Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Adjunctive Use Of Laser Biostimulation With Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy: A Split Mouth, Randomized, Case-Control Study In Diabetic And Nondiabetic Periodontitispatients, Funda Akansel, Umur Sakallioğlu, Müge Lütfi̇oğlu, Feyza Otan Özden, Adil Karadağ

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Laser biostimulation therapy (LBT) is suggested to have positive effects on periodontal healing. This study evaluatedLBT with nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic health (SH) conditions.Materials and methods: Thirty periodontitis patients (15 with DM and 15 with SH) were included in the study, which had a split-mouthdesign, by applying LBT in the mouth of the same systemic condition. Thus, 4 study groups were formed, as 1) NSPT – DM: NSPT alonein DM, 2) NSPT + LBT – DM: NSPT + LBT application in DM, 3) NSPT – SH: NSPT alone in SH, and 4) NSPT + …

The Role Of Probiotics For Preventing Dysbiosis In Periodontal Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Tuğba Şahi̇n, Gülçin Akca, Nurdan Özmeri̇ç

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Scaling and root planing remain inadequate in periodontitis treatment caused by dysbiotic microbial dental plaque. The aim of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of probiotics and kefir consumption in initial periodontal therapy (IPT) on oral microbiota composition and treatment outcomes in patients with periodontitis.Materials and methods: The study was carried out in the Gazi University Department of Periodontology, including a sample size of 36 individuals and utilizing a randomized controlled design. Thirty-six patients with periodontitis were randomly allocated to three groups: one receiving probiotic treatment, another receiving kefir, and a third serving as the control group. Obtaining …

Molecular Characterization Of Fecundity-Related Gene Regions In Some Of Türkiye’S Native Sheep Breeds, Ramazan Aymaz, Fulya Özdi̇l, Yalçın Yaman

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study, the BMP15 and GDF9 gene regions were examined through DNA sequencing in some native sheep breeds of Türkiye (Kıvırcık, Karacabey Merino, Chios, Gökçeada, Çine Çaparı, Awassi, and Karakacan). In the BMP15 exon 2 region, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: one synonymous SNP, P248P (proline/proline), and one nonsynonymous SNP, L251P (leucine/proline), resulting in a missense mutation. In the GDF9 exon 1 region, only a nonsynonymous SNP, R87H (histidine/ arginine), was found. In the GDF9 exon 2 region, four SNPs were identified: two nonsynonymous SNPs, E241K (glutamate/lysine) and V332I (valine/isoleucine), and two synonymous SNPs, L159L (leucine/leucine) and …

Evaluation Of Baseline F-18 Fdg Positron Emission Tomography In The Diagnosis And Assessment Of Giant Cell Arteritis, Burak İnce, Emine Göknur Işik, Zeynep Gözde Özkan, Yasemin Yalçinkaya, Bahar Artım Esen, Ahmet Gül, Murat İnanç

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The aim of this study is to evaluate the baseline F18-FDG PET/CT findings of individuals diagnosed with giant cellarteritis (GCA) and to explore its association with clinical findings and classification criteria.Materials and methods: We analysed data from patients who underwent F18-FDG PET/CT scans to investigate large vessel (LV)involvement between 2010 and 2019. Only patients with a clinical diagnosis of GCA and at least 6 months of follow-up were included.We compared initial clinical features and laboratory findings based on the presence of LV vasculitis on PET/CT and the maximumstandard uptake value (SUVmax) of vascular territories.Results: Twenty-nine patients (median age at diagnosis: …

A Retrospective Study On The Clinical And Molecular Outcomes Of Calpainopathy In A Turkish Patient Cohort, İzem Olcay Şahi̇n, Emine Karataş, Mikail Demi̇r, Büşra Tan, Hüseyin Per, Yusuf Özkul, Munis Dündar

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Calpainopathy, also known as limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive type 1, is a progressive muscle disorder that impacts the muscles around the hips and shoulders. The disease is caused by defects in the CAPN3 gene and can be inherited in both recessive and dominant forms. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and molecular results of our patients with calpainopathy and to examine the CAPN3 variants in Turkish and global populations.Materials and methods: Molecular analyses were performed using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. CAPN3 variants were identified through the examination of various databases.Results: In this retrospective study, the …

The Effect Of Erector Spinae Plane Block On Postoperative Extubation Time And Laboratory Parameters In Open Heart Surgery: A Retrospective Study, Feyza Çalişir, Yavuz Orak, Ömer Faruk Boran, Metin Ege, Mehmet Emin Karabeki̇roğlu, Hilal Bi̇radli, Adem Doğaner

