Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Impact Of Cocaine On Inflammatory Markers In Sim-A9 Microglial Cells, Tyler Vaglivelo

Honors Scholar Theses

Substance use disorders are conditions in which an individual continues to use a drug or other substance despite adverse consequences to their health and well-being. It has been hypothesized that inflammation within the central nervous system plays a critical role in the development of substance use disorders. The resident macrophages in the brain, also known as microglia, release markers of inflammation in response to injury or infection. A better understanding of the inflammatory response mediated by microglia in response to drugs of misuse can validate this hypothesis and help guide drug development. In the current studies, the microglia cell line …

Channeling Relaxation Through Multiple Means: Tmem16a Antagonism For Asthma, Arun K. Jannu, Raymond B. Penn

Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers

No abstract provided.

Assessment Of H2s-Induced Cracking Susceptibility In Steam Line Pipes And Weld Zones During Geothermal Well Construction, Riene Kaelamanda Pragitta, Yudha Pratesa

Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings

The susceptibility of steam line pipes, especially in the HAZ (heat-affected zone) and weldment areas, to hydrogen sulfide in the geothermal industry is crucial to understand from the early stages, particularly during construction. The combination of tensile stress from residual stresses after welding and metallurgical phase transformation makes the joint areas vulnerable to sulfide stress cracking. This condition becomes even more extreme when the equipment operates during the well stimulation phase. This research assesses the severity of H₂S-induced cracking using NACE MR0175 and ISO 15156-1 standards, focusing on the effects of pH and partial pressure of H₂S (p_{H₂S …}

Knowledge, Attitudes, And Practices Regarding Antimicrobial Resistance And Antimicrobial Stewardship Among Healthcare Workers In Outpatient Medical Centers In Kenya: A Qualitative Study, Mary Kaniu, Wahu Gitakah, Rupali Jain, Ann Munyare, Rodney Adam, Aliza Monroe Wise

Paediatrics and Child Health, East Africa

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat with a projected 10 million deaths globally by 2050. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are coordinated efforts involving doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers. Understanding knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health providers is pivotal for implementing strategies to curb the spread of AMR. The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding AMR and AMS among healthcare workers in Kenya.

Design: A qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews

Setting: 12 private outpatient clinics in Kenya.

Participants: Healthcare workers including administrators and clinicians. …

Combined Inhibition Of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 And Kinase Signaling As A Preclinical Treatment Strategy In Glioblastoma, Lea Stitzlein

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, with limited treatment options resulting in a poor prognosis. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed in glioblastoma and contributes to tumor growth and treatment resistance. Inhibitors of LSD1 have shown preclinical promise but have had limited clinical development for glioblastoma. Given the frequent kinase pathway alterations in glioblastoma, the interplay between LSD1 inhibition and kinase signaling pathways was investigated to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited through rationally designed combination therapies. We hypothesized that LSD1 inhibitors would activate kinase signaling pathways, such as MAPK, and the addition of kinase …

Cross-Cultural Adaptation And Psychometric Validation Of The Medication Compliance Questionnaire (Mcq) For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Indonesia, Much Ilham Novalisa Aji Wibowo, Angelia Yuliana Safitri, Didik Setiawan

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: Medication adherence is critical for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The Medication Compliance Questionnaire (MCQ) is a widely recognized tool for assessing adherence but has not been adapted for T2DM in Indonesia. This study aimed to adapt and validate the MCQ in the Indonesian socio-cultural context.

Methods: A cross-sectional study at community health centers (May–Aug 2024) involved forward/back translation, content validation using Aiken’s V, and psychometric assessment among 230 patients. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) assessed construct validity, including convergent, discriminant, and reliability.

Results: Aiken's V index indicated strong content validity (average = 0.881). EFA identified …

Bibliometric Analysis Of Research Trends Related To Human Immunodeficiency Virus., Madyson E. Johnson, Kaitlyn R. Coffman, Valerie Rivas, Elizabeth Barrett

ATU Scholars Symposium

Human immunodeficiency virus poses major health burden across the globe including the United States of America and has its zoonotic origin from the Simian Immunodeficiency viruses of sooty mangabey monkey and chimpanzee in Africa. Epidemiological trends indicate that even though the mortality rates for HIV are falling globally, the rates of new cases have been rising since 2010 in several countries including the USA. An estimated 0.5% of the human population is currently infected with the virus with countries like USA, India, Nigeria and South Africa carrying the highest burden of the disease. Host receptors such as CD4 and coreceptors …

