Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Review: The Impact Of Insurance Policy On Glp-1 Agonist Treatment, Sunsik Chang

Harrisburg University Dissertations and Theses

This study examines how healthcare system design influences access, adherence, and financial burden associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in high-income countries. Through a literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025, it compares outcomes across universal and multi-payer systems. Findings reveal significant disparities. For example, the 12-month persistence reaches 68% in centralized systems like Denmark, but falls to 32–46% in the U.S., largely due to financial burdens, insurance denials, and administrative barriers. Among uninsured U.S. patients, 45% report significant financial hardship while using GLP-1 RA therapy. However, only 20% of patients enrolled in high-deductible health …

Engineering Lipid–Polymer Nanoparticles For Sirna Delivery To Cancer Cells, Arthur Manda, Abdulelah Alhazza, Hasan Uludağ, Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool that can target many proteins without the expensive and time-consuming drug development studies. However, due to the challenges in delivering RNA molecules, the potential impact of RNAi approaches is yet to be fully realized in clinical settings. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been the most successful delivery system for nucleic acids, but targeted delivery to a solid tumor still eludes the developed LNPs. We hypothesized that specially designed low-molecular-weight PEIs can partially or completely replace the ionizable lipids for more accommodating vehicles due to the structural flexibility offered by polymers, which could …

Once-Daily Versus Twice-Daily Oral Vancomycin For Secondary Prevention Of Clostridioides Difficile Infection In Patients Treated With Systemic Antibiotics, Catherine Palmer

2025 Swedish FISH (Fostering Interdisciplinary Solutions in Healthcare) Conference

No abstract provided.

Molecular Insights Into The Role Of Estrogen Receptor Beta In Ecdysterone Mediated Anabolic Activity, Syeda Sumayya Tariq, Madiha Sardar, Muhammad Shafiq, Hendrick Heinz, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, Aftab Ahmad, Zaheer Ul-Haq

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Ecdysterone, often dubbed a “natural steroid,” has garnered significant attention among athletes for its reputed growth-promoting and anabolic properties. Unlike synthetic anabolic steroids, which are classified as controlled substances, ecdysteroids remain largely unregulated in many countries and are widely marketed as dietary supplements. Notably, ecdysterone has been included in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) monitoring program, highlighting its potential impact on athletic performance and raising questions about its regulation. Emerging evidence indicates that, unlike traditional anabolic steroids that act primarily via the Androgen Receptor (AR), ecdysterone’s anabolic effects may be mediated through Estrogen Receptors (ERs), particularly Estrogen Receptor beta (ERβ). …

Cost Savings Associated With Aspirin Deprescribing Among Patients Receiving Warfarin, Virginia Falvello, Geoffrey D. Barnes, Josh Errickson, Xiaokui Gu, Ang Li, Mona Ali, Brian Haymart, Scott Kaatz, James B. Froehlich, Bonnie Cheng, Michael Thompson, Jordan Schaefer

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Background : From 2017-2018 the Michigan Anticoagulation Quality Improvement Initiative (MAQI2) implemented a multicenter quality improvement project to improve guideline concordant aspirin use among warfarin treated patients with atrial fibrillation and/or venous thromboembolic disease. After 48 months of follow-up, this intervention was associated with reduced bleeding but no increase in thrombosis. The cost savings of this intervention has not been assessed. Aims : To determine insurance payments associated with adverse bleeding and thrombotic events and estimate the potential reduction in payments associated with aspirin deprescribing. Methods : Insurance reimbursement data from the MAQI2 cohort was identified by perfect match of …

Long Term Outcomes Of A Multicenter Aspirin Deprescribing Intervention, Avilasha Sinha, Josh Errickson, Xiaokui Gu, Mona Ali, Christopher Giuliano, Brian Haymart, Scott Kaatz, Deborah Decamillo, Noelle Ryan, James Froehlich, Geoffrey Barnes, Jordan Schaefer

Conference Presentation Abstracts

Background : From 2017 – 2018, the Michigan Anticoagulation Quality Improvement Initiative (MAQI2) implemented a multicenter quality improvement project to reduce excess aspirin use among patients on warfarin. Analysis 24 months post-intervention showed significant reductions in aspirin use and the intervention was associated with improved bleeding outcomes. It was unclear if these outcomes would be sustained. Aims : To evaluate pre- and post- intervention aspirin use, bleeding, and thrombotic outcomes, now with up to 84 months of follow-up data. Methods : Included patients were adults on long-term warfarin for atrial fibrillation and/or venous thromboembolism without an apparent indication for aspirin. …