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

In open heart surgery, sternotomy causes inflammation in tissues, and inflammation causes postoperative pain. This study aims to examine the effects of bilateral erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks on postoperative extubation time and laboratory parameters in open heart surgery.Materials and methods: The study was managed using retrospective data from 85 patients who underwent open-heart surgery. Patients who received intravenous analgesia and were transferred to the intensive care unit with intubation were included in the study. Two groups were formed: those who received preoperative bilateral ESP block (ESB) and those nonblock (NB). Statistical significance was investigated between ESB and NB in …

Survival Benefit Of Resin Cartridge Extracorporeal Blood Purification Therapy In Patients With Septic Shock, Serdar Efe, Pervin Hanci, Volkan İnal

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) therapies have shown promise as potential rescue treatments for patientswith septic shock. However, precise evidence regarding their effectiveness is lacking. This case-control study aimed to evaluate the 28-day survival benefit of a resin cartridge-based EBP therapy compared to conventional therapies in patients with septic shock.Materials and methods: The study sample was collected retrospectively from the medical records of patients admitted to the intensivecare unit (ICU) between 2015 and 2020. The study included patients with septic shock aged ≥18 years who had ICU stays >96 h andexcluded those lost to follow-up by 28 days or readmitted. First, …

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Mammography And Breast Mri In The Diagnosis Of Breast Cancer And Detection Of Tumor Size, Muhammed Teki̇nhatun, Nuran Sabi̇r, Ergun Erdem, Sevda Yilmaz, Furkan Ufuk

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) and dynamic breast MRI techniques for diagnosing breast lesions, assess the diagnostic accuracy of CEM’s using histopathological findings, and compare lesion size measurements obtained from both methods with pathological size.Materials and methods: This prospective study included 120 lesions, of which 70 were malignant, in 104 patients who underwent CEM and MRI within a week. Two radiologists independently evaluated the MR and CEM images in separate sessions, using the BI-RADS classification system. Additionally, the maximum sizes of lesion were measured. Diagnostic accuracy parameters and the receiver operating …

Predicting Difficult Airway In Morbidly Obese Patients Using Ultrasound, Sevim Akin, Mustafa Yildirim, Hakan Artaş, Esef Bolat

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Difficult mask ventilation and difficult intubation are more common in obese patients. Ultrasound is a reliable andnoninvasive method for evaluating the airway. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution and availability of anterior necksoft tissue (ANS) thickness at different levels, tongue volume (TV), hyomental distance (HMD), the ratio of preepiglottic distance todistance between the epiglottis and the midpoint of vocal cords (PE/E-VC) measured by ultrasonography in predicting difficult airwayin morbidly obese patients.Materials and methods: Between March 2020 and November 2020, patients aged ≥18 years with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥40 kg/m2who underwent elective surgery under …

High Amniotic Fluid Fractalkine And Mip-1Β Levels Are Associated With Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Prospective Cohort Study, Şehmus Pala, Remzi Atilgan, Nevin İlhan

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

Proinflammatory chemokines have been shown to play crucial roles in implantation, spiral artery invasion, and thefetomaternal immunological response. In this context, we investigated the levels of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and chemokine CC motifligand 4 (CCL4 or MIP-1β) in maternal serum and amniotic fluids in pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).Materials and methods: This prospective cohort study was carried out at Fırat University Obstetrics Clinic between January 1, 2022 andJuly 1, 2022. Group (G) 1: The control group consisted of 40 pregnant women who underwent elective cesarean section (CS) at 38–40weeks of gestation. G2: A total of 40 pregnant women with …

The Stereological And Morphometrical Investigation Of Pars Lumbalis Of The Spinal Cord Innew Zealand Rabbit, Berna Duman, İftar Gürbüz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In the study, 12 (6 females, 6 males) healthy adult New Zealand rabbits were used to examine the morphometrical andstereological values. White matter, gray matter and total segment volume of the segments in the pars lumbalis were calculated byCavalieri’s principle. The findings were grouped according to sexand statistically evaluated. As a result, 38% of the length of the spinalcord in rabbits belonged to the pars lumbalis. The morphometric parameters were not statistically different between male and femalerabbits (p > 0.05). The segment with the biggest volume was L5. White matter’s greatest volume was the L4 segment. The volume of graymatter was …

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting In A Patient With Multivessel Disease And Dextrocardia With Situs Inversus Totalis, Rohit Shahani, Adham Ahmed, Frank M Rosell, Alexander Iribarne

The Texas Heart Institute Journal

Dextrocardia with situs inversus totalis is a rare hereditary condition characterized by reversed orientation of the major thoracic and abdominal organs. Though dextrocardia itself is not believed to increase the risk of coronary artery disease, the workup and surgical management of patients with this condition may be technically challenging to heart team clinicians. This report describes the case management of a high-risk 56-year-old man with dextrocardia who presented with multivessel coronary artery disease.

