Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

The Future Of Teratology Research Is In Vitro, Jarrod Bailey, Andrew Knight, Jonathan Balcombe

Experimentation Collection

Birth defects induced by maternal exposure to exogenous agents during pregnancy are preventable, if the agents themselves can be identified and avoided. Billions of dollars and manhours have been dedicated to animal-based discovery and characterisation methods over decades. We show here, via a comprehensive systematic review and analysis of this data, that these methods constitute questionable science and pose a hazard to humans. Mean positive and negative predictivities barely exceed 50%; discordance among the species used is substantial; reliable extrapolation from animal data to humans is impossible, and virtually all known human teratogens have so far been identified in spite …

Ld50 Testing Of Botulinum Toxin For Use As A Cosmetic, Martin L. Stephens, Michael Balls

Experimentation Collection

In 2003, the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) revealed that the potency of botulinum toxin for use as a popular wrinkle treatment is assessed by using the LD50 Test. The endpoint in this mouse-based testing is death through suffocation. In 2004, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) sought to work with Allergan, the US-based manufacturer of Botox® Cosmetic, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), on ways to refine, reduce, and replace this LD50 testing. This article summarises The HSUS’s campaign in the United States and provides an update on FRAME’s continuing …

Non-Human Primates In Medical Research And Drug Development: A Critical Review, Jarrod Bailey

Laboratory Experiments Collection

There is much current debate surrounding the use of non-human primates (NHPs) in medical research and drug development. This review, stimulated by calls for evidence from UK-based inquiries into NHP research, takes a critical view in order to provide some important balance against papers supporting NHP research and calling for it to be expanded. We show that there is a paucity of evidence to demonstrate the positive contribution or successful translation of NHP research to human medicine, that there is a great deal of often overlooked data showing NHP research to be irrelevant, unnecessary, even hazardous to human health and …

Santa Clara Magazine, Volume 47 Number 3, Winter 2005, Santa Clara University

Santa Clara Magazine

8 - AFTER AMERICA by Deepa Arora. Thomas J. Reese, S.J., the former editor of the Jesuit weekly magazine, America, is spending a sabbatical year at SCU. He sat down for an exclusive interview with SCM to reflect on what he has witnessed, what inspires him, and the future of the Church.

16 - A HALF-CENTURY OF ART AND HISTORY AT SCU by Victoria Hendel De La O. "Through its exhibitions and collections, the museum allows students and faculty to expand the walls of the classroom," says Rebecca M. Schapp, director of the de Saisset Museum, which is celebrating its …

Use Of Calcium Hypochlorite As A Sanitizer For Seeds Used For Sprouting: Task #2; Impact: Improved Alfalfa Decontamination Technologies, Emily Damron, Carrie Klein, Melissa Leach, Jordan Mourot, Tom Murphy, Amy Seamans, Ryan Wilson

Inquiry: The University of Arkansas Undergraduate Research Journal

Consumption of raw or lightly cooked alfalfa sprouts has been a concern of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in recent years due to connections between sprouts and foodborne illnesses. Researchers have identified, contaminated seeds as the primary source of alfalfa sprouts contamination. Contamination of alfalfa seeds can originate in the field, harvesting, storing, or sprouting. Two pathogens of particular concern on alfalfa seeds are Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (E. coli) and Salmonella. These pathogens are capable of producing biofilms that provide protection for individual cells and allow for survival in otherwise hostile environments, including some disinfectant washes. Other factors …

Identification Of Neuronal Enhancers Of The Proopiomelanocortin Gene By Transgenic Mouse Analysis And Phylogenetic Footprinting, Flavio S. J. De Souza, Andrea M. Santangelo, Viviana Bumaschny, Marıa Elena Avale, James L. Smart, Malcolm J. Low, Marcelo Rubinstein

