Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Feasibility Of Implementing The Acp-215 At The Dayton Community Blood Center: A Cost-Benefit Analysis, Angela Albrecht

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

The community blood supply is a limited resource with a relatively short shelf-life. To ensure an adequate supply, a balance must be maintained between the numbers of donors providing blood and blood products required by hospitals to meet patient needs. Any change in the number of blood donors or in the volume of blood required by hospitals can create a blood shortage. During times of disaster, a blood shortage may be inevitable. Additional strategies must be in place to ensure availability of blood for essential transfusions across the community. Cryopreservation of red blood cells to build and maintain a blood …

Quality Of Long-Term Care In Medicare-And Medicaid-Certified Nursing Homes In Southwest Ohio, Cheng Wu Zhang

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Background: Long-term care facilities provide a wide range of services over a sustained period of time to people of all ages with functional limitations and chronic conditions. Nursing homes provide 24 hour nursing care support and long-term housing.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among nursing home ownership, care processes and quality outcomes in Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing homes in Ohio.

Methods: This is a descriptive study that uses the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) Minimum Data Set (MDS). There were 198 Medicare and Medicaid certified nursing homes located in Southwest Ohio included …

Walkability Of Campus Communities Surrounding Wright State University, Andrew M. Ford

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

The purpose of this study was to assess the walkability of the community surrounding the Wright State University (WSU) campus using the Postsecondary Education Campus Walkability/Bikeability Semantic-Differential Assessment Instrument. Path safety, path quality and path temperature control were the three categories measured using twelve separate criteria. Thirty-four path segments were assessed in three distinct areas surrounding WSU campus; 29 segments were assessed during the day and five segments were assessed at night. The overall walkability score of the campus community was 66.2% or an average grade of C. No path segments scored above 85% and six path segments scored below …

Human-Centered Automation As Effective Work Design, Amy R. Pritchett, Karen M. Feigh

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This paper describes how the challenge of human-centered automation can be recast as the challenge of, first, designing the work performed by a team of agents and then, second, allocating this work amongst all the agents, human and automated, in support of their own needs and capabilities and to foster team goals. The paper starts by formally describing the construct of work as a structure which can be formally analyzed and around which other design decisions can be made. It then reviews the requirements of effective function allocation within a team to enable their collective taskwork, and to provide the …

Effects Of Airport Tower Controller Decision-Support Tool On Controllers’ Head-Up Time, Miwa Hayashi, Jose M. Cruz Lopez

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Visually monitoring aircraft traffic outside the window is an important part of tower controllers’ tasks. Introducing new controller decision-support tools in the tower may increase or decrease their head-up time. The present study investigates the effect of NASA’s Spot and Runway Departure Advisor (SARDA) tool on controllers’ head-up time. A small video camera was mounted on controllers’ heads to measure their head-movement activities during simulated tower operations with or without the SARDA advisories. Simple, pixel-color-based classification algorithms were able to achieve reasonably high accuracy of head-up detection in the training video frames (91% on average). The results showed that the …

Applying The Compliance-Reliance Model To System-Wide Trust Theory In An Aviation Task, Casey Tunstall, Kasha Geels-Blair, Stephen Rice

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Diagnostic automation is frequently used to assist pilots. Despite extensive research on trust in automation, multiple automation research is sparse. Two recent studies focused on effects of trust in multiple automation using system-wide trust (SWT) theory (Keller & Rice, 2010; Rice & Geels, 2010). According to SWT, operators treat multiple aids as one entity, rather than separate entities; an unreliable aid negatively affects trust in nearby aids. We combined SWT with Meyer’s (2001, 2004) compliance-reliance model in order to show whether contagion effects of FAs and misses differ. Participants monitored 8 gauges for system failures. Each gauge had an automated …

Transferring Human Factors Knowledge From Aviation To Development Of A Warning System For Landslide, Ioana Koglbauer, Guenter Hohenberger, Christian Steger

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

There is a successful history of transferring knowledge from aviation to other domains such as medicine (Thomas & Helmreich, 2002). In this study the ICAO multistage alerting service (2008) served as model for the specification of an early warning system for landslide. The early warning system is designed to monitor mass-movement data provided by GPS sensors, and to generate warnings and alarms to the National Alarm- and Warning Center of Styria, Austria. For the human factors specification of the new system a qualitative analysis was performed. Results are discussed with regard to applicability of human factors guidelines from aviation to …

Enhancing Military Helicopter Pilot Assistant System Through Resource Adaptive Dialogue Management, Felix Maiwald, Axel Schulte

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Assistant systems investigated today are beneficial in principle, but may induce additional load for the pilot, especially if the system intervenes at a time when the human has no more free cognitive resources to adopt the offered support. This article describes an approach how to enable a knowledge-based pilots’ assistant system in the domain of military helicopter missions to interact with the pilot by resource adaptive dialogue management. To minimize the automation induced additional load for the pilot, the assistant system estimates the pilots’ residual mental capacity and furthermore the current cognitive workliad in the first step. This assessment enables …

Tracking And Visuospatial Working Memory, Robin Langerak, Chris M. Herdman, James Howell Ba

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The present research examines the role of visuospatial working memory in supporting pursuit tracking. Participants completed a pursuit motor tracking task while simultaneously completing secondary tasks designed to separately place demands on either storage or processing in visuospatial working memory. The results show that simple pursuit tracking utilizes visuospatial processing in working memory without a strong requirement for visuospatial storage. These findings have implications for understanding time-sharing of tasks in the cockpit.

