Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Changes In Knowledge Of Hpv, Cervical Cancer, Pap Smears, And Attitudes Towards Hpv Vaccination From A Community-Based Intervention For Latinas, Helen C. Tarp, Paula Phelps, Elizabeth Fore

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Latinas are 20% less likely to receive the HPV vaccine and, in Idaho, are 35% more likely to die of cervical cancer than non-Latinas -16.2/100,000 in Latinas vs. 7.6/100,000 non-Latinas-. Research indicates that this disparity is due to low health literacy, and barriers of language, culture, and poverty. This project’s purpose was to assess the efficacy of a community-based intervention designed to increase rural Idaho Latina health literacy about cervical cancer prevention and detection, about the Women's Health Check program, and to assess participant attitudes towards child HPV vaccination.

Materials & Methods: Investigators trained six bilingual Latinas from rural …

Home Base Care Approach To Reduce Disparity In Diabetes Care In Zuni Indians, Eun Hee Choi, Donica Ghahate, Jeannette Bobelu, Vernon Pankratz, Vallabh Shah

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: We conducted a randomized clinical intervention trial of a home-based kidney care program to examine its efficacy in adult Zuni Indians with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). We evaluated the results of the study in the subset of participants with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) to determine the degree to which this intervention influenced the engagement of those with T2DM in the management of their own health circumstances.

Materials & Methods: We randomized participants by household to receive usual care or home-based care. After initial lifestyle coaching, the intervention group received frequent additional reinforcement by community health representatives (CHRs) about adherence …

Apol1 Ckd Risk Alleles In New Mexico African American And American Indian Populations: Racial Disparity, Chien-An A. Hu, Amelia Bierle, Matthew Shultz, Vallabh Shah

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Two haplotypes of human apolipoprotein L1 gene (gene: APOL1; protein: ApoL1) harboring three coding sequence mutations have been demonstrated as risk variants associated with non-diabetic chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in African Americans. The first one, termed G1, is a two non-synonymous SNP haplotype (rs73885319 (A>G; p.S342G) and rs60910145 (G>T; p.I384M). The second one, termed G2, is a two codon deletion haplotype rs71785313 (6-bp in frame deletion) These two coding-sequence variants have been discovered in CKD patients of African ancestry and linked to the pathogenesis of primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hypertension-attributed kidney disease, and HIV-associated nephropathy …

Cytokine Registry Database Of Stroke Patients (Crisp), Atif Zafar, Fares Qeadan, Asad Ikram, Mudassir Farooqui, Sajid Suriya, Surojit Paul

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: The aim of the study is to identify molecular biomarkers involve in patients who present with stroke and to determine their clinical usefulness as potential biomarkers in stroke patients as compared to patients without stroke.

Materials & Methods: All patients presenting with ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke at University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH) will be screened for potential participation in this study based on following inclusion and exclusion criteria:

Inclusion criteria: male/female of ages ≥ 18 years, patients whose standard stroke admission order sets are obtained for clinical care.

Exclusion criteria: Patients <18 year, with the history of prior stroke or any neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory disease except multiple sclerosis (MS), pregnant women and prisoners.

Cytokines will be measured in serum …

Secondary Stroke Prevention Among Filipinos Compared With Other Racial Groups In Hawaii, Nicole Young, Kazuma Nakagawa, Sheri Tokumaru, Deborah Taira

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: As the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and a main cause of disability, stroke results in immense health and economic burden. Filipinos (FI) were found to have the highest mortality due to major CVD and stroke in Hawaii, and it is unclear whether the increased stroke risk among FI might be reduced by increasing the use of guideline recommended medications for secondary stroke prevention. Additionally, the attitudes and concerns of FI patients in Hawaii regarding stroke prevention have not been studied. The purpose of this study is to utilize a mixed-method approach to elucidate health …

An Application Of A Modified Health Belief Model: Assessing Health Beliefs And Health Protective Behaviors In Mining- Impacted Communities, Chloe Wardropper, Courtney Cooper, Jeff Langman, Chantal Vella, Dilshani Sarathchandra