Faculty Publications - Department of Biological & Molecular Science

The proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene is expressed in the pituitary and arcuate neurons of the hypothalamus. POMC arcuate neurons play a central role in the control of energy homeostasis, and rare loss of function mutations in POMC cause obesity. Moreover, POMC is the prime candidate gene within a highly significant quantitative trait locus on chromosome 2 associated with obesity traits in several human populations. Here, we identify two phylogenetically conserved neuronal POMC enhancers designated nPE1 (600 bp) and nPE2 (150 bp) located approximately 10 to 12 kb upstream of mammalian POMC transcriptional units. We show that mouse or human genomic regions …

Identification Of Cystacanths And Adults Of Oligacanthorhynchus Tortuosa, Macracanthorhynchus Ingens, And Macracanthorhynchus Hirudinaceus Based On Probiscis And Hook Morphometrics, Dennis J. Richardson

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

No abstract provided.

Validation Of An Immunomagnetic-Electrochemiluminescence Detection System For The Detection Of Escherichia Coli 0157 In Food And Comparison With An Iso Standard Method, Eimear Carney

Theses

Rapid and sensitive methods for detecting Escherichia coli 0157 in contaminated food, water and other biological samples are important in limiting and preventing the spread of this pathogen. Traditional culture based methods for bacterial identification and detection can be time consuming and labour intensive. Modem alternative methods should be faster whilst maintaining sensitivity. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) methodology has been investigated and appears promising for rapid bacterial detection in unrelated food and environmental samples. In this study, a commercial sensor which combined IMS with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was evaluated for the detection of E. coli 0157 in unrelated food matrices. Emitted signals …

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Amino Acids, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

This is the third in a series of six articles to discuss the major classes of dietary supplements (vitamins; minerals; amino acids; herbs or botanicals; metabolites, constituents/extracts, or combinations). The major focus is on efficacy of such dietary supplements to enhance exercise or sport performance.

Dietary Supplements And Sports Performance: Minerals, Melvin H. Williams

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Minerals are essential for a wide variety of metabolic and physiologic processes in the human body. Some of the physiologic roles of minerals important to athletes are their involvement in: muscle contraction, normal hearth rhythm, nerve impulse conduction, oxygen transport, oxidative phosphorylation, enzyme activation, immune functions, antioxidant activity, bone health, and acid-base balance of the blood. The two major classes of minerals are the macrominerals and the trace elements. The scope of this article will focus on the ergogenic theory and the efficacy of such mineral supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2( 1): 43-49, 2005.

Simulations Of Nanopore Formation And Phosphatidylserine Externalization In Lipid Membranes Subjected To A High-Intensity, Ultrashort Electric Pulse, Q. Hu, R. P. Joshi, K. H. Schoenbach

Bioelectrics Publications

A combined MD simulator and time dependent Laplace solver are used to analyze the electrically driven phosphatidylserine externalization process in cells. Time dependent details of nanopore formation at cell membranes in response to a high-intensity (100kV∕cm), ultrashort (10ns) electric pulse are also probed. Our results show that nanosized pores could typically be formed within about 5ns. These predictions are in very good agreement with recent experimental data. It is also demonstrated that defect formation and PS externalization in membranes should begin on the anode side. Finally, the simulations confirm that PS externalization is a nanopore facilitated event, rather than the …

The Structure Of A T=169d Algal Virus, Pbcv-1, At 15Å Resolution, X. Yan, V. Bowman, N. H. Olson, James Gurnon, James L. Van Etten, Michael G. Rossmann, T. S. Baker

James Van Etten Publications

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) (genus Chlorovirus, family Phycodnaviridae), infects certain unicellular, exsymbiotic, chlorella-like green algae [1]. The PBCV-1 virion (~1x109 Da) has a linear dsDNA genome (330kbp) and contains at least 100 different proteins [1, unpublished data]. A published cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction of PBCV-1 (26Å resolution) revealed that the outer icosahedral glycoprotein capsid, with a maximum diameter of 1,900Å along the five-fold axis, consists of 1680 trimeric capsomers (trimer) and 12 pentameric capsomers (pentamer) [2]. These capsomers are arranged on a T=169d (h=7, k=8) quasi-equivalent lattice. The trimers and pentamers are organized into 20 …

