Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Formative Development Of A Culturally Appropriate Mammography Screening Campaign For Low-Income African-American Women., Kimberly D. Leeks, Ingrid J. Hall, C. Ashani Johnson-Turbes, Ngozi Kamalu, Yasmine Zavahir

Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice

The purpose of this qualitative study was to conduct a formative evaluation of messages and materials to inform the development of a promotional, health campaign designed to increase breast cancer screening awareness and utilization among low-income, uninsured African American women through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) in Savannah and Macon, Georgia (GA). A priority of CDC is to understand why women eligible for screening through the NBCCEDP do not participate in NBCCEDP screening services as well as to identify effective strategies for increasing enrollment among NBCCEDP-eligible women who have never received breast cancer screening. As …

Evaluating Changes In Radiation Treatment Volumes From Post-Operative To Same-Day Planning Mri In High-Grade Gliomas., Colin E Champ, Joshua Siglin, Mark V Mishra, Xinglei Shen, Maria Werner-Wasik, David W Andrews, Sonal U Mayekar, Haisong Liu, Wenyin Shi

Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty Papers

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) with temozolomide (TMZ) is standard of care for high grade gliomas (HGG) patients. RT is commonly started 3 to 5 weeks after surgery. The deformation of the tumor bed and brain from surgery to RT is poorly studied. This study examined the magnitude of volume change in the postoperative tumor bed and the potential impact of RT planning.

METHOD AND MATERIALS: This study includes 24 patients with HGG who underwent craniotomy and adjuvant RT with TMZ at our institution. All patients had immediate postoperative MRI and repeat MRI during the day of RT simulation. Gross …

The Face Of Cancer In Montgomery County Ohio: A Look At The Population At Risk, Chika E. Okere

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

The purpose of this study was to identify the population in Montgomery County Ohio who are at the greatest risk for cancer based on age, sex, and race/ethnicity, family history and demographics. The research will also look at modifiable behaviors such as use of tobacco products, physical inactivity, obesity, poor nutrition and heavy drinking of alcohol that increase the risk and identify areas of improvement in data collection for reporting purposes. During 1996-2006, cancer was the second-leading cause of death for residents of Montgomery County.

Methods: Age, sex, race/ethnicity of people in Montgomery County with cancer were examined and using …

Alterations In Glutathione Levels And Apoptotic Regulators Are Associated With Acquisition Of Arsenic Trioxide Resistance In Multiple Myeloma, Shannon M. Matulis, Alejo A. Morales, Lucy Yehiayan, Kelvin P. Lee, Yong Cai, Lawrence H. Boise

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been tested in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma with limited success. In order to better understand drug mechanism and resistance pathways in myeloma we generated an ATO-resistant cell line, 8226/S-ATOR05, with an IC50 that is 2–3-fold higher than control cell lines and significantly higher than clinically achievable concentrations. Interestingly we found two parallel pathways governing resistance to ATO in 8226/S-ATOR05, and the relevance of these pathways appears to be linked to the concentration of ATO used. We found changes in the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins Bfl-1 and Noxa as well as an increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) …

The Use Of Infliximab To Control Recurrent Cytokine Storms In Ebv-Associated Angioimmunoblastic Lymphoma And Hemophagocytic Syndrome, Sameh Gaballa, Emmanuel Besa, Onder Alpdogan

Department of Medical Oncology Faculty Papers

Introduction: Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) has been implicated in several diseases including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) and lymphomas including Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. The exact mechanism by which EBV infection causes these complications is currently not well understood. EBV-HLH is a syndrome in which T-cells, NK cells and macrophages are aberrantly activated. Cytokine storms play a major role in cellular damage and organ dysfunction. In the event that the body is unable to clear the EBV viremia, dysregulated T, NK cells and macrophages continue to release cytokines leading to the accumulation of lymphohistiocytic infiltrates into organs and organ damage. …

The Impact Of The Neuropeptide Y System On The Progression Of Breast Cancer, Philip J. Medeiros

Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository

Chronic stress is associated with elevated levels of sympathetic neurotransmitter release and immunosuppression. A growing body of evidence suggests that stress-related factors may contribute to the initiation, development and progression of breast cancer. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has recently been determined as such a factor, however few investigations have addressed the functional effects of NPY on breast cells and tumors. Thus, the overall objective of this thesis was to elucidate the mechanisms by which NPY may contribute to the disease. Using the 4T1 murine breast cancer model, we began by first characterizing NPY receptor expression in cancer cells and tumors. Y1R, …

Characterization Of Beryllium As A Novel Agent To Study Cell Cycle Arrest And Cellular Senescence, Priyatham Gorjala

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Cancer cells evade senescence, apoptosis, and other constraints on proliferation, often via mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53). Normal human lung fibroblasts have been shown to enter premature senescence upon exposure to beryllium. In these cells, BeSO₄ stabilizes p53 protein, increases p21 gene expression, induces senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and causes cell proliferation arrest. In the present study, we have investigated whether BeSO₄ is able to induce similar effects in cancer cells that have wildtype p53. We have demonstrated that beryllium salt at low concentration can induce molecular changes in the p53 signaling pathway leading to cell …

Development Of A Novel Technique For Predicting Tumor Response In Adaptive Radiation Therapy, Rebecca Marie Seibert

Doctoral Dissertations

This dissertation concentrates on the introduction of Predictive Adaptive Radiation Therapy (PART) as a potential method to improve cancer treatment. PART is a novel technique that utilizes volumetric image-guided radiation therapy treatment (IGRT) data to actively predict the tumor response to therapy and estimate clinical outcomes during the course of treatment. To implement PART, a patient database containing IGRT image data for 40 lesions obtained from patients who were imaged and treated with helical tomotherapy was constructed. The data was then modeled using locally weighted regression. This model predicts future tumor volumes and masses and the associated confidence intervals based …

Gsk3Β Inhibition Blocks Melanoma Cell/Host Interactions By Downregulating N-Cadherin Expression And Decreasing Fak Phosphorylation., Jobin K John, Kim H T Paraiso, Vito W Rebecca, Liliana P Cantini, Ethan V Abel, Nicholas Pagano, Eric Meggers, Rahel Mathew, Clemens Krepler, Victoria Izumi, Bin Fang, John M Koomen, Jane L Messina, Meenhard Herlyn, Keiran S M Smalley

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

This study addresses the role of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling in the tumorigenic behavior of melanoma. Immunohistochemical staining revealed GSK3β to be focally expressed in the invasive portions of 12 and 33% of primary and metastatic melanomas, respectively. GSK3 inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of GSK3β were found to inhibit the motile behavior of melanoma cells in scratch wound, three-dimensional collagen-implanted spheroid, and modified Boyden chamber assays. Functionally, inhibition of GSK3β signaling was found to suppress N-cadherin expression at the messenger RNA and protein levels, and was associated with decreased expression of the transcription factor Slug. Pharmacological …

Fibulin-2 Stabilizes Tumor Extracellular Matrix And Drives Malignant Progression Of Lung Adenocarcinoma, Brandi N. Baird

Dissertations & Theses (Open Access)

The ECM of epithelial carcinomas undergoes structural remodeling during periods of uncontrolled growth, creating regional heterogeneity and torsional stress. How tumors maintain ECM integrity in the face of dynamic biophysical forces is still largely unclear. This study addresses these deficiencies using mouse models of human lung adenocarcinoma. Spontaneous lung tumors were marked by disorganized basement membranes, dense collagen networks, and increased tissue stiffness. Metastasis-prone lung adenocarcinoma cells secreted fibulin-2 (Fbln2), a matrix glycoprotein involved in ECM supra-molecular assembly. Fibulin-2 depletion in tumor cells decreased the intra-tumoral abundance of matrix metalloproteinases and reduced collagen cross-linking and tumor compressive properties resulting in …

