Activation Is Necessary For Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate In Response To A High Salt Diet, John Miller Allan Jan 2018

Collecting Duct Nos1 Activation Is Necessary For Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate In Response To A High Salt Diet, John Miller Allan

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We previously reported that nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS1) in the collecting duct (CD) is critical for maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance during high salt diet. Lack of NOS1 in the CD (CDNOS1KO) results in reduced sodium excretion, urine output, and urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion compared to male control mice after 1 day of a high salt diet (4% NaCl). By day 7 of a high salt diet, CDNOS1KO mice display significantly increased systolic blood pressure with sodium excretion returning to levels similar to control mice. Sex differences in renal sodium handling are important to consider. Female rodents possess redundant mechanisms for sodium handling …

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Vestibular And Oculomotor Function In Children With Cerebral Palsy, Anwar B. Almutairi Jan 2018

Vestibular And Oculomotor Function In Children With Cerebral Palsy, Anwar B. Almutairi

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability of childhood, caused by non-progressive permanent injury to the fetal or infant’s brain. Visual and balance impairments are prominent hallmarks of these disorders. Although musculoskeletal and neuromuscular causes are well established in the literature, the role of vestibular and oculomotor disabilities was not explored in this population. Because of that, this dissertation aims to describe the vestibular and oculomotor function in children with CP, aged 7-12years, GMFCS levels I-III, and to determine the feasibility, sensitivity, specificity and retest reliability of vestibular and oculomotor clinical tests in children with CP, compared to …

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Effects Of Novel Inhibitors Against Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling In Ovarian And Triple-Negative Breast Cancers, Abhishek Gangrade Jan 2018

Effects Of Novel Inhibitors Against Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling In Ovarian And Triple-Negative Breast Cancers, Abhishek Gangrade

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Ovarian and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are aggressive due to their dependence on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Niclosamide, a strong inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, is an efficacious cytotoxic agent for various cancers in vitro, including ovarian and breast cancers. However, it has cross-reactivity with mTOR, STAT3, and Notch pathways. A limitation of using the agent in animal studies involves its poor water solubility and bioavailability. This study investigates novel compounds based on the structure of niclosamide to improve specificity for the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The investigation evaluates three questions: 1) whether WNT974 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ovarian cancer; 2) whether novel analogs …

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Mechanisms And Treatment Of Halogen Inhalation-Induced Pulmonary And Systemic Injuries In Pregnant Mice, James Lambert Jan 2018

Mechanisms And Treatment Of Halogen Inhalation-Induced Pulmonary And Systemic Injuries In Pregnant Mice, James Lambert

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Toxic chemicals may pose an increased threat to vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and their unborn fetuses. The halogen bromine has numerous industrial utilities that include flame retardant, pharmaceutical, insecticide, and bleaching additive production. At room temperature, bromine is a volatile liquid. When the gas is inhaled, bromine causes exposure-dependent acute and chronic pulmonary and systemic injuries that range from mild eye and airway irritation to severe damage to the cardiopulmonary system and other organs, which can lead to death. If exposure is survived, patients still may develop reactive airway disease syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis as well as restrictive …

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Conserved Tcr Dβ Biases Cdr-B3 Content And Alters T Cell Development And Function, Michael Steven Levinson Jan 2018

Conserved Tcr Dβ Biases Cdr-B3 Content And Alters T Cell Development And Function, Michael Steven Levinson

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T cell receptor (TCR) is a surface glycoprotein found on T cells that recognizes peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (pMHC). Each TCR is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (α) and a beta (β) chain that are created by rearrangements of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments in the thymus. The most diverse component of the β chain is its third complementarity determining region, or CDR-B3. CDR-B3 is created de novo for each individual T cell by VDJ rearrangement and together with its TCRα partner, CDR-A3, creates the center of the TCR pMHC binding …

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Evaluation And Comparison Of Child And Adolescent Mallampati Scores, Diana Bozner Jan 2018

Evaluation And Comparison Of Child And Adolescent Mallampati Scores, Diana Bozner

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Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical assessments that may help to predict pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). These clinical tools include the Mallampati and Brodsky classifications, as well as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children and Adolescents (ESS-CHAD). The specific aims of this study are to: 1.) Compare the Mallampati scores, Brodsky scores, and results of the ESS-CHAD of children versus adolescents in order to observe how these criteria change with age. 2.) Compare the Mallampati scores derived by a dental student, an orthodontic resident and a pediatric otorhinolaryngologist (ENT) to determine the accuracy of this …

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Gender-Specific Facilitators And Barriers To Health-Related Quality Of Life In Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: A Mixed Methods Study, Leigh Ann Bray Jan 2018

Gender-Specific Facilitators And Barriers To Health-Related Quality Of Life In Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: A Mixed Methods Study, Leigh Ann Bray

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BACKGROUND: With the life expectancy of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) doubling over the last two decades, it is critical that healthcare providers address both quantity and quality of life. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) encompasses physical, social, psychological, and functional aspects of daily living and how CF impacts each one. Women with CF consistently report having an overall poorer quality of life across international studies, but the cause of the gender difference is unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in HRQoL and then build upon those results to better understand gender-specific facilitators and barriers …

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The Relationship Among Nurse-Physician Collaboration And Outcomes: Influence Of Nursing Leadership, Tiffany Lebano Cabibbo Jan 2018

The Relationship Among Nurse-Physician Collaboration And Outcomes: Influence Of Nursing Leadership, Tiffany Lebano Cabibbo