Functional Implication Of The Trna Genes Encoded In The Chlorella Virus Pbcv-L Genome, Da Young Lee, Michael V. Graves, James L. Van Etten, Tae-Jin Choi

James Van Etten Publications

The prototype Chlorella virus PBCV-l encodes 11 tRNA genes and over 350 protein-encoding genes in its 330 kbp genome. Initial attempts to overexpress the recombinant A189/192R protein, a putative virus attachment protein, in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) SI were unsuccessful, and multiple protein bands were detected on Western blots. However, the full-length A189/192R recombinant protein or fragments derived from it were detected when they were expressed in E. coli BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) RIL, which contains extra tRNAs. Codon usage analysis of the a1891192r gene showed highly biased usage of the AGA and AUA codons compared to genes encoded by E. …

Subclinical Laminitis In Dairy Cattle: 205 Selected Cases, Ali̇ Belge, Bahti̇yar Bakir, Ramazan Gönenci̇, Sedat Ormanci

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The economic importance of lameness in dairy cattle has newly been recognized in Turkey. Lameness incidence in Turkey has been reported to be between 13% and 58%, which is similar to that of other countries where 4% and 55% incidence rates have been reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of sole lesions associated with subclinical laminitis in the hooves of dairy cattle in Van, Turkey. The risk factors for subclinical laminitis are proposed and discussed. The soles 205 selected dairy cattle were examined. The lesions were determined as solar hemorrhage (61.4%), yellow waxy discoloration (58.5%), …

Seroprevalence Of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis In Kuşadası, Turkey, Seray Özensoy Töz, Hati̇ce Ertabaklar, Yusuf Özbel, İ. Cüneyt Balcioğlu, Nevzat Yildizli, M. Zi̇ya Alkan

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis cases have been reported from Kuşadası, a town in western Turkey, since 1993. In order to better understand the epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanVL) in the region, we aimed: (i) to determine the prevalence of CanVL in Kuşadası using a randomly selected dog population and (ii) to measure the effect of case control on the prevalence of the disease. In this study, all 109 dogs kept at the dog shelter of Kuşadası Municipality (reflecting random selectivity) were screened serologically using IFAT and rK39 ELISA in 1999. Ten dogs (9.1%) were seropositive or borderline in …

The Effect Of Oxytetracycline On Non-Specific Immune Response In Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata L. 1758), Ramazan Serezli̇, Haşmet Çağirgan, İbrahi̇m Okumuş, Süleyman Akhan, Fi̇kri̇ Balta

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of orally administered oxytetracycline HCl (OTC) of 75 mg/kg body weight for 10 days on the immune response in sea bream (Sparus aurata L. 1758) using the nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test and erythrocyte and leucocyte counts. Administration of 75 mg/kg OTC for 10 days enhanced the non-specific immune response, and increased NBT (+) cell, total erythrocyte and leucocyte numbers in sea bream at 23 ± 1 ºC. The effect of OTC on the immune system lasted around 21 days after ceasing the administration and the parameters …

Determination Of The Recruitment To Stock And Reproduction Period For Flounder (Platichthys Flesus Luscus Pallas, 1811) Along The Trabzon-Rize Coast, Eastern Black Sea, Erhan Çi̇loğlu

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The length and weight distribution of flounder (Platichthys flesus luscus Pallas, 1811) were 14.2-34.1 cm and 28.879-611.0 g, respectively. The samples were distributed between the 0 and VII age groups. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters for flounder were L_t = 41.241[1-e^{-0.161(t+3.240)}] for females, L_t= 33.567[1-e^{-0.181(t+3.525)}] for males and L_t = 40.577[1-e^{-0.142(t+3.105)}] for the sexes combined. Reproduction took place from December to March but peaked in December. Two recruitment periods were determined for flounder: the first was January to July, and the second August to November. The proportions of recruitment in the first and second periods were 68.13% and 31.87%, respectively.