Acute Mitral Valve Regurgitation Caused By Left Ventricular Pacing Wire During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Byeng-Ju Son, Ung Kim, Jong-Ho Nam, Kang-Un Choi, Jong-Il Park, Jang-Won Son

The Texas Heart Institute Journal

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is quickly becoming the standard of care for patients with severe aortic stenosis thanks to its minimally invasive nature and favorable outcomes. Recently, left ventricular pacing has been proposed as a safer alternative to traditional right heart pacing, which could simplify the transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedure overall, although procedural complications may still occur. This report describes a rare case of left ventricular pacing wire-induced acute severe mitral valve regurgitation during transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Cannula Placement For Cerebral Protection Without Circulatory Arrest In Patients Undergoing Hemiarch Aortic Aneurysm Repair, Joseph C Sweeney, Jaimin R Trivedi, Toyokazu Endo, Akhila Ankem, Siddharth V Pahwa, Mark S Slaughter, Brian L Ganzel

The Texas Heart Institute Journal

BACKGROUND: Aortic aneurysms involving the proximal aortic arch, which require hemiarch-type repair, typically require circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion. Left carotid antegrade cerebral perfusion (LCP) via distal arch cannulation without circulatory arrest was used in this study's patient population. The goal was to assess the operative efficiency and clinical outcomes of using a distal arch cannulation technique that would not require any hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) time compared with more traditional brachiocephalic artery cannulation with right-sided unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (RCP) and HCA.

METHODS: A single-center retrospective review of patients with replacement of the distal ascending aorta involving the …

Effect Of Psilocybin On Empathy And Moral Decision-Making, Sky Evans

VCU's Medical Journal Club: The Work of Future Health Professionals

Empathy is the ability for human beings, as well as all other mammals, to understand the mental state of another person on an emotional level. It allows us to feel compassion and promote the well-being of those around us. Impaired empathic abilities lead to severe negative social consequences and influence the development and treatment of several psychiatric disorders, specifically in disorders such as antisocial personality disorder. Furthermore, empathy has been shown to play a crucial role in moral and prosocial behavior. In neuroscience and psychiatry research, the serotonin system has been shown to be involved in modulating empathy and moral …

Gray Scale 2d Ultrasound In Relation To Coagulation Profile And Uterine Artery Doppler Indices In Women With Postmenopausal Bleeding, Lamiaa Mohammed Yosri, Reham Saeed Mohammed Aly, Asmaa Abady Awad

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women is a common complaint in general gynecological practice. Progression and prognosis of AUB primarily relies on invasive surgery and pathology so our research aimed to evaluate the use of non-invasive procedures such as uterine artery Doppler indices and coagulation profile in detecting some underlaying causes of AUB. Aim and objectives: To evaluate the coagulation profile (PT, PTT, INR and platelete count) in women with postmenopausal bleeding in relation to 2D ultrasound endometrial thickness and uterine artery Doppler. Patients and methods: This longitudinal observational study was performed at the departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology …

Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy For Treatment Of Varus Knee In Adults Combined With Arthroscopic Evaluation, Mohamad Shaaban El Eryan, Mahmoud Seddik Hassan, Faisal Hasan Zayed

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Varus knee in adults is fairly common and considered the most predisposing factor for early medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Patients and Methods: Fifteen patients underwent a medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) combined with arthroscopic evaluation for medial compartment osteoarthritis or intra articular pathology lesions. Measurements included mechanical axis of lower limb, hip knee ankle angle (HKA), posterior tibial slope angle, and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). Clinical evaluation was applied with Lysholm knee scoring scale and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Results: There were remarkable differences between the mean of pre and …

Thermal Camera For Detection Of Perforator Territories In Fasciocutaneous Flaps For Leg Reconstruction, Magdy Ahmed Abd-Almoktader Abd-Alkareem, Mohamed Osama Mahmoud Ouf, Fathy Ahmad Mohammad Basha