Data Mining Of Pancreatic Cancer Protein Databases, Peter Revesz, Christopher Assi

CSE Conference and Workshop Papers

Data mining of protein databases poses special challenges because many protein databases are non- relational whereas most data mining and machine learning algorithms assume the input data to be a type of rela- tional database that is also representable as an ARFF file. We developed a method to restructure protein databases so that they become amenable for various data mining and machine learning tools. Our restructuring method en- abled us to apply both decision tree and support vector machine classifiers to a pancreatic protein database. The SVM classifier that used both GO term and PFAM families to characterize proteins gave …

Differentiating Lymphovascular Invasion From Retraction Artifact On Histological Specimen Of Breast Carcinoma And Their Implications On Prognosis., Nicholas George Zaorsky, Ninad Patil, Gary Mitchel Freedman, Madalina Tuluc

Department of Radiation Oncology Faculty Papers

On a pathological specimen of breast cancer cells, retraction artifact during histological processing mimics true lymphovascular invasion (LVI). The accurate determination of the presence or absence of LVI is a factor in determining risk of having a positive sentinel node, or having additional positive axillary nodes after a positive sentinel node biopsy in women with early-stage breast cancer. The determination of nodal risk influences the decision of the treating physicians as to whether a sentinel node biopsy or completion axillary dissection is necessary. On slide preparation, ideal factors favoring true LVI include: a definite endothelial lining, with endothelial nuclei that …

Rorα, A Potential Tumor Suppressor And Therapeutic Target Of Breast Cancer, Jun Du, Ren Xu

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

The function of the nuclear receptor (NR) in breast cancer progression has been investigated for decades. The majority of the nuclear receptors have well characterized natural ligands, but a few of them are orphan receptors for which no ligand has been identified. RORα, one member of the retinoid orphan nuclear receptor (ROR) subfamily of orphan receptors, regulates various cellular and pathological activities. RORα is commonly down-regulated and/or hypoactivated in breast cancer compared to normal mammary tissue. Expression of RORα suppresses malignant phenotypes in breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo. Activity of RORα can be categorized into the …

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation In Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Natasha Bahadur Ali, Salman Adil, Mohammad Usman Shaikh, Nehal Masood

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

We report a case series of 12 patients with acute myeloid leukemia who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant with a matched related donor. Male to female ratio was 1:1. The main complication post-transplant was graft-versus-host disease (n=7 patients). Transplant-related mortality involved one patient; cause of death was multi-organ failure. After a median follow up of 36.0±11.3 months, overall survival was 16%.

The Impact Of Post-Mastectomy Radiation Therapy On Male Breast Cancer Patients--A Case Series, Edward Yu, Hiromichi Suzuki, Jawaid Younus, Tarek Elfiki, Larry Stitt, Gary Yau, Olga Vujovic, Francisco Perera, Michael Lock, Patricia Tai

Michael Lock

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of radiation management on male breast cancer (MBC) at London Regional Cancer Program (LRCP).

METHODS AND MATERIALS: Men with a diagnosis of breast cancer referred to LRCP were reviewed. The seventh American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system was used. Patients treated with and without post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) were analyzed. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as time duration from diagnosis to first recurrence. Overall survival (OS) was defined as time duration from pathologic diagnosis to death or last follow-up with any death defined as an event. Survival estimates were obtained using Kaplan-Meier methodology.

RESULTS: …

Prediction Of Radiation Pneumonitis By Dose-Volume Histogram Parameters In Lung Cancer--A Systematic Review, George Rodrigues, Michael Lock, David D'Souza, Edward Yu, Jake Van Dyk

Michael Lock

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review of the predictive ability of various dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters (V(dose), mean lung dose (MLD), and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP)) in the incidence of radiation pneumonitis (RP) caused by external-beam radiation therapy.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: Studies assessing the relationship between CT-based DVH reduction parameters and RP rate in radically treated lung cancer were eligible for the review. Synonyms for RP, lung cancer, DVH and its associated parameters (NTCP, V(20), V(30), MLD) were combined in a search strategy involving electronic databases, secondary reference searching, and consultation with experts. Individual or group data …