The Effect Of Cellular Glucose Levels On Inotersen-Mediated Target Reduction In In Vitro Cell Models, Andrea Durwin

Honors Scholar Theses

Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs are a new therapeutic modality to treat rare as well as common diseases. These drugs work to reduce disease by targeting the mRNA of the gene that causes the disease, therefore limiting the proteins that further propagate the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Many people who suffer from more severe diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), and a wide array of cancers, utilize ASO drugs for treatment, but the drug is also used with those suffering from more common diseases such as diabetes. The efficacy of ASO drugs to silence their mRNA …

Design And Structural Basis Of Selective 1,4-Dihydropyridine Inhibitors Of The Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel KCa3.1, Seow Theng Ong, Young-Woo Nam, Joshua A. Nasburg, Alena Ramanishka, Xuan Rui Ng, Zhong Zhuang, Stephanie Shee Min Goay, Hai M. Nguyen, Latika Singh, Vikrant Singh, Alicia Rivera, M. Elaine Eyster, Yang Xu, Seth L. Alper, Heike Wulff, Miao Zhang, K. George Chandy

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

The 1,4-dihydropyridines, drugs with well-established bioavailability and toxicity profiles, have proven efficacy in treating human hypertension, peripheral vascular disorders, and coronary artery disease. Every 1,4-dihydropyridine in clinical use blocks L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. We now report our development, using selective optimization of a side activity (SOSA), of a class of 1,4-dihydropyridines that selectively and potently inhibit the intermediate-conductance calcium-activated K+ channel K_Ca3.1, a validated therapeutic target for diseases affecting many organ systems. One of these 1,4-dihydropyridines, DHP-103, blocked K_Ca3.1 with an IC50 of 6 nM and exhibited exquisite selectivity over calcium channels and a panel of …

Determining The Bioaccumulation Of Minor Cannabinoids In Zebrafish Larvae, Kamdyn A. Holt

Honors Theses

Due to the increasing prevalence of cannabis product availability and usage in the modern United States, particularly among pregnant individuals, evaluating the bioaccumulation of minor cannabinoids to further understand the adverse effects of cannabinoids during early development is critical. This study quantitated the uptake of eight minor cannabinoids ((∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆8-THC), ∆9-THC, ∆10-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), and hexahydrocannabinol (HHC)) in zebrafish larvae following water-borne 2 µM exposures from 6 to 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Larvae were homogenized at 96 hpf and analyzed using a gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method developed in this study. Bioconcentration …

Fluorescent Labeling And Size-Dependent Uptake Of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles In Ovarian Cancer Tumor Spheroids, Kimberly R. Berardis

Honors Scholar Theses

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, with most patients presenting at an advanced stage. While surgical debulking improves survival, nonresectable tumors (<1 cm) contribute significantly to morbidity and remain difficult to treat. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems offer an innovative approach to targeted therapy and palliation. In vivo models have demonstrated that intraperitoneally delivered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) preferentially accumulate in tumors with low systemic exposure, enabling targeted chemo- and radiotherapy.

MSNs are particularly suited for radiotherapeutic delivery, as their strong interactions with tumor extracellular matrices drive selective uptake. Additionally, they exhibit excellent stability under neutron flux, allowing for loading with stable isotopes and irradiation immediately prior to administration. High radionuclide retention after dilution further minimizes systemic exposure and toxicity.

A key …

Optimization Of Reaction Conditions For Synthesizing Kasa-Targeting Drug Candidates For Tuberculosis Treatment, Megan A. Baxter

Research and Creativity Symposium

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge, with increasing drug resistance pressing for the development of novel treatments. KasA, a key enzyme in mycobacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, is a promising drug target for TB treatment. This research focuses on the design and synthesis of potential KasA inhibitors, specifically optimizing reaction conditions to efficiently produce 1-methyl-6-aminoindazole. This molecule is an intermediate in the synthesis of drugs targeting TB. Characterization of synthesized compounds is performed using NMR, mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography to confirm structure and purity. The first step involved optimizing the solvent and base for the methylation of nitroindazole. We …

Studies To Understand The Stability And Liabilities Of Legumain-Cleavable Antibody-Drug Conjugates, Michele Yi