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Soft tissue abnormalities are often repaired utilizing perforator flaps. Accurate understanding of underlying vascular architecture and the precise positioning of perforators is essential for successful surgery. Dissection can be difficult because the path and placement of perforators might vary widely. Aim of the study: to evaluate skin flaps taken from the legs to see how well thermal imaging cameras can diagnose perforators and their respective territories on the skin. Methodology: This interventional prospective case series study was conducted in plastic and reconstructive surgery unit, Azhar university hospitals Between july 2021 and april 2023 on 12 male patients and 8 …

Evaluation Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis By Neuromuscular Ultrasound And Electrophysiologiacal Studies, Khaled Zaky, Alaa M Genedy, Hany M Aly, Mohie-Eldin T Mohamed

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Introduction: Rheumatoid neuropathy of the median nerve (MN) is the commonest nerve entrapment neuropathy. Diagnosis of CTS in RA is often dependent upon electrophysiological evaluation. However, direct visualization of the nerves is possible with exact localization of site of disease with neuromuscular ultrasound (U/S). Aim: to evaluate Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by neuromuscular U/S and Electrophysiological studies. Subjects and Methods: 30 RA patients were included and were compared with 30 normal subjects as control group. Results: The current study revealed significantly higher cross-sectional area (CSA) of the MN at the level of tunnel inlet (mm2), …

Effect Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Anterior Wall St Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated By Late Pci Using 3d Echocardiography: A Randomized Study, Sameeh Youssif Mahmoud, Mohamed Ahmed Zaki, Ali Mohamed Alamin, Ibrahim Abdel-Fattah Yassin, Ahmad Mohammad Hassaan

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has emerged as a comprehensive intervention including several facets and disciplines, with the primary objective of inhibiting the advancement of cardiovascular disease in individuals diagnosed with conditions of the heart and promoting overall health restoration. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of CR on the process of left ventricular (LV) remodeling, specifically using three-dimensional echocardiography (3D-ECHO) after an episode of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out on sixty patients who suffered recently from acute STEMI and treated with delayed percutaneous intervention (PCI). Patients …

Complement Activation And Cytokine Production And Their Relation To Cardiovascular Changes In Hemodialysis Patients, Mohamed Nabil Raafat, Ahmed Alaa Eldin Ahmed Saad, Ahmed Mohammed Farouk, Mohammad Sobhy Abdulhameed Abdulkhaliq

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a very consequential medical condition that has been identified as a significant concern in the field of public health, impacting a global population exceeding 2.6 million individuals. Despite notable advancements in hemodialysis treatments over the past few decades, individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continue to have a substantial burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and face a heightened risk of mortality. Aim of work: Our study aimed at assessment of complement activation and cytokine production and their relation to cardiovascular changes in hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted in …

Association Between Serum Procalcitonin Level With Exacerbation Severity In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients, Dalia Abdellateif Abdelghany, Shimaa R. Hendawy, Rania Mostafa, Heba Wagih Abdelwahab

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: There is a significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Individuals with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had considerably higher mean serum procalcitonin levels (PCT) compared to individuals with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to previous investigations. Objective: This study aimed to assess whether procalcitonin levels were associated with the severity of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: thirty-nine patients who were suffering from an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were included. Included patients were classified as having either no respiratory failure, …

Early Results Of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (Lad) Reconstruction In Patients With Poor Target Lad In Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Procedure, Mohamed Shaffik Abd Allah, Mohammed Hussieny Mahmoud, Rami Ibrahim Abdelrehim Ibrahim

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: The development of numerous atheromatous plaques often compromises the long-term patency of a LIMA to LAD in patients with diffuse LAD disease, making it difficult to attain full myocardial revascularization using traditional bypass procedures. Reconstructing such LAD, has been proposed as a surgical solution. aims: to assess and compare the early surgical results of left anterior descending coronary artery reconstructional patch-plasty using the left internal mammary artery onlay patch technique and the saphenous vein graft patch alongside LIMA anastomosed to the patch technique among individuals with diffusely diseased LAD coronary artery. Patients and methods: this prospective study involves sixty …

Tip Definition In Cleft Rhinoplasty Assessment And Outcomes Meta-Analysis, Ahmed Taha Sayed, Hazem Hussien Dahshan, Nader Mohamed Moshrif El-Feky