Technology Assessment Of Automated Atlas Based Segmentation In Prostate Bed Contouring, Jeremiah Hwee, Alexander Louie, Stewart Gaede, Glenn Bauman, David D'Souza, Tracy Sexton, Michael Lock, Belal Ahmad, George Rodrigues

Michael Lock

BACKGROUND: Prostate bed (PB) contouring is time consuming and associated with inter-observer variability. We evaluated an automated atlas-based segmentation (AABS) engine in its potential to reduce contouring time and inter-observer variability.

METHODS: An atlas builder (AB) manually contoured the prostate bed, rectum, left femoral head (LFH), right femoral head (RFH), bladder, and penile bulb of 75 post-prostatectomy cases to create an atlas according to the recent RTOG guidelines. 5 other Radiation Oncologists (RO) and the AABS contoured 5 new cases. A STAPLE contour for each of the 5 patients was generated. All contours were anonymized and sent back to the …

Building A Statistical Model For Predicting Cancer Genes, Ivan P. Gorlov, Christopher J. Logothetis, Shenying Fang, Olga Y. Gorlova, Christopher Amos

Dartmouth Scholarship

More than 400 cancer genes have been identified in the human genome. The list is not yet complete. Statistical models predicting cancer genes may help with identification of novel cancer gene candidates. We used known prostate cancer (PCa) genes (identified through KnowledgeNet) as a training set to build a binary logistic regression model identifying PCa genes. Internal and external validation of the model was conducted using a validation set (also from KnowledgeNet), permutations, and external data on genes with recurrent prostate tumor mutations. We evaluated a set of 33 gene characteristics as predictors. Sixteen of the original 33 predictors were …

Breast Cancer Incidence In Black And White Women Stratified By Estrogen And Progesterone Receptor Statuses., Michael X. Gleason, Tengiz Mdzinarishvili, Simon Sherman

Journal Articles: Eppley Institute

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease presented by different phenotypes and that white women have a higher breast cancer incidence rate, whereas black women have a higher mortality rate. It is also well known that white women have lower incidence rates than black women until approximately age 40, when rate curves cross over and white women have higher rates. The goal of this study was to validate the risk of white and black women to breast cancer phenotypes, stratified by statuses of the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: SEER17 data were …

Quantitative, Spectrally-Resolved Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging, Pablo A. Valdés, Frederic Leblond, Valerie L. Jacobs, Brian C. Wilson, Keith D. Paulsen, David W. Roberts

Dartmouth Scholarship

Intraoperative visual fluorescence imaging (vFI) has emerged as a promising aid to surgical guidance, but does not fully exploit the potential of the fluorescent agents that are currently available. Here, we introduce a quantitative fluorescence imaging (qFI) approach that converts spectrally-resolved data into images of absolute fluorophore concentration pixel-by-pixel across the surgical field of view (FOV). The resulting estimates are linear, accurate, and precise relative to true values, and spectral decomposition of multiple fluorophores is also achieved. Experiments with protoporphyrin IX in a glioma rodent model demonstrate in vivo quantitative and spectrally-resolved fluorescence imaging of infiltrating tumor margins for the …

Trop-2 Inhibits Prostate Cancer Cell Adhesion To Fibronectin Through The Β1 Integrin-Rack1 Axis., Marco Trerotola, Jing Li, Saverio Alberti, Lucia R. Languino

Department of Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

Trop-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein upregulated in several human carcinomas, including prostate cancer (PrCa). Trop-2 has been suggested to regulate cell-cell adhesion, given its high homology with the other member of the Trop family, Trop-1/EpCAM, and its ability to bind the tight junction proteins claudin-1 and claudin-7. However, a role for Trop-2 in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix has never been postulated. Here, we show for the first time that Trop-2 expression in PrCa cells correlates with their aggressiveness. Using either shRNA-mediated silencing of Trop-2 in cells that endogenously express it, or ectopic expression of Trop-2 in cells that …