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) offer targeted drug delivery of potent cytotoxic payloads, minimizing systemic toxicity. However, the stability of the linker is integral to ensure that there is minimal off-target payload release and little systemic toxicity. This study analyzes the physical and biological stability of our new legumain-cleavable vs traditional cathepsin-cleavable antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), with a focus on hydrophobicity, thermal stability, aggregation, and biological payload release. Our findings indicate that decreased hydrophobicity of the legumain-cleavable ADCs compared to cathepsin-cleavable ADCs is correlated with decreased aggregation (predicting lower uptake by liver macrophages and therefore slower clearance and less systemic toxicity) and lower …

Molecular Insights Into Antibiofilm Inhibitors Of Streptococcus Mutans Glucosyltransferases Through In Silico Approaches, Lubna Atta, Ali Raza Siddiqui, Mamona Mushtaq, Sajida Munsif, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, Aftab Ahmad, Zaheer Ul-Haq

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Streptococcus mutans, a primary cariogenic bacterium, plays a central role in dental caries, one of the most widespread chronic diseases globally. Glucosyltransferases (GTFs) are key virulence factors in this process, as they synthesize extracellular polysaccharides that contribute to biofilm formation and pathogenicity. Targeting GTFs has emerged as a promising strategy for preventing dental caries, with previous studies demonstrating its potential efficacy. This study builds on our prior work by providing detailed molecular insights into the binding modes of previously identified GTF inhibitors. Using computational tools, including density functional theory, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, we examined the binding …

Enhancing Holistic Patient Care Of Black Individuals Diagnosed With Hiv And Comorbid Chronic Conditions, Marc Fleming, Saharnaz Nejdat, Jon C. Schommer, Crystal K. Hodge

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background

Pharmacists can play a crucial role in delivering the holistic care model. Research suggests that HIV-positive African American patients particularly benefit from this approach compared to other communities. Typically, pharmacists in community pharmacy settings are limited in their access to a patient's medical record, preventing holistic care delivery.

Objectives

This study addressed the impact of access to medical records on a holistic patient care approach among pharmacists engaged in medication therapy management.

Methods

This was a sub-analysis of a randomized controlled trial of the impact of community pharmacist access to medical records during MTM for African Americans diagnosed with …

Phytochemistry, Antioxidant And Cytotoxic Activities Of Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis) Extract On Mcf-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Ade Arsianti, Isma Zahira Suhaima, Steven Gill, Ajeng Megawati Fajrin, Lince Dameria Nadapdap, Norma Nur Azizah, Hiroki Tanimoto, Shun Hirota

Indonesian Journal of Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women with a very high mortality rate. This cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth of breast cells. Treatments for this malignancy are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, however those methods can cause adverse effects and quite expensive. Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are also used to support those main treatments, one of them is herbal medicine. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is known to have various phytochemical components with antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities. This study is aimed to determine the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract towards …

Advancing A Patient- And Carer-Centered Approach For The Clinical Development Of New Therapeutics For Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Insights From A Qualitative Study, Sonya Abraham, Silvia Amaro, Ellyn Getz, Sylvia Herget, Gregory J. Kato

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is characterized by a high rate of fatality and high risk of secondary brain injury. More treatment options are needed to improve outcomes. There are very few reports in the medical literature involving patient experience of aSAH, which is known for its unexpected onset and profound medical impact. Improved understanding of this patient experience would help make future clinical research more patient centered. To this end, we convened an advisory board consisting of aSAH patients and care partners in the United States. Participants emphasized the critical role that care partners play during hospitalization and in accessing …

Cryo-Em Structures Of The Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated KCa2.2 Channel, Young-Woo Nam, Dohyun Im, Ana Santa Cruz Garcia, Marios L. Tringides, Hai Minh Nguyen, Yan Liu, Razan Orfali, Alena Ramanishka, Grigore Pintilie, Chih-Chia Su, Meng Cui, Diomedes E. Logothetis, Edward W. Yu, Heike Wulff, K. George Chandy, Miao Zhang

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Small-conductance Ca²⁺-activated K+ (K_Ca2.1-K_Ca2.3) channels modulate neuronal and cardiac excitability. We report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the K_Ca2.2 channel in complex with calmodulin and Ca²⁺, alone or bound to two small molecule inhibitors, at 3.18, 3.50, 2.99 and 2.97 angstrom resolution, respectively. Extracellular S3-S4 loops in β-hairpin configuration form an outer canopy over the pore with an aromatic box at the canopy’s center. Each S3-S4 β-hairpin is tethered to the selectivity filter in the neighboring subunit by inter-subunit hydrogen bonds. This hydrogen bond network flips the aromatic residue (Tyr362) in …