Pacific Rxtracts - June 2025, Pacific Rxtracts

Pacific RxTracts

Articles:

• Atzumi Receives FDA Approval as First Nasal Powder DHE for Migraine Treatment
• IMAAVY: First and Only FDA-approved Neonatal Fc Receptor Inhibitor for gMG
• New Prophylactic Treatment Approved for Hemophilia A or B, With or Without Factor Inhibitors
• Cytisinicline: The Next Smoking Cessation Aid
• FDA Approves Dupilumab for the Management of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
• Study Shows Promise in Combining Behavioral Treatment with Phentermine
• Metformin for Osteoarthritis
• A New Direction in Atopic Dermatitis Treatment
• Orforglipron: A Potential Oral Alternative to Injectable GLP-1 Agonists
• Beyond GLP-1s: MariTide’s Dual Mechanism in Weight Loss Therapy
• Atrasentan Gains FDA Approval to Combat Proteinuria in Primary …

June 2025, Swosu Rural Health Center

RURAL ROCKS

• PBM Reform Takes Off in 2025
• Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity | New England Journal of Medicine
• Know the ABCs of Diabetic Skin Care
• Updated Recommendations for Pneumococcal Vaccination

Therapeutic Hurdles In Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Leukemic Stem Cells, Inflammation And Immune Dysfunction, Bofei Wang, Patrick K Reville, Hussein A Abbas

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive and highly heterogeneous hematological malignancy characterized by clonal expansion and differentiation arrest in myeloid progenitor cells. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and post-remission maintenance therapies, the long-term survival remains unsatisfactory with high rates of relapse and refractory. These therapeutic challenges are mediated by multiple factors, including the complexity of the cellular hierarchies in AML, the interaction of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) with the bone marrow niche, inflammation, and immune evasion mechanisms. Further, the absence of specific surface markers that distinguish LSCs from normal hematopoietic stem cells, together with LSCs' …

Fda Approves Lecanemab-Irmb Maintenance Dosing For Early Alzheimer’S Disease Treatment, Jordyn Linfield, Giang Nguyen, Ashley Jacob, Andrew Johnson, Maria Nguyen, Sara Ha, Joshua Honaker, Samantha Mccord, Kelly Kroustos

Pharmacy and Wellness Review

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and is associated with progressive and irreversible cognitive decline that begins with memory lapses leading to physical and functional impairment. The conventional therapies that have been used for the treatment from Alzheimer's Disease include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, but additional therapy options are being developed. Lecanemab, brand name Lequembi, is currently a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved humanized monoclonal antibody for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and indicated for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia. While there is impactful aid for treatment, lecanemab has three significant adverse reactions, which …

Comparison Of Propofol Microbial Contamination Following Treatment With Drug Disposal Devices, Ransome Van Der Hoeven, Alan L Myers

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Pharmaceutical waste represents a major burden to the health care system and environment. Proper drug waste disposal devices are vitally needed, especially for propofol solutions that inherently carry a high risk of microbial contamination.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare the capabilities of 2 drug disposal systems for decontamination of propofol solutions inoculated with medical pathogens and assess chemical degradation of propofol after treatment with Fenton reagents.

Methods: Standard microbiological assays were used to assess survival and growth of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans inoculated into propofol solutions. Both a prototype instrument and a commercially marketed …

Bridging Oral And Systemic Health: Exploring Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, And Diagnostic Innovations In Periodontal Disease, Max Foroughi, Mahmoud Torabinejad, Nikola Angelov, David M. Ojcius, Keykavous Parang, Marcus Ravnan, Jerika Lam

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Purpose

This narrative review explores the multifaceted links between periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) and systemic health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, Alzheimer’s disease, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and respiratory infections. It aims to synthesize evidence on how local oral infections exert systemic effects and evaluate the potential of diagnostic technologies to monitor these interactions.

Methods

This narrative review synthesizes current scientific literature on periodontal disease pathogenesis, focusing on key pathogens (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum) and their roles in driving local and systemic inflammation via virulence factors and microbial dysbiosis. It examines biomarker-based diagnostic approaches …

An Exploratory Pharmacogenetic Pilot Study Of Two Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate And Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Derek E. Murrell, Benjamin C. Kennard, Maria E. Bertoni, David B. Cluck, Jonathan P. Moorman, Stacy D. Brown, Keshang Wang, Michelle M. Duffourc, Sam Harirforoosh

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background and Objectives

The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors tenofovir alafenamide fumarate and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are frequently employed in treating human immunodeficiency virus. Further, each form of tenofovir requires laboratory monitoring to determine efficacy and tolerability among patients. This study sought to investigate the relationship, if any, of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and selected clinical parameters.