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Congenital anatomic abnormalities, surgical scarring, and growth-related alterations all contribute to the ever-changing appearance of the cleft nasal malformation. In addition to nasal obstruction, symptoms of this condition include a shorter columella, depressed nasal tip, dislocated alar cartilage on both sides, everted alar bases, and a shortened ala. Aim and objective: assessment and outcomes of Tip definition in post cleft rhinoplasty. (Meta-analysis). Patients and Methods: This study was a meta-analysis study done in Department of plastic Surgery and Burn, Faculty of Medicine-Al Azhar University on 639 cases. Articles published within the previous five years that met the inclusion requirements. …

Outcome Of Management Of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma In Comparison To Invasive Duct Carcinoma, Walid Rafat Abdelaty

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Among females, breast cancer has the highest incidence and is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Aim of the study: In contrast to invasive lobular carcinoma, the objective of this research is to examine how invasive duct carcinoma is managed. Patient and methods: This examined 200 women who were registered in the Al-Azhar University Hospitals database between January 2020 and December 2022 and were diagnosed with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer. The current investigation included cases with IDC or ILC histology based on the WHO classification's criteria. Results: The patient met the criteria for M0 illness by undergoing primary …

Innate And Adaptive Immune System Consequences Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Tatlock H. Lauten, Tamara Natour, Adam J. Case

Journal Articles: Cellular & Integrative Physiology

In the field of psychiatry, biological markers are rarely, if ever, used in the diagnosis of mental health disorders. Clinicians rely primarily on patient histories and behavioral symptoms to identify specific psychopathologies, which makes diagnosis highly subjective. Moreover, therapies for mental health disorders are aimed specifically at attenuating behavioral manifestations, which overlooks the pathophysiological indices of the disease. This is highly evident in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) where inflammation and immune system perturbations are becoming increasingly described. Further, patients with PTSD possess significantly elevated risks of developing comorbid inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, which are likely linked …

Correlation Between Left Ventricular Structural And Functional Changes And Coronary Artery Disease In Hypertensive Patients (Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Study), Asmaa M. Nour, Mohamed S. Abd Elsalam, Mohamed B. Khedrawy, Ahmed El Tayeb

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Spot echocardiography is a sensitive, noninvasive method to detect early regional and global myocardial dysfunction that cannot be detected with traditional 2D echocardiography visualization.

Aim: To evaluate the association between structural and functional changes in the left ventricle and the burden of coronary artery disease in hypertensive patients using speckle-traced echocardiography.

Patients and Methods: 60 patients underwent elective coronary angiography, all hypertensive and consented to spot-trace echocardiography. They were recruited from the catheterization unit of the Department of Cardiology at Al-Azhar University Hospital.

Results: There is a statistically …

The Effect Of Diabetes Mellitus On Fetal Hemodynamic Indices In Late Pregnancy And Fetal Birth Weight, Ahmed Altaf Abbas, Ahmed Mohamed Al-Sheikh, Mahamed Hosny Mousa El-Behery

Al-Azhar International Medical Journal

Background: One of the most prevalent adverse pregnancy outcomes is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Different degrees of impaired glucose metabolism characterize GDM, which is typically diagnosed during pregnancy. Consistent economic growth, rising living standards, and the introduction of more stringent diagnostic criteria have all contributed to a rise in GDM morbidity in emerging nations in recent years. Aim and objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not gestational diabetes has an impact on fetal hemodynamics, fetal growth indices, and birth weight. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional prospective comparative study included 210 pregnant ladies between 36 – …

The Alignmnh 2023 Conference: Progress In Raising Parents’ Voices In Stillbirth Advocacy., Grace Mwashigadi, Treasure Lwantale, Aleena Wojcieszek, Hannah Blencowe, Susannah Hopkins Leisher, Caroline Wanjiru Kiunga, David Wanjala, Claire Storey

Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health

No abstract provided.

‘News Reporting On Possible Origins Of The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Critical Review And Case Study’, Raya M. Fanuzzi

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

This project is a critical analysis of news reports that discuss the potential origins of the 'COVID-19' pandemic for the purposes of identifying themes and trends in the actual reporting. Around 500 news reports published in the U.S. were analyzed and over 100 of them were selected for the critical review. Articles were found using 'Access News Archive' and Google search engine. Original methods for analyzing and reviewing articles were developed and used. A case study is included aside from the review which focuses specifically on trends in fact-check reporting during the pandemic.