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Toxic metal contamination poses public health risks in many mining-impacted communities. Improved understanding of risk perception and health protective behaviors is important to sustaining public health awareness. We co-developed a research study based on the Health Belief Model (HBM; Figure 1) and facilitated through a partnership with the health district in our study area, the Silver Valley of northern Idaho. Lead contamination caused by historical mining practices continues to impact both ecological and human health and contributes to health disparities. For this study, we assess how health belief constructs (i.e., perceived threats, expectations of behavioral outcomes, and confidence in …

Compare Healthcare Utilization In The First Three Years Of Life For Infants With Prenatal Opioid Exposure Based On Type Of Neonatal Care Received, Renee Robinson, Amanda Slaunwhite, Evelyn Rider, Janet Johnson, Amanda Walch

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Infants with prenatal opioid and other drug exposure often experience withdrawal symptoms known as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Some hospitals have modified clinical environments to promote recovery (reduced stimulation, nursery-like rooms, permitting rooming-in). While existing research has demonstrated efficacy of lower-stimulation environment, there is no known research evaluating longer-term implications of clinical environment on infant health beyond immediate neonatal period in states disproportionately affected by the opioid epidemic with diverse urban-rural populations such as Alaska.

Materials & Methods: The goal of this project is to determine whether supportive care decreases the likelihood of foster care placement from birth to …

Bridging The Rural-Urban Disparity: A Mixed-Methods Analysis Of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake In Montana, Sophia Newcomer

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Since introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006, national efforts to increase vaccine uptake have been largely successful in urban areas, but less effective in rural settings. As of 2017, HPV vaccine series initiation rates were 10.8% percentage points lower for adolescents residing in rural versus urban areas of the U.S. This disparity leaves rural youth at higher risk of developing of HPV- caused cancers and other diseases, including cervical cancer, tongue and throat cancers, and genital warts. In Montana, a predominantly rural state, only 49% of adolescents are up-to-date on the recommended 2-dose vaccine series, well …

Augmenting Exposure Therapy For Social Anxiety With Tdcs, Cynthia L. Lancaster, Samantha J. Meckes, Mollie A. Mcdonald, Marian E. Berryhill

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Exposure therapy is one of the most potent techniques available to treat social anxiety. However, studies suggest that exposure therapy only produces full remission in 20-50% of patients. Furthermore, laboratory conditioning and extinction studies suggest that fear responses toward individuals who differ from one's own ethnicity/race may be more resistant to extinction. Because activation of the medial prefrontal cortex has been associated with facilitating fear reduction during exposure therapy, we expect that targeting activation of this region with a stimulation technique called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may improve outcomes from exposure therapy for social anxiety. The present study …

Assessment Of Risk Factors For Health Disparities Among Latina Farm Workers, Cynthia Curl, Lisa Meierotto, Rebecca Som Castellano

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Latina farm workers may experience a unique intersection of social and environmental factors that are known to affect health and well-being. The disadvantages inherent in their gender, race and social class may be compounded by their immigration status, rural location and the hazards of farm work. We propose to identify the most critical risk factors for poor health facing this underserved and understudied population.

Materials & Methods: Our study uses a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative data from focus groups (n=3 groups of 10 participants each) and semi-structured interviews (n=15) with quantitative and qualitative survey data (n=100) and biological …

The Female Cervicovaginal Mucosa Is A Unique Site For The Production Of Autoantibodies Associated With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Brian Cherrington, Heather Rothfuss, Kristen Demoruelle

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Women have a 3-fold higher incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a lower likelihood of remission compared to men suggesting a gender disparity in the etiology of RA. In order to devise female specific prevention and treatment strategies, it is critical to understand the mechanism initiating the production of RA autoantibodies termed anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). ACPA target proteins that are posttranslationally modified by a family of enzymes termed peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert arginine into citrulline. Research suggests that ACPA are generated at a mucosal site years before becoming systemic and causing clinical joint disease. Mucosal sites such …