Methods

The study population, predominantly Caucasian males with a median age of 53.0 years [interquartile range 46.0–59.0], was assayed for genetic variations using an iPLEX ADME PGx Pro v1.0 Panel.

Results

Although several SNP relationships were found with both forms of tenofovir, many of …

Targeting Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (Nnos) As A Novel Approach To Enhancing The Anti-Melanoma Activity Of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Anika R. Patel, Shirley Tong, Kate Alison Lozada, Amardeep Awasthi, Richard B. Silverman, Jennifer Totonchy, Sun Yang

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background and Objectives: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) overexpressed in melanoma plays a critical role in disease progression. Our previous studies demonstrated that nNOS inhibitors exhibited potent anti-melanoma activity and regulated PD-L1 expressions in the presence of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). However, the role of nNOS in the melanoma immune response has not been well defined. Methods: Changes in gene expression profiles after nNOS inhibitor treatment were determined by transcriptomic analysis. A melanoma mouse model was used to determine the effects of nNOS inhibition on peripheral T cells and the in vivo anti-tumor activity of combining nNOS inhibitors with immune …

Integrative Computational Modeling Of Distinct Binding Mechanisms For Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Sars-Cov-2 Spike Omicron Variants: Balance Of Evolutionary And Dynamic Adaptability In Shaping Molecular Determinants Of Immune Escape, Mohammed Alshahrani, Vedant Parikh, Brandon Foley, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and four neutralizing antibodies—S309, S304, CYFN1006, and VIR-7229. Using integrative computational modeling that combined all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, mutational scanning, and MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations, we elucidated the structural, energetic, and dynamic determinants of antibody binding. Our findings reveal distinct dynamic binding mechanisms and evolutionary adaptation driving the broad neutralization effect of these antibodies. We show that S309 targets conserved residues near the ACE2 interface, leveraging synergistic van der Waals and electrostatic interactions, while S304 focuses on …

Interprofessional Collaboration Between Primary Care And Occupational Therapy, Ellen Modlin, Phd, Otr/L, Bcp, Caps, Deana Shevit Goldin, Phd, Dnp, Arnp, Fnp-Bc

Journal of Interprofessional Practice and Collaboration

Purpose: This article explores the utilization of occupational therapy (OT) in interprofessional health care teams in adult populations. Primary care settings are typically the first point of contact for individuals seeking health care services; therefore, primary care practitioners (PCPs) are in a unique position to initiate collaboration with specialty clinicians to optimize the use of health care resources.

Method: Peer- reviewed literature from primary care and OT research was reviewed and summarized. The search focused on barriers and potential opportunities for collaboration between primary care and occupational therapy in adult populations.

Results: Occupational therapy (OT) is underutilized, as lack of …

Promoting Student Engagement In Interprofessional Education To Advance Institution-Based Research, Curriculum Development, And Practice Interventions, Natalya Salganik, Nicole Trupiano, Vani Patterson, Rajesh Mangrulkar

Journal of Interprofessional Practice and Collaboration

Promoting Student Engagement in Interprofessional Education to Advance Institution-Based Research, Curriculum Development, and Practice Interventions

Abstract

Background

The Michigan Center for IPE (C-IPE) Student Advisory Committee (SAC) is a student-run committee that serves as a collaborative student community among health professional schools at our institution. Since its creation in 2018, SAC identified a need for students to take a lead in improving the interprofessional education (IPE) experience at the University of Michigan in collaboration with the C-IPE.

Methods

Together with the C-IPE, SAC focused on three tasks to achieve its goals: (1) increasing student engagement in IPE, (2) increasing transparency …

A Review Of Mirvetuximab Soravtansine-Gynx In Folate Receptor Alpha-Expressing Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer, Judith A Smith, Patrick Medina, Mary Miao, Kathleen N Moore

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Purpose: To evaluate the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and dosing and administration considerations (including adjusted ideal body weight [AIBW] dosing) for mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx, a first-in-class folate receptor alpha (FRα)-directed antibody-drug conjugate for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC).