Some Biological Properties Of The Leuciscus Cephalus (L., 1758) Population Living In Karakaya Dam Lake In Malatya (Turkey), Ercan Kalkan, Muhi̇tti̇n Yilmaz, A. Ümi̇t Erdemli̇

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The sex distribution, growth in length and weight, growth rates and condition factors of Chub (Leuciscus cephalus (L., 1758)) in Karakaya dam lake were examined. Females made up 63.64% and males 36.37% (1.75:1) of 527 samples. The females and males were in the I-VI and I-V age groups, respectively. The reproductive properties of L. cephalus such as spawning period, age at attainment of maturity, egg diameter and ovarium weight were investigated. Student's t test showed that differences in length and weight between females and males of the same age groups were statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). The growth, both in length …

Relationships Between Milk Yield And Udder Measurements In Brown Swiss Cows, Muammer Ti̇lki̇, Şeref İnal, Mehmet Çolak, Mustafa Gari̇p

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The effects of udder and teat measurements on milk yield in Brown Swiss Cows were studied. The differences among the means for front and rear teat length, front and rear teat diameter, front and rear udder height, distance between front teats and mammary type scores in different lactation numbers were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Front and rear teat length, and front and rear udder height after milking were higher than before milking. Front and rear teat diameter, distance between front teats, distance between rear teats and distance between front and rear teats after milking were lower than before milking. Furthermore, 305-day milk yield and milk yield per milking were significantly positively correlated with distance between front and rear teats and mammary type scores before milking (P < 0.001). The mean values before milking for front and rear teat length, front and rear teat diameter, front and rear teat udder height, distance between front teats, distance between rear teats, distance between front and rear teats and mammary type scores at general lactation were 59.45 and 49.72 mm, 22.14 and 21.53 mm, 47.96 and 47.59 cm, 12.29 cm, 7.76 cm, 9.58 cm and 23.65, respectively. In conclusion, teat and udder measurements and mammary type scores significantly affected milk yield.

Bioaccumulation Of Some Heavy Metals (Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu) In Two Bivalvia Species (Pinctada Radiata Leach, 1814 And Brachidontes Pharaonis Fischer, 1870), Müni̇r Zi̇ya Lugal Göksu, Mustafa Akar, Fatma Çevi̇k, Özlem Findik

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Zn and Cu) in fresh parts of 2 bivalvia species (Pinctada radiata Leach, 1814 and Brachidontes pharaonis Fischer, 1870) was examined in samples collected between May, 1999, and April, 2000, in Akkuyu Bay (İçel, Turkey). Heavy metal contents in soft bodies were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophometer. The means of the amounts of heavy metals with standard errors were estimated as follows: 0.0605 ± 0.00467 µgg^{-1} Cd, 2.8227 ± 0.24486 µgg^{-1} Fe, 0.2979 ± 0.02368 µgg^{-1} Zn, and 0.0355 ± 0.00303 µgg^{-1} Cu (wet weight) for B. pharaonis, but for P. radiata …

Gonadal Oocyte Development In Lhrha Hormone Treated European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus Labrax L., 1758) Broodstock, Kürşat Firat, Şahi̇n Saka, Cüneyt Süzer

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Stages of oocyte maturation in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) gonads after LHRHa hormonal treatment were investigated. LHRHa was injected into sea bass broodstock with an oocyte diameter of 527-580 µm. A second injection was given 12 h after the first injection. For each injection a dose of 10 µg/kg was used. At 24 h, oil globules in oocytes were randomly distributed. These oil globules started to fuse and change to a spherical shape from an ellipsoidal shape at 36 and 42 h. Ovulation was observed between 45 and 54 h after the first intramuscular injection. After 54 h from the …

The Effects Of Cadmium On Levels Of Glucose In Serum And Glycogen Reserves In The Liver And Muscle Tissues Of Cyprinus Carpio (L., 1758), Bedi̇i̇ Ci̇ci̇k, Kenan Engi̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) was exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mgl^{-1}) for 10 days. The levels of serum glucose and glycogen reserves in the liver and muscle tissues were measured both in fish exposed and not exposed to Cd. The levels of glycogen reserves in the liver and muscle tissues were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cd compared with the levels measured in the control groups. The decrease in glycogen levels in the liver and muscle tissues under the highest metal concentration (1.0 mgl^{-1}) were 24% and 29%, respectively. The blood serum glucose levels of fish exposed to Cd were significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared with the levels measured in the control groups. This increase was correlated with the increase in water Cd concentrations.