The Impact Of An Iron-Rich Diet On Fatigue In Menstruating Women With Non-Anemic Iron Deficiency, Meagan Seraydar, Lauren Latimer, Sam Miragliatto

Department of Nutrition Student Projects

Fatigue without diagnosed anemia is prevalent in menstruating women, with iron deficiency being a potential contributor. While iron supplementation is a standard intervention, dietary sources of iron may offer a sustainable alternative. This study aims to assess the impact of an iron-rich diet on fatigue levels in menstruating women. A 12-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted, assigning participants to either an iron-rich diet group or a control group following their usual diet without specific iron recommendations. Fatigue will be measured using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) at baseline, six weeks, and twelve weeks, alongside iron status biomarkers, including …

Acoustic Filter For Biopharmacy, Nicholas Rivet

Three Minute Thesis (3MT)

The design and development of a novel flow induced acoustically tuned “filterless” filter is proposed. The proposed research is on developing two or more prototypes that function as a cell retention device for perfusion cell cultures used in continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins. This research will provide a non-invasive, cost-effective, flexible, and robust cell retention device for sustainable manufacturing of biologics.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Aducanumab Versus Placebo For Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment And Mild Alzheimer’S Disease, Xiaomo Xiong, Gang Lv, Jacob Jordan King, Minghui Li, Jing Yuan, Z Kevin Lu

Faculty Publications

Objectives To assess the cost-effectiveness of aducanumab at its updated price for treating patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Design Cost-effectiveness analysis.

Settings A five-state Markov model was constructed using 10 000 virtual patients to assess the cost-effectiveness of aducanumab from the perspective of the US healthcare system. The model employed a one-year cycle time and a lifetime time horizon. Transition probabilities and mortality rates were derived from a literature review. To address uncertainty and generalise the base case results, both one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Participants 10 000 virtual patients with MCI …

Canadian Adolescent And Young Athletes Knowledge Of Pain-Relieving Medications, Jackie Vandertuin, Dalya Abdulla, Stephanie Lowther

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Adolescent knowledge of pain-relieving medications (PRM) and opioids is scant, particularly from a Canadian perspective. Research indicates that athletes will often resort to PRM and opioids to manage their pain, but it is unknown whether athletes are fully informed as to its use and misuse including adverse events that may occur. The purpose of this study is to understand what elite level male athletes know about use, contraindications, and recommendations of pain-relieving medications; particularly opioids to manage their pain. Methods: Using a qualitative, grounded theory approach, we interviewed male athletes to understand their level of knowledge regarding pain-relieving medications, …

The Effects Of Cyclic Peptide [R4w4] In Combination With First-Line Therapy On The Survival Of Mycobacterium Avium, Melissa Kelley, Kayvan Sasaninia, Ali Badaoui, Ira Glassman, Arbi Abnousian, Nadia Rai, Rakesh K. Tiwari, Vishwanath Venketaraman

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background: Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) is a nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that can cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections mostly in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV and diabetes. Traditionally, rifampicin (RIF) and azithromycin (AZ) have been used for a 12-month duration as first-line antibiotics against M. avium. Due to the increased multidrug resistance, novel ways, such as enhancement of macrophages response, are needed to provide adequate immune response required to clear M. avium infection.

Methods and findings: In this study, we aim to study the effects of using THP-1 cells, which are monocyte-like cells, to induce a …

Hexasodium Fytate (Snf472 Or Csl525) Inhibits Ectopic Calcification In Various Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum And Calcinosis Cutis Animal Models, Miguel Ferrer, Maria Pérez-Ferrer, Marc Blasco, Ida Jacobs, Qiaoli Li, Olivier Vanakker, Lisa Dangreau, Andrea López, Gianluca Malagraba, Firas Bassissi, Joan Perelló, Carolina Salcedo

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Background/Objectives: Ectopic calcification is a pathological condition characterized by the mineralization of soft tissues due to the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals. Hexasodium fytate (CSL525, previously known as SNF472) is a crystallization inhibitor being developed for the treatment of ectopic calcification-related disorders. Our aim was to investigate CSL525 for the treatment of soft-tissue calcification disorders in animal models of pseudoxanthoma elasticum and calcinosis cutis. Methods: In a first study, abcc6^-/- zebrafish larvae were exposed to 1 mM CSL525 for 7 days or kept under the same conditions without CSL525, and spinal mineralization was quantified. In a second study, abcc6 …