Summary: A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the terms "ovarian cancer" and "mirvetuximab soravtansine" of articles published from inception to April 16, 2024. Relevant publications, abstracts, and clinical trials were reviewed. Mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx is dosed at 6 mg/kg AIBW every 3 weeks and comprises an FRα-binding antibody, a hydrophilic disulfide linker, and a maytansinoid DM4 payload. Mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx binds to FRα, which induces …

Ivig Administration: Lessons From Cross-Institutional Protocol Review., Michelle L Payne, Keaton S Smetana, Casey C May

Pharmacy Articles

No abstract provided.

The Influence Of Perioperative Education On Postoperative Digestive Restoration, Christian Cedeno

Doctor of Nursing Practice Scholarly Project

The human body often needs encouragement to return to its natural state of functioning following intraoperative and postoperative drug therapy. Anesthesia can sedate the gastrointestinal tract and frequently requires medical and physical interventions to allow the body to return to full functionality. There are several methods thought to be beneficial in overcoming of this condition, and some have proven their significance more so than other methods. This project seeks to measure the power-of-knowledge methodology via a chart review of individuals specifically educated on what they can expect in the postoperative phase of care compared to those that receive routine education. …

Pcsk-9 Inhibitors Treatment: The Cardiovascular Disparity, Julia Lees, Seana-Pierre Williams, Tahir Razzaq, Michael B. Roberts

The Journal of Integrated Primary Care

Introduction: According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Heart Association (AHA), cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. This phenomenon disproportionally affects the African American population, who have a 31% higher mortality rate than non-Hispanic Caucasian individuals. A retrospective review of PCSK-9 medication use, specifically in a patient population that had minimal representation in the large, landmark clinical trials, can lead to better understanding about the therapeutic potential in cardiovascular disease reduction and patient outcomes attributed to medication use. Education regarding this novel drug class, medication access and patient support, …

Sickle Cell Mice Exhibit Elevated Plasma Bilirubin And Altered Intracranial Cerebral Blood Velocities That Are Exacerbated By Hypoxia-Reoxygenation, Francisco J. Nunez, Ashraf M. Mohieldin, Amy Y. Pan, Sean P. Palecek, Rahima Zennadi, Ramani Ramchandran, Kevin R. Rarick, Surya M. Nauli

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder characterized by sickle red blood cells (RBCs). Sickle RBCs cause cerebral vasculopathies including vaso-occlusive events, leading to ischemia-reperfusion injury and hypoxic tissue environment. To date, the physiological blood flow velocities in cerebral vessels of preclinical SCD models has not been evaluated under hypoxic-reoxygenation. In our study, we used transcranial ultrasound techniques to measure abnormal blood flow velocities in the internal carotid (ICA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of transgenic sickle cell mice (SS) challenged with hypoxia-reoxygenation. Our study showed that SS mice that underwent hypoxic stress exhibited lower relative mean velocities in …

Patterns In Antibiotic Susceptibility Before And After Covid-19, Jessica Freely

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

The COVID-19 pandemic led to a surge in antibiotic use, despite the viral nature of the disease. This widespread and often unnecessary use of antibiotics poses a serious threat on global health by accelerating the development of antibiotic resistance. Healthcare professionals utilize strategies, including Antibiotic Stewardship Programs (ASPs) and the use of antibiograms to mitigate the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Antibiograms are tools used in healthcare settings to summarize and track bacterial susceptibility to various antibiotics. They provide clinicians critical information to guide selection of effective antibiotic treatment and monitor resistance trends overtime. The Centers for Disease Control and …

Probing Binding And Allosteric Mechanisms Of The Kras Interactions With Monobodies And Affimer Proteins : Ensemble-Based Mutational Profiling And Thermodynamic Analysis Of Binding Energetics And Allostery Reveal Diversity Of Functional Hotspots And Cryptic Pockets Linked By Conserved Communication Network, Mohammed Alshahrani, Vedant Parikh, Brandon Foley, Guang Hu, Gennady M. Verkhivker

Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research

KRAS, a historically "undruggable" oncogenic driver, has eluded targeted therapies due to its lack of accessible binding pockets in its active state. This study investigates the conformational dynamics, binding mechanisms, and allosteric communication networks of KRAS in complexes with monobodies (12D1, 12D5) and affimer proteins (K6, K3, K69) to characterize the binding and allosteric mechanisms and hotspots of KRAS binding. Through molecular dynamics simulations, mutational scanning, binding free energy analysis and network-based analyses, we identified conserved allosteric hotspots that serve as critical nodes for long-range communication in KRAS. Key residues in β-strand 4 (F78, L80, F82), α-helix 3 (I93, H95, …