Determination Of Seropositivity For Toxoplasma Gondii In Sheep In Şanlıurfa Province, Murat Sevgi̇li̇, Cahi̇t Babür, Serpi̇l Nalbantoğlu, Gülçi̇n Karaş, Zati̇ Vatansever

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The aim of this study was to detect the seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in Şanlıurfa province using the Sabin-Feldman dye test. Serum samples collected from 300 sheep were tested for T. gondii. Serological examination revealed 167 (55.66%) sheep to be seropositive. Among these sera the numbers of seropositive samples at certain dilution steps were as follows: 65 at 1/16, 63 at 1/64, 27 at 1/256 and 12 at 1/1024. There was no significant correlation between seropositivity and the factors age, sex and breed. In conclusion, detection of a 34% seropositivity rate in 1/64 and higher dilutions indicates the …

Seroprevalence Of Neospora Caninum In Cattle In The Province Of Şanlıurfa, Murat Sevgi̇li̇, Mehtap Gül Altaş, Oktay Keski̇n

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Blood samples were collected from 305 cows in the province of Şanlıurfa for determining the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against N. caninum antigen using a commercially competitive inhibition (CI) ELISA. Antibodies to N. caninum were found in 23 of the 305 (7.5%) cow sera based on ELISA test results. With regard to seropositivity, no significant difference was observed among the origin, animal breed, and age (P > 0.05).

Microbiological Properties Of Boneless Sheep Meat In Kahramanmaraş, Özlem Turgay

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This study was undertaken to determine the microbiological properties of boneless sheep meat sold by supermarkets, local markets and butchers in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, and also to examine the microbiological quality of the food surfaces and tools used. Of the meat samples, 93 were collected from supermarkets (group 1), 25 from local markets (group 2) and 21 from butchers (group 3). Food surface and tool samples were collected from 139 cutting tables, 139 chopping boards, 139 workbenches, 255 knives, 139 balances and 278 aprons. The mean values of the aerobic plate count (log CFU/g) of the boneless sheep meat samples from …

Chorionic Villus Sampling (Cvs) In Cows, Fulya Tekşen, Mustafa Kaymaz, Okan Ertuğrul

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Eleven slaughtered Holstein and 11 slaughtered Holstein x Anatolian black pregnant cows (10 female, 12 male fetuses) were studied. Gestational ages of the cattle ranged from 67 days to 245 days. The average ages for the first trimester and second trimester were 79.58 ± 3.04 and 113.89 ± 4.08 days, respectively. In this first attempt, 3 cultures failed and no metaphase could be obtained. In the rest of the cases 9 females with 60 XX and 10 males with 60 XY were obtained. In addition to normal metaphase plates, a high incidence of tetraploid plates belonging to normal fetus phenotypes …

Altering The Lactation Cycle: Is A 60-Day Dry Period Too Long?, Mehmet Şükrü Gülay

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

The most critical problem for the evaluation of different dry period lengths is the relationship between days dry and subsequent milk production. It is assumed that when a cow is dried off, the loss in the current lactation will be compensated for by greater milk production during the following lactation. However, the process of parturition and initiation of lactation are extremely important events and they are associated with many problems that may result in removal of the individual cow from the herd or in greatly reduced milk production, especially early in the lactation. Therefore, identification of the shortest possible dry …

The Effect Of Mad Cow (Bse) Scare On Beef Demand And Sales Loss: The Case Of İzmir, Bülent Mi̇ran, Sedef Akgüngör

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

This paper investigates the effect of the BSE scare on beef consumption due to the intense media coverage. Using monthly data, a beef demand model for January 1995-February 1997 period is estimated for İzmir Province. Beef sales dropped immediately after the media coverage on BSE in April 1996 and continued through June 1996 when the intense media coverage stopped. The econometric model reveals that beef sales in