Flight Deck Models Of Workload And Multi-Tasking: An Overview Of Validation, Christopher D. Wickens, Angelia Sebok

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

We review 24 computational modeling efforts of pilot multi-task performance and workload, to describe the manner in which they model three different aspects of pilot performance: the complexity of effort, the complexity of time management and the complexity of multiple resource interference. We then discuss the degree of validation of these models, and the validity of the context in which they are validated.

Reducing Aggressive Responses To Tcas: Evaluation Of A Tcas Training Program, Elizabeth S. Fleming, Amy R. Pritchett, Vlad M. Popescu, William P. Cleveland

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to prevent mid-air collisions. While responding to a TCAS advisory is generally the safe course of action, instances of overly aggressive responses have resulted in injuries to crew members and passengers as well as disruptions in air traffic operations. However, current training standards do not address the need to mitigate overly aggressive responses. This paper details the design and evaluation of a training program for TCAS which incorporated a learning objective related to mitigating aggressive responses to advisories. The impact of the training program was …

Nextgen Operational Improvements: Will They Improve Human Performance, Bettina L. Beard, James C. Johnston, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Modernization of the National Airspace System depends critically on the development of advanced technology, including cutting-edge automation, controller decision-support tools and integrated on-demand information. The Next Generation Air Transportation System national plan envisions air traffic control tower automation that proposes solutions for seven problems: 1) departure metering, 2) taxi routing, 3) taxi and runway scheduling, 4) departure runway assignments, 5) departure flow management, 6) integrated arrival and departure scheduling and 7) runway configuration management. Government, academia and industry are simultaneously pursuing the development of these capabilities. For each capability, the development process typically begins by assessing its potential benefits, and …

Identifying The Impact Of Nextgen On The Job Of Air Traffic Control Specialists In The Mid-Term, Emily Baumann, Kelley J. Krokos, Cheryl Hendrickson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

By leveraging existing and new technology, the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is proposed to support significant increases in both capacity and efficiency of the National Airspace System (NAS). In the decade that has passed since NextGen was mandated by Congress, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has made great progress in identifying the specific technologies, automation, and procedures (i.e., NextGen Drivers) necessary to support the desired increases. American Institutes for Research (AIR) describes its strategic job analysis, which was designed to identify the NextGen Drivers that are proposed to be implemented by the NextGen Mid-Term (2018), and to evaluate …

South African Airline Pilots’ Perceptions Of Advanced Flight Deck Automation, Dr. Preven Naidoo

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This article reports on the construction of the Automation Attitude Questionnaire (AAQ), to assess airline pilots’ perceptions about operating advanced automated aircraft. A total of 262 airline pilots from a large South African carrier participated in the validation of the questionnaire. A five-factor measurement model was established by using exploratory factor analysis. The five factors associated with perceptions of advanced automated systems were labelled as: Comprehension, Training, Trust, Workload, and Design. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and the mean inter-item correlation of each factor were highly satisfactory and confirmed the homogeneity and unidimensionality of the five-factor solution for the AAQ.

Adaptive Controller Adaptation Time And Available Control Authority Effects On Piloting, Anna Trujillo, Dr. Irene Gregory

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Adaptive control is considered for highly uncertain, and potentially unpredictable, flight dynamics characteristic of adverse conditions. This experiment looked at how adaptive controller adaptation time to recover nominal aircraft dynamics affects pilots and how pilots want information about available control authority transmitted. Results indicate that an adaptive controller that takes three seconds to adapt helped pilots when looking at lateral and longitudinal errors. The controllability ratings improved with the adaptive controller, again the most for the three seconds adaptation time while workload decreased with the adaptive controller. The effects of the displays showing the percentage amount of available safe flight …

Man-Machine Symbiosis In Aviation: New Risks And Capabilities In View Of Information Technology Expansion, Oleksandr Petrenko

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The paper examines possibility of the impact of modern technology on the manmachine symbiosis in aviation. Presented some data concerning the perception of a pilots in a highly automated cockpit. The first results of empirical research make it possible to assume that aircraft systems can be customized to adjust to individual typological characteristics of operators. The paper discusses the language modality perspectives of a man-machine interaction. Creating modern sociotechnical systems aimed at a human at a completely new level has special requirements to an integration of designer and operational psychological outlooks.