Analysis Of Knee Motion To Prevent And Treat The Increasing Incidence Of Premature Knee Oa, Tyler Brown, Micah Drew, Samantha Krammer

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a costly, debilitating musculoskeletal disease. A disparity in OA incidence in young individuals who don body borne load while physically active, such as service members, reportedly exists. Incidence of premature OA in service members is greater than twice the general population and steadily increasing at the knee. Moreover, there is disparity in knee OA incidence for female and African-American service members, who are 15%-25% more likely to develop the disease. A service member’s physical activity directly contributes to premature knee OA development. Specific knee locomotion biomechanics indicative of joint instability, including large and/or abrupt knee adduction …

¡Yo No Estoy Loco/A! Improving Treatment Engagement For Latinos Using An E-E Video, Lorraine T. Benuto, Frances Gonzalez, Rory Newlands, Jena Casas

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

Purpose/Background: Approximately 30% of Latinos experience some form of psychiatric illness in their lifetime. Despite the high prevalence rate of mood disorders among Latinos and the availability of empirically supported treatments that target anxiety and depression, Latinos underutilize behavioral health services. Perceived stigma associated with the pursuit of behavioral health services disproportionately restricts mental health care in Latinos. The research team created an Entertainment- Education (E-E) telenovela-style video (in Spanish), which acted as the experimental intervention in the proposed project. The experimental intervention is based on the E-E model which incorporates health and educational messages in an entertaining, story-telling narrative …

Mountain West Clinical Translational Research-Infrastructure Network: Introduction, Parvesh Kumar

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

The Mountain West (MW) Clinical Translational Research Infrastructure Network (CTR- IN) Program represents a consortium of all of the 13 major public universities across seven Institutional Development Awards (IDeA) states with the overall goal of increasing and enhancing research capacity. The MW CTR-IN Program covers 1/3^rd the U.S. land mass and almost 1/3^rd of all IDeA states stretching across 4 time zones. The 13 major U.S. public partner universities in the 7 IDeA states are as follows: University of Alaska at Anchorage (UAA), University of Alaska at Fairbanks (UAF), University of Montana (UM), Montana State University (MSU), University …

Patellar Tendon Morphology In Trans-Tibial Amputees Utilizing A Prosthesis With A Patellar-Tendon- Bearing Feature, Kai-Yu Ho, Michelle Harty, Jessica Kellogg, Kelly Teter, Szu-Ping Lee, Yu-Jen Chang, Gregory Bashford

Physical Therapy Faculty Research

A patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) bar is a common design feature used in the socket of trans-tibial prostheses to place load on the pressure-tolerant tissue. As the patellar tendon in the residual limb is subjected to the perpendicular compressive force not commonly experienced in normal tendons, it is possible for tendon degeneration to occur over time. The purpose of this study was to compare patellar tendon morphology and neovascularity between the residual and intact limbs in trans-tibial amputees and healthy controls. Fifteen unilateral trans-tibial amputees who utilized a prosthesis with a PTB feature and 15 age- and sex- matched controls participated. Sonography …

International Society Of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Nutritional Considerations For Single-Stage Ultra-Marathon Training And Racing, Nicholas B. Tiller, Justin D. Roberts, Liam Beasley, Shaun Chapman, Jorge M. Pinto, Lee Smith, Melanie Wiffin, Mark Russel, S. Andy Sparks, Lauren Duckworth, John O'Hara, Louise Sutton, Jose Antonio, Darryn S. Willoughby, Michael D. Tarpey, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan, Michael J. Ormsbee, Todd A. Astorino, Richard B. Kreider, Graham R. Mcginnis, Jeffrey R, Stout, Johneric W. Smith, Shawn M. Arent, Bill I. Campbell, Laurent Bannock

Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences Faculty Research

In this Position Statement, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the literature pertinent to nutritional considerations for training and racing in single-stage ultra-marathon. Recommendations for Training. i) Ultra-marathon runners should aim to meet the caloric demands of training by following an individualized and periodized strategy, comprising a varied, food-first approach; ii) Athletes should plan and implement their nutrition strategy with sufficient time to permit adaptations that enhance fat oxidative capacity; iii) The evidence overwhelmingly supports the inclusion of a moderate-to-high carbohydrate diet (i.e., ~ 60% of energy intake, 5–8 g·kg− 1·d− 1) …

Trends And Associated Factors Of Use Of Opioid, Heroin, And Cannabis Among Patients For Emergency Department Visits In Nevada: 2009–2017, Pearl C. Kim, Ji Won Yoo, Chris R. Cochran, Seong Min Park, Sungyoun Chun, Yong-Jae Lee, Jay J. Shen

School of Medicine Faculty Research

To examine trends and contributing factors of opioid, heroin, and cannabis-associated emergency department (ED) visits in Nevada. The 2009 to 2017 Nevada State ED database (n = 7,950,554 ED visits) were used. Use of opioid, heroin, and cannabis, respectively, was identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th & 10th Revisions. Three multivariable models, one for each of the 3 dependent variables, were conducted. Independent variables included year, insurance status, race/ethnicity, use of other substance, and mental health conditions. The number of individuals with opioid, heroin, cannabis-associated ED visits increased 3%, 10%, and 23% annually from 2009 to 2015, particularly …

Identifiying High Risk Areas Of Zika Virus Infection By Meteorological Factors In Columbia, Lung-Chang Chien, Francisco Sy, Adriana Perez

Environmental & Global Health Faculty Research

Background Several Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have occurred since October 2015. Because there is no effective treatment for ZIKV infection, developing an effective surveillance and warning system is currently a high priority to prevent ZIKV infection. Despite Aedes mosquitos having been known to spread ZIKV, the calculation approach is diverse, and only applied to local areas. This study used meteorological measurements to monitor ZIKV infection due to the high correlation between climate change and Aedes mosquitos and the convenience to obtain meteorological data from weather monitoring stations. Methods This study applied the Bayesian structured additive regression modeling approach to include …

Patient And Provider Perspectives On How Trust Influences Maternal Vaccine Acceptance Among Pregnant Women In Kenya, Stacy W. Nganga, Nancy A. Otieno, Maxwell Adero, Dominic Ouma, Sandra S. Chaves, Jennifer R. Verani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Andrew Wilson, Irina Bergenfeld, Courtni Andrews, Vincent L. Fenimore, Ines Gonzalez-Casanova, Paula M. Frew, Saad B. Omer, Fauzia A. Malik

Environmental & Global Health Faculty Research

Background Pregnant women and newborns are at high risk for infectious diseases. Altered immunity status during pregnancy and challenges fully vaccinating newborns contribute to this medical reality. Maternal immunization is a strategy to protect pregnant women and their newborns. This study aimed to find out how patient-provider relationships affect maternal vaccine uptake, particularly in the context of a lower middle- income country where limited research in this area exists. Methods We conducted semi-structured, in-depth narrative interviews of both providers and pregnant women from four sites in Kenya: Siaya, Nairobi, Mombasa, and Marsabit. Interviews were conducted in either English or one …

An Evaluation Of Food Insecurity And Its Correlates In A Filipino American Study Sample Residing In Clark County, Nevada, Prescott Cheong, Courtney Coughenour, Maya Shegog, Saruna Ghimire, Lawrence Sagadraca, Francisco Sy

Environmental & Global Health Faculty Research

Purpose: Filipino Americans comprise over half of the Asian American population in Clark County, Nevada. Despite their large numbers, food insecurity rates are aggregated with the entire Asian American population. In 2016, 1.6% of Asian American households in Clark County were food insecure, yet, 22% of households reported annual incomes at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. This study aimed to assess the status and correlates of food insecurity specific to Filipino Americans in Clark County, Nevada. Methods: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Short Form Food Security Module was administered among 192 Filipino Americans residing in …