Oncolog, Volume 57, Number 11-12, November - December 2012, Kathryn L. Hale, Amelia Scholtz, Luanne Jorewicz

OncoLog MD Anderson's Report to Physicians (All issues)

• Research Explores Link Between Thrombocytosis and Cancer: High platelet counts can be an early indicator of cancer, In fact, about one-third of women with ovarian cancer have an abnormally high platelet count at the time of diagnosis. This paraneoplastic thrombocytosis is also seen in patients with cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung or breast
• Wide Range of Cancer Treatments May Produce Ocular Complications: Although most ocular side effects of cancer treatment may be transient and reversible, regular ophthalmic examinations and effective doctor-patient communication can help cancer patients avoid permanent damage
• New Software May Provide a Standardized Reporting System for Diagnostic …

Sickle Cell Pain: A Critical Reappraisal., Samir K. Ballas, Kalpna Gupta, Patricia Adams-Graves

Department of Medicine Faculty Papers

Sickle cell pain includes 3 types: acute recurrent painful crises, chronic pain syndromes, and neuropathic pain. The acute painful crisis is the hallmark of the disease and the most common cause of hospitalization and treatment in the emergency department. It evolves through 4 phases: prodromal, initial, established, and resolving. Each acute painful episode is associated with inflammation that worsens with recurrent episodes, often culminating in serious complications and organ damage, such as acute chest syndrome, multiorgan failure, and sudden death. Three pathophysiologic events operate in unison during the prodromal phase of the crisis: vaso-occlusion, inflammation, and nociception. Aborting the acute …

Mg624, An A7-Nachr Antagonist, Inhibits Angiogenesis Via The Egr-1/Fgf2 Pathway, Kathleen Brown, Jamie Lau, Aaron Dom, Theodore Witte, Haitao Luo, Clayton Crabtree, Yashoni Shah, Brandon Shiflett, Aileen Marcelo, Nancy Proper, W. Hardman, Richard Egleton, Yi Chen, Elsa Mangiarua, Piyali Dasgupta

Nancy A. Proper

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) demonstrates a strong etiological association with smoking. Although cigarette smoke is a mixture of about 4,000 compounds, nicotine is the addictive component of cigarette smoke. Several convergent studies have shown that nicotine promotes angiogenesis in lung cancers via the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) on endothelial cells. Therefore, we conjectured that α7-nAChR antagonists may attenuate nicotine-induced angiogenesis and be useful for the treatment of human SCLC. For the first time, our study explores the anti-angiogenic activity of MG624, a small-molecule α7-nAChR antagonist, in several experimental models of angiogenesis. We observed that MG624 potently suppressed the proliferation …

Mg624, An A7-Nachr Antagonist, Inhibits Angiogenesis Via The Egr-1/Fgf2 Pathway, Kathleen Brown, Jamie Lau, Aaron Dom, Theodore Witte, Haitao Luo, Clayton Crabtree, Yashoni Shah, Brandon Shiflett, Aileen Marcelo, Nancy Proper, W. Hardman, Richard Egleton, Yi Chen, Elsa Mangiarua, Piyali Dasgupta

Jamie K. Lau

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) demonstrates a strong etiological association with smoking. Although cigarette smoke is a mixture of about 4,000 compounds, nicotine is the addictive component of cigarette smoke. Several convergent studies have shown that nicotine promotes angiogenesis in lung cancers via the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR) on endothelial cells. Therefore, we conjectured that α7-nAChR antagonists may attenuate nicotine-induced angiogenesis and be useful for the treatment of human SCLC. For the first time, our study explores the anti-angiogenic activity of MG624, a small-molecule α7-nAChR antagonist, in several experimental models of angiogenesis. We observed that MG624 potently suppressed the proliferation …

Resveratrol Is Rapidly Metabolized In Athymic (Nu/Nu) Mice And Does Not Inhibit Human Melanoma Xenograft Tumor Growth, Richard Niles, Carla Cook, Gary Meadows, Ya-Min Fu, Jerry Mclaughlin, Gary Rankin