Assessing The Efficacy Of Situation Awareness Probe Questions For Predicting Airtraffic- Management Performance, James D. Miles, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Thomas Strybel, Vernol Battiste

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

We conducted an exploratory data analysis as a step toward modeling components of SA. It was based on data collected from situation awareness probe questions that were used in large-scale air traffic control simulations over 5 semesters of an ATC radar internship in the Center for Human Factors in Advanced Aeronautics Technologies (CHAAT). Three components of SA were generated by a principal component analysis that we label “Action Relevant,” “Distance R and “Low Priority.” The analyses provide a data-driven scheme for categorizing probes relate SA that can be used in future evaluations of NextGen concepts and technologies.

A Situation Awareness Design Approach To The Position Of Airline Maintenance Control In A Simulated Operations Control Center, Durant Camron Bridges Iii

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Research is being conducted at mid-sized public university regarding the collaborative team efforts of aviation students in a simulated airline control center. The students employ coordinated problem solving efforts toward disruption management and schedule optimization. Although the focus of this research is communication of the decision support systems, the design of the Maintenance Control position is discussed at length. The Maintenance Controller(s) communicate with all positions, as well as departments located outside the center’s physical location that may and may not be accessed by other participants. This position is one of the most vital and engaging in the simulation, and …

High Fidelity Simulation And Aviation Training To Improve Problem Solving Skills And Coordination, Andrea M. Georgiou, Paul C. Carlson, Paul A. Craig

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

As part of an ongoing collaborative project, a high fidelity simulation lab was developed to address teamwork deficiencies exhibited by newly minted aviation professionals. This lab, referred to as the Flight Operations Center-Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab, was enhanced with greater fidelity, realistic and complex scenario triggers, and robust after action reviews. Student teams participate in a simulated work shift to further improve problem solving skills and coordination among senior-level undergraduate students.

The Effectiveness Of Microsoft Flight Simulator As A Training Aid For Private Pilot Training And Proficiency, Wendy S. Beckman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The debate regarding the effectiveness of computer-based software for pilot training and proficiency has been ongoing since such software first became available. While studies on the efficacy of such software have been and continue to be conducted, pilots are in large number utilizing such packages. A nationwide survey was conducted to determine how the Microsoft Flight Simulator (MFS) software package is being used by pilots for both initial private pilot training and for maintaining proficiency once certificated. Over 650 survey respondents evaluated the effectiveness of MFS in 14 areas of pilot operations. It was found that over 40% of respondents …

Nasa Nextgen Flightdeck Research: A Database Of Research Areas And Results, Kathleen L. Mosier, Alec Munc, Kendra Reich, Danielle Fox, James Swarts, Linda Tomko, Matthew O'Neill, Kerry Cunningham

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

This article contains an introduction to a database created to capture important NASA or NASA-sponsored research related to NextGen flightdeck issues and operations. Documents are products of NASA’s Airspace and Aviation Safety Program efforts to identify and resolve flightdeck human factors issues in NextGen, challenges to efficient operations, key areas in which technological advances are predicted to facilitate NextGen operations, research findings that can be used to develop NextGen procedures, and the potential impacts of off-nominal events.

Barriers To Consuming Healthy Food And The Role Of Food Pantries In Improving Diets On Low Income Families, Antoinette M. Sangye

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Background: Poor diet and physical inactivity are among the leading preventable causes of deaths in the United States which disproportionately affect people with low income. A healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables may prevent the most common diet-related chronic conditions.

Objective: This study explores factors that affect the ability of low income American families to consume a healthy diet. It also addresses the role of food pantries in providing nutritious food to families at risk of food insecurity.

Methods: An online survey was emailed to 50 food pantries that are members of The Foodbank Inc., Dayton Ohio. Thirty three …

A Comparison Of Food Inspection Practices Of The U.S. Air Force And Ohio Local Public Health, Danny R. Pizzino, Karen A.N. Rupp

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Objective: As Americans consume more meals outside the home, food safety of restaurants is more critical. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of food service establishment (FSE) inspection frequency on FSE performance. In this study, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) public health system is compared to Ohio local public health departments (Ohio LPHDs). The USAF inspects FSEs more frequently than Ohio LPHDs do. The goal is to determine if this increased frequency leads to higher food safety in the FSEs.