Drug-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis From Hydralazine Leading To Acute Liver Failure And Liver Transplantation, Jasleen Grewal, Angela Doan, Annie S. Hong, Arpit Amin, Jason V. Scapa, Ramy Hanna, Francisco Durazo, Beshoy Yanny

School of Medicine Faculty Research

We describe a woman with no previous liver disease who developed drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis from hydralazine prescribed to her for hypertension. Despite the discontinuation of the medication, she developed acute liver failure and subsequently underwent successful liver transplantation. She survived and had a good clinical outcome.

Methodology For Sampling Women At High Maternal Risk In Administrative Data, Jennifer Vanderlaan, Anne Dunlop, Roger Rochat, Bryan Williams, Susan E. Shapiro

Nursing Faculty Research

Background: In population level studies, the conventional practice of categorizing women into low and high maternal risk samples relies upon ascertaining the presence of various comorbid conditions in administrative data. Two problems with the conventional method include variability in the recommended comorbidities to consider and inability to distinguish between maternal and fetal risks. High maternal risk sample selection may be improved by using the Obstetric Comorbidity Index (OCI), a system of risk scoring based on weighting comorbidities associated with maternal end organ damage. The purpose of this study was to compare the net benefit of using OCI risk scoring vs …

Post-Overdose Interventions Triggered By Calling 911: Centering The Perspectives Of People Who Use Drugs (Pwuds), Karla D. Wagner, Robert W. Harding, Richard Kelley, Brian Labus, Silvia R. Verdugo, Elizabeth Copulsky, Jeanette M. Bowles, Maria Luisa Mittal, Peter J. Davidson

Environmental & Global Health Faculty Research

Background Opioid overdose deaths have increased exponentially in the United States. Bystander response to opioid overdose ideally involves administering naloxone, providing rescue breathing, and calling 911 to summon emergency medical assistance. Recently in the US, public health and public safety agencies have begun seeking to use 911 calls as a method to identify and deliver post-overdose interventions to opioid overdose patients. Little is known about the opinions of PWUDs about the barriers, benefits, or potential harms of post-overdose interventions linked to the 911 system. We sought to understand the perspectives of PWUDs about a method for using 911 data to …

Novel Sphingomyelin Biomarkers For Brain Glioma And Associated Regulation Research On The Pi3k/Akt Signaling Pathway, Xiao-Hui Zhai, Jian Xiao, Jie-Kai Yu, Hong Sun, Shu Zheng

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Research

Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumor types of the central nervous system. It is necessary to identify biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for glioma. The purpose of the present study was to distinguish lipid biomarkers with differential expression patterns in glioma tissues and normal brain tissues by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‑imaging and MALDI‑time of flight (TOF)‑mass spectrometry (MS). Additionally, identification of lipid biomarkers was performed to describe novel therapeutic targets for glioma treatment. A total of six tissues from three patients with glioma and three control patients with traumatic brain injury were analyzed using UltrafleXtreme MALDI‑TOF/TOF. …

Impaired H-Reflex Adaptations Following Slope Walking In Individuals With Post-Stroke Hemiparesis, Jing Nong Liang, Yun Ju Lee, Eric Akoopie, Brooke Conway Kleven, Trisha Koch, Kai-Yu Ho

Physical Therapy Faculty Research

Background and Purpose: Short term adaptations in the Ia afferent-motoneuron pathway, as measured using the H-reflex, in response to altered ground reaction forces (GRFs) applied at the feet during slope walking have been observed in the non-impaired nervous system. The ability of the stroke-impaired nervous system to adapt to altered GRFs have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of altered propulsive and braking forces applied at the feet, which naturally occurs when walking on different slopes, on adaptations of the H-reflex pathway in individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis.