Carla R. Cook

Resveratrol has been shown to have anticarcinogenic activity. We previously found that resveratrol inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in 2 human melanoma cell lines. In this study we determined whether resveratrol would inhibit human melanoma xenograft growth. Athymic mice received control diets or diets containing 110 μmol/L or 263 μmol/L resveratrol, 2 wk prior to subcutaneous injection of the tumor cells. Tumor growth was measured during a 3-wk period. Metabolism of resveratrol was assayed by bolus gavage of 75 mg/kg resveratrol in tumor-bearing and nontumor-bearing mice. Pellets containing 10–100 mg resveratrol were implanted into the mice, next to newly palpated …

Consumption Of High Ω-3 Fatty Acid Diet Suppressed Prostate Tumorigenesis In C3(1) Tag Mice, Juliana Akinsete, Gabriela Ion, Theodore Witte, W. Hardman

Gabriela Ion

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality are high in the Western world and high ω-6/ω-3 PUFA in the Western diet may be a contributing factor. We investigated whether changing from a diet that approximates ω-6 fat content of the Western diet to a high ω-3 fat diet at adulthood might reduce prostate cancer risk. Female SV 129 mice that had consumed a high ω-6 diet containing corn oil for 2 weeks were bred with homozygous C3(1)Tag transgenic male mice. All male offspring were weaned to the corn oil diet (CO) until postpuberty when half of the male offspring were transferred to …

Silencing And Re-Expression Of Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta2 In Human Melanoma, Jun Fan, Linda Eastham, Melinda Varney, Adam Hall, Nicolas Adkins, Vincent Sollars, Philippe Georgel, Richard Niles

Linda L. Eastham

Many melanoma cells are resistant to the anti-proliferative effect of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Retinoic Acid Receptor-β2 (RAR-β2) mediates the ATRA growth inhibition. We found a correlation between the anti-proliferative activity of ATRA and expression of RAR-β2. There was not a strict correlation between DNA methylation of RAR-β gene and its expression. There was no difference in global and RARβ specific nucleosome repeat length (NRL) in melanoma and melanocytes or between control and ATRA treated cells. Pan-acetylation of H3 and H4 within the RAR-β gene promoter was higher in cells expressing RAR-β2. All trans retinoic acid treatment of …

Pparα/Γ Expression And Activity In Mouse And Human Melanocytes And Melanoma Cells, Linda Eastham, Caroline Mills, Richard Niles

Linda L. Eastham

Purpose. We examined the expression of PPARs and the effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonists on growth of mouse and human melanocytes and melanoma cells.

Methods. PPARα,β, and PPARγ mRNA qualitative expression in melan-a mouse melanocytes, B16 mouse melanoma, human melanocytes, and A375 and SK-mel28 human melanoma cells was determined by RT-PCR, while quantitative PPARα mRNA levels were determined by QuantiGene assay. PPARα and PPARγ protein was assessed by Western blotting. The effect of natural and synthetic PPAR ligands on cell growth was determined by either hemocytometer counting or crystal violet assay. PPAR transcriptional activity was determined by a PPRE-reporter …

Expression And Function Of Cd9 In Melanoma Cells, Jun Fan, Guo-Zhang Zhu, Richard Niles

Jun Fan

CD9, a member of the tetraspanin family, functions as an organizer in “tetraspanin webs,” through interacting with other cell adhesion molecules. It plays a role in differentiation, fertilization, and cell migration. We investigated the expression and function of CD9 in melanoma. CD9 protein expression in B16 mouse melanoma and six human melanoma cell lines was decreased compared to normal melanocytes. B16F1 clones stably overexpressing CD9 had reduced ability to form colonies in soft agar; however, paradoxically these overexpressing clones had increased ability to invade Matrigel. Similarly, transient overexpression of CD9 in the human metastatic melanoma cell line WM9 dramatically decreased …