Methods: We reviewed 1482 reports from three USAF bases and 1909 reports from six Ohio LPHDs …

Food Limitation As A Potentially Emerging Contributor To The Asian Vulture Crisis, Fakhar -I- Abbas, Thomas P. Rooney, Jibran Haider, Afsar Mian

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

It was believed that the reason for decline in Asian vulture population is the drug, Diclofenac sodium (DFS), used in livestock. Even after declaring the DFS use banned by the government, apparent decrease in the population of vultures was reported. Alternate hypothesis was suggested that food limitation may be a cause of Asian vulture crisis in Pakistan. Very recent shifts in livestock utilization observed in Pakistan may present a significant barrier to vulture recovery. Increased livestock utilization is translated to fewer carcasses. Since 2005, no livestock carcasses were found in 1650 km transect in the habitat of vultures. Carcasses recorded …

Game-Based Curricula In Biology Classes: Multi-Level Assessment Of Science Learning, Troy D. Sadler, William L. Romine, Parker E. Stuart

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Video games played on computers, game consoles, tablets and smart phones have become a very popular medium in our society. A growing body of scholarship suggests that video games can support substantial learning (for reviews see Gee, 2007; Honey & Hilton, 2011; Squire, 2011). Research has documented ways in which games engage students deeply in thinking, learning, and collaboration (Gee, 2005). Evidence suggests that games can support development of critical thinking (Squire, 2006), creativity (Annetta, Cheng, & Holmes, 2010), and mastery and application of target concepts (Squire, 2011).

Detecting Fatigue In Commercial Flight Operations Using Physiological Measures, Lisa C. Thomas, Kimberly Craig, Christopher Gast, Robert Grube, Mike Muhm, Emma Romig

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

The purpose of this study is to determine whether any technology exists to unobtrusively, reliably, and accurately detect symptoms of fatigue in real time before fatigue affects performance. Airline pilots are fitted with a variety of physiological measurement devices (e.g. EEG, blink rate, etc.) that have been demonstrated in the literature to be related to fatigue. Each crew of two pilots performs simulated gate-to-gate flight operations under rested and fatigued conditions, during which physiologic and performance parameters are continuously monitored. In addition, audio, video, and simulator data are recorded for post-session evaluation. Ultimately, if one or more technologies proves effective, …

Enhancing Helicopter-Pilot Obstacle Avoidance Using A Binocular Head-Mounted Display, Dennis B. Beringer, Gena Drechsler

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Twenty-three helicopter pilots flew a simulated Bell 206 in Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) scenarios with obstructions present. In Study 1, the head-mounted display (HMD) showed highway-in-the-sky guidance but not obstructions. Study 2 added obstructions (broadcast towers, power lines) in the HMD. Pilots detected and avoided HMD-depicted obstructions earlier than those only shown out the window. Wire strikes were frequent without HMD depictions of obstructions but were greatly reduced when these objects were shown in the HMD. They were completely eliminated when a red warning fence was overlaid on the power-line graphic at the point it transected the flight path. …

Supervisory Control State Diagrams To Depict Autonomous Activity, Michael Patzek, Clayton Rothwell, George Bearden, Benjamin Ausdenmoore, Allen Rowe

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

As capabilities of autonomous systems expand, traditional geospatial information displays used for supervisory control will likely need to be augmented with more explicit information on higherorder autonomous activities, such as goal-directed task selection, situation assessment, decisionmaking, and planning. We present a supervisory control interface for higher-order autonomy based on finite state machine diagrams called Layered Pattern Recognizable Interfaces for State Machines (L-PRISM). L-PRISM is a hierarchically arranged set of nested state diagrams coupled with a temporal control and payload viewer. The mission goals and tasks are at the top-most layer and sub-tasks and states at lower layers, providing varying levels …

The Effects Of Stereoscopic Radar Displays On Air Traffic Controller Performance, Jason G. Russi, Brent T. Langhals, Michael E. Miller, Eric Heft

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Controllers identify vertical separation in aircraft depicted on 2-D radar displays by calculating altitude from numerical values. This is used to create a 3-D mental image to determine vertical spacing; a mentally fatiguing practice. Current stereoscopic display technology exists that may allow reduction of this aspect of controller workload. With a near doubling of traffic expected within the next two decades (FAA, 2012), controllers’ abilities to rapidly interpret spacing and maintain awareness will become increasingly imperative to safety. A stereoscopic radar simulator was developed and field-tested with 35 USAF controllers. It presented a top-down view, similar to traditional radar displays, …

Does Supplementary Computer Generated Cueing Enhance Controller Efficiency In A Congested Communication Environment?, Laurienne C.R.A. Santana, Brent T. Langhals, Michael E. Miller, Vic Finomore

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013

Air traffic controllers are often required to simultaneously communicate with several aircraft over multiple radio frequencies. As a result, during peak loading, it is common for the controller to receive multiple concurrent communications, each from a different aircraft, making it difficult to discern all necessary auditory communications. To address this problem, a modified air traffic control (ATC) interface was prototyped with the goal of increasing controller-to-pilot communication efficiency. This prototype involved an automated text to speech system which displayed supplementary text in an on-screen text box, echoing aircraft transmissions in the event of an indiscernible radio call. The prototype was …