5x-Multiplier Vs 3-Tier Model For Discharge Opioid Prescriptions After Intra-Abdominal Cancer Surgery: Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol, Brittany C. Fields, Timothy E. Newhook, Heather A. Lillemoe, Wei Qiao, Jose A. Karam, Surena F. Matin, Larissa A. Meyer, Ching-Wei D. Tzeng

Advances in Cancer Education and Quality Improvement

Background

Surgeons provide up to 10% of total opioid prescriptions across all specialties, and more than one-third of surgeon-prescribed medications are opioids. Patient-reported opioid consumption and risk of persistent opioid use beyond the postoperative recovery period correlate with the initial opioid quantity prescribed at discharge. Interventions to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing have demonstrated no adverse effects on pain control or increased need for prescription refill; however, in the absence of standardized prescription protocols, opioid prescribing practices vary widely.

Objective

The study objective is to identify the opioid prescribing model that provides the lowest oral morphine equivalents (OME) volume prescribed at …

The Endocannabinoid System's Influence And Modulation Of Nociception, Doreen M. Flannery

Honors Thesis

The anatomy and physiology of pain is a well-defined pathway where noxious stimuli is processed by different systems in the brain. The central research question of this review is how can we better understand the neurobiological effects pain has, and assess if there is therapeutic potential in using endocannabinoids to modulate these effects. Endocannabinoids are signaling molecules that play a key role at both the cellular and molecular level in modulating both acute and chronic pain by influencing different processes within each level that affect how the body responds to both internal and external stimuli. The endocannabinoid system is a …

Investigating The Cytotoxic Effects Of Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids And Peg-Pla Nanoparticles On Mcf10a Human Breast Epithelial Cells For Drug Delivery Applications, Ella C. Mertins

Honors Theses

This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) both bare and coated with choline-based ionic liquids (ILs) on MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. The goal was to evaluate how IL-modified NPs influence cell viability at varying concentrations and to assess their potential as drug delivery systems. Three choline-based ILs, Choline-L-Asparagine 1:1, Choline-DL-Isoleucinate 1:1, and Choline-L-Leucinate 1:1, were used as surface coatings for PEG-PLA NPs. Additionally, the ILs were tested independently to establish a baseline for their cytotoxicity. Using a luminescent ATP-based viability assay following the treatment of MCF10A cells, the ILs were found to be …

Anti-Cancer Activity Of Marine-Derived Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfates In Ovarian Cancer Cell Spheroid Formation And Notch Signaling Inhibition, Daniella Beiner

Honors Theses

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy, with high recurrence rates driven by chemotherapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Current therapeutics targeting Notch signaling to inhibit CSC formation have yet to demonstrate clinical benefit and pose risk of gastrointestinal toxicities. Here, we report that treatment with fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FucCS) inhibited Notch signaling activation and spheroid formation in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells. Sulfation and fucosylation were shown to be key structural requirements of this anti-cancer activity. Moreover, this inhibition was synergistic with suppression of Notch glycosylation by Radical Fringe knockout. Preliminary experiments to conjugate FucCS to a maleimide linker in preparation …

Schistosoma Haematobium Infection In Ethiopian Children: Evaluating Praziquantel Efficacy, Nutritional Effects, And Diagnosis Using Flukecatcher, Louis Fok

Theses & Dissertations

Urogenital schistosomiasis continues to impact the wellbeing of hundreds of millions of people worldwide and remains a significant public health challenge across Ethiopia. Despite existing knowledge on the disease, there remain significant unanswered questions with regard to its treatment and diagnosis. This dissertation evaluated the efficacy of praziquantel at treating urogenital schistosomiasis, improving nutritional parameters among children and the performance of FlukeCatcher at detecting and determining the intensity of infection. In effecting this, a total of 977 children aged 5 through 15 from the Afar and Gambella regions of Ethiopia were screened for S. haematobium infection using urine filtration microscopy …

Evaluating The Therapeutic Potential Of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Inhibitor, Ram2061, In Myeloma Bone Disease, Molly Muehlebach

Theses & Dissertations

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy of the plasma cells which often results in lytic bone disease. Myeloma bone disease (MBD), characterized by diffuse osteopenia, bone lesions, or pathological fracture, results from MM mediated promotion of osteoclast resorption and dual inhibition of bone formation, drastically reducing bone strength and integrity. Development of MBD is known to significantly impact patient quality of life and increase risk of mortality. Considering that up to 80-95% of MM patients are expected to develop bone disease post-initial MM diagnosis, there is a significant need within this population for therapeutics which address both MM disease …