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Background: Hospitalized patients outcomes are impacted by many professionals, with registered nurses and physicians being the most predominant. Nurses and physicians represent different autonomous professions, but their interdependent relationship effective collaboration for patients to receive high-quality and safe care. Nurse-physician collaboration is a key behavior that must be fostered by hospital leadership to meet or exceed value based outcomes (safety and quality). The purpose of this study was to examine the Chief Nursing Officer’s (CNO) perception of nurse-physician collaboration and its influence (mediating affect) on their direct reports (Nurse Directors). Furthermore, this study examining the relationship of this influence and …

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Mitochondria-To-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling And Its Role In Cancer, Trevor Carden Jan 2018

Mitochondria-To-Nucleus Retrograde Signaling And Its Role In Cancer, Trevor Carden

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Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a hallmark of cancer. Mitochondria are essential, cellular organelles that participate in processes including energy production, calcium homeostasis and steroid metabolism. Mitochondria have been more recently appreciated for their role in cellular signaling, bringing about a greater understanding of their role in many diseases including cancer. Retrograde signaling is a mechanism by which the nucleus responds to mitochondrial dysfunction by modulating its own transcriptional programs to maintain metabolic and cellular processes. Many genes have already been identified as participants in or mediators of this signaling mechanism; these include cell signaling, metabolic and structural genes as well …

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Parental Self-Efficacy, Feeding Practices, And Weight Gain During Infancy: A Secondary Analysis, Jessica Bahorski Jan 2018

Parental Self-Efficacy, Feeding Practices, And Weight Gain During Infancy: A Secondary Analysis, Jessica Bahorski

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Mechanisms contributing to childhood obesity begin during early life, including infant feeding practices and an excessive rate of infant growth. Parental decisions regarding their infant contribute to these mechanisms. Parental self-efficacy (PSE) is the belief parents have in their ability to accomplish the tasks of parenting and is associated with infant outcomes. A high sense of PSE, breastfeeding self-efficacy, or self-efficacy for feeding has been found to be associated with healthy infant feeding practices. However, this research is limited in scope and has not been conducted in populations at greatest risk for childhood obesity such as low-income or African-American infants. …

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The Mechanism Of Tgf-Β Function In Development Of The Axial Skeleton, Ga I Ban Jan 2018

The Mechanism Of Tgf-Β Function In Development Of The Axial Skeleton, Ga I Ban

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THE MECHANISM OF TGF-β FUNCTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE AXIAL SKELETON GA I BAN CELL, MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY ABSTRACT Back pain is caused by degeneration of intervertebral discs (IVD). IVD consists of two compartments: the annulus fibrosus (AF) and the nucleus pulposus (NP). One strategy for treatment of IVD degeneration is stem cell therapy, which would require an in-depth knowledge of how the IVD develops. Currently, the molecular mechanism of IVD development are not well defined. AF and vertebral bodies (VB) are derived from the same embryonic progenitor, sclerotome. Specification of sclerotome is determined by complex interactions among various growth …

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Psychosocial Job Stress And Oxidative Stress In Emergency Department Nurses, Rupkatha Bardhan Jan 2018

Psychosocial Job Stress And Oxidative Stress In Emergency Department Nurses, Rupkatha Bardhan

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Job stress often causes work-related physical injuries and chronic exposure to such environment may lead to poor health outcomes. Job stress in recent years has grown significantly within the workforce due to performance pressure, long work hours and poor pay structures. Nurses work in the forefront to save patients’ lives. High job demand in this noble profession often leads to progressive decline in physical and mental health. There are existing reports that nurses in the United States (US) suffer from “burnout” syndrome which may also negatively affect patient care. There are very few studies that measured work-related stress in nurses …

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Connecting Cilium Proteins Bbs5 And Mks6 And Their Roles In Retinal Degeneration, Katie Leigh Bales Jan 2018

Connecting Cilium Proteins Bbs5 And Mks6 And Their Roles In Retinal Degeneration, Katie Leigh Bales

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The primary cilium is an evolutionary conserved structure with numerous motility and sensory-related functions, dynamically concentrating signaling molecules to developmental, homeostatic and sensory pathways. Rod and cone photoreceptor cells are highly modified primary cilia, which reside in the back of the eye within the neural retina and are responsible for dim light sensitivity and visual acuity/ color vision, respectfully. These cells require massive protein production and proper protein trafficking on a daily basis. The major protein complexes that govern protein trafficking within photoreceptors form the connecting cilium, are the transition zone which serves as a gatekeeper, regulating protein trafficking into …

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Immunophenotype In The Molecular Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer, Michael Behring Jan 2018

Immunophenotype In The Molecular Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer, Michael Behring

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This research analyzes the underlying genomic features of breast tumors during immune response, with the overall goal of discovering markers of how tumor immunity and the known features of disease pathology relate. We aimed to 1) identify and validate somatic copy number variation and RNA expression associated with nodal metastasis; 2) construct an array-based measure of tumor infiltrating immune cells and determine its prominent clinical and transcriptional features; and 3) examine the relationship between somatic mutations within p53 and tumor immune cell infiltration status. In two sets of data, gene-level copy number variation (CNV) and RNA expression from the primary …

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Aberrant Astrocyte Maturation Contributes To Rett Syndrome Pathogenesis, Natasha Lynn Pacheco Jan 2018

Aberrant Astrocyte Maturation Contributes To Rett Syndrome Pathogenesis, Natasha Lynn Pacheco

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Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional modulator, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2). RTT is characterized by motor, behavioral and physiological deficits. MECP2 mutations are associated with other disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, underscoring the important role of MeCP2 for typical brain function. Much of our understanding of MeCP2 function is derived from transcriptomic studies carried out over the last 10 years with the general assumption that alterations in the transcriptome correlate with proteomic changes. Advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have facilitated recent interest in the examination of global protein expression. In …

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