Pro: The Use Of Sugammadex Does Not Preclude The Need For Objective Neuromuscular Monitoring., J Ross Renew, Dustin D. Linn

Parkview Pharmacy Department

Based on strong evidence, optimal management of neuromuscular block should incorporate objective (or quantitative) neuromuscular monitoring with appropriately dosed antagonists such as sugammadex. Sugammadex has the unique ability to antagonize aminosteroidal-induced neuromuscular block at any level; however, neostigmine is a reasonable alternative at minimal levels. Blind or excessive administration of sugammadex does not eliminate the risk of patients having postoperative residual neuromuscular block. Significant variability exists in how patients respond both to neuromuscular blocking agents and their antagonists.

Clinical Characteristics And Outcomes Of Pediatric Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ssss) At An Inner-City Tertiary Care Center, Nina Kb Gust Md, Ashley Frei Bs, Rebecca M. Adams Bs, Elika Ridelman Phd, Christina Shanti Md, Ronald Thomas Phd, Jocelyn Y. Ang Md

Medical Student Research Symposium

Introduction

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) is a blistering skin condition caused by a toxin-producing staphylococcus species. Epidemiologic studies on pediatric SSSS in the United States are limited, with a reported incidence of 7.67 cases per million children and 45.1 per million infants. Immature renal function, lack of protective antibodies, and increased exotoxin target desmoglein-1 are hypothesized to increase incidence in younger children. We aimed to determine clinical and microbiological characteristics of pediatric SSSS and factors that could help predict disease severity.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed for admitted patients under 18 years old diagnosed with SSSS from …

Pacific Rxtracts - April 2025, Pacific Rxtracts

Pacific RxTracts

Articles:

• FDA Approves Miudella: First New Hormone-Free IUD in Over 40 Years
• First Treatment for Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis Approved
• Presepsin: A New Biomarker for Assessing Cardiovascular Disease
• New Insights into Severe NOWS Prediction
• Myasthenia Gravis: Nipocalimab, a Potential Add-on Therapy
• ARF/ARDS Concern with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Youth
• Hormone Replacement Therapy: Beneficial for Managing Menopausal Symptoms Long-Term?
• Esketamine Shows Promise in Preventing Postpartum Depression After Cesarean Delivery
• From One Week to One Hour: FDA Approves Label Changes for Sublocade Rapid Induction in Patients with Moderate to Severe Opioid Use Disorder
• Repurposing Semaglutide: A Novel Approach to Alcohol Use Disorder
• Treating Neuropathic Pain: Pregabalin …

Profit Over Patients: Examining The Influence Of Pharmaceutical Companies On Mental Health Medication Prescriptions, Allison Beltramini

Honors Projects in Biological and Biomedical Sciences

This paper explores the relationship pharmaceutical companies have with the overprescription of mental health medication, highlighting unethical marketing practices and their impact on prescription patterns. Previous literature addresses unethical pharmaceutical company marketing strategies, relationships within the field, and cost differences. This study includes qualitative insights from professionals in the field. Interviews conducted collected information that showed the prevalence of mental health illnesses, how treatments are prescribed, and the extent of pharmaceutical influence. Initial findings suggest a significant push for medication as it is the most common treatment method for mental health illnesses. This study highlights pharmaceutical companies' profit-driven motives and …

1st Place Contest Entry: Effectiveness Of Intravesical Bcg In The Treatment Of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: An Umbrella Review, Gerald Obinna Ozota

Eric M. Scandrett Graduate Library Research Prize

This is Gerald Obinna Ozota's submission for the 2025 Eric M. Scandrett Graduate Research Prize, which won first place. It contains their essay on using library resources, their bibliography, and a summary of their research project on conducting a systematic literature search to identify all relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NIMBC).

Gerald is a student in the Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences program at Chapman University. Their faculty mentor is Dr. Lawrence Brown.

Spring 2025 Edition, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

The Sig

Greetings, COP Community!

We are so proud of our student pharmacists and graduates. Whenever I meet alumni, I am impressed by their accomplishments. To look back and remember their first weeks of pharmacy school and to now hear about their career journey and successes reminds us of how a quality pharmacy education can positively impact the personal and professional growth of young people. It also helps us as teachers, preceptors, and mentors to remember why we have dedicated our careers to pharmacy education. The COP is 85 years young, and we continue to strive to provide a personalized educational experience …