Factors Associated With Preventable Emergency Department Visits For Nontraumatic Dental Conditions In The U.S., Pearl C. Kim, Wenlian Zhou, Shawn J. Mccoy, Ian K. Mcdonough, Betty Burston, Marcia Ditmyer, Jay J. Shen

Dental Medicine Faculty Research

This study was designed to examine national trends and evaluate social determinants of health that were associated with the provision of dental services in emergency rooms in the United States between 2007 and 2014. A pooled cross-sectional database of emergency department (ED) visits combined the 2007–2014 waves of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. A total of 3,761,958 ED visits with dental conditions were extracted and the principal diagnosis was identified. A series of modified Poisson regression models were used to assess the relationship between patient sociodemographic factors and hospital characteristics, and the likelihood of visiting the ED for a nontraumatic …

Possible Skull Base Erosion After Prolonged Frontal Sinus Stenting, Nathaniel H. Reeve Md, Harry H. Ching Md, Yuna Kim Md, Walter W. Schroeder Md

School of Medicine Faculty Research

Frontal sinus stenting is widely used with the goal of maintaining nasofrontal duct patency after sinus surgery. The general recommendation is to leave stents in place for 6 months; however, prolonged stenting up to 6 years has been reported with no complication. We present the first reported case of frontal sinus posterior table and skull base erosion following prolonged frontal sinus stenting. A 57-year-old female presented with chronic sinusitis and nasal obstruction. Imaging revealed pansinusitis with retained stents in each frontal sinus that were placed 8 years prior. On the right, there was an area of skull base erosion at …

Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated With Reported Depression In College Students, Sharon Jalene, Jennifer Pharr, Guogen Shan, Brach Poston

Integrated Health Sciences Faculty Research

Depression is a serious but treatable health issue that affects college students at an alarming rate. Improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decreases depression risk and severity but this relationship has not been fully evaluated in the college student population. Non-exercise estimated CRF (eCRF) could be used to identify students at risk for or suffering from depression. This study investigated the associations of depression and eCRF in college students. Participants (N = 437) completed a survey which included demographic and student-status questions, eCRF variables, and a validated depression instrument. Descriptive, chi-square, t-test, regression, and odds ratio analyses were employed. Depression was associated …

International Consensus Statement On The Psychosocial And Policy-Related Approaches To Mental Health Awareness Programmes In Sport, Gavin Breslin, Andy Smith, Brad Donohue, Paul Donnelly, Stephen Shannon, Tandy Jane Haughey, Stewart A. Vella, Christian Swann, Stewart Cotterill, Tadhg Macintyre, Tim Rogers, Gerard Leavey

Psychology Faculty Research

Background: Research focused on mental health in sport has revealed a need to develop evidence-supported mental health practices that are sensitive to sport culture, particularly for non-elite athletes. A consensus statement was produced to assist effective mental health awareness in sport and guide programme implementation in this rapidly emerging field. Method: The AGREE Reporting Checklist 2016 was used in two international expert consultation meetings, followed by two online surveys. Experts from 10 countries and over 30 organisations contributed. Results: Six objectives were agreed: (1) to define mental health awareness and service implementation constructs for inclusion in programmes delivered in sporting …

Trait Emotional Experience In Individuals With Schizophrenia And Youth At Clinical High Risk For Psychosis, Claire I. Yee, Gregory P. Strauss, Daniel N. Allen, Claudia M. Haase, David Kimhy, Vijay A. Mittal

Psychology Faculty Research

Background: Disturbances in trait emotions are a predominant feature in schizophrenia. However, less is known about (a) differences in trait emotion across phases of the illness such as the clinical high-risk (CHR) phase and (b) whether abnormalities in trait emotion that are associated with negative symptoms are driven by primary (i.e. idiopathic) or secondary (e.g. depression, anxiety) factors. Aims: To examine profiles of trait affective disturbance and their clinical correlates in individuals with schizophrenia and individuals at CHR for psychosis. Method: In two studies (sample 1: 56 out-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 34 demographically matched individuals without schizophrenia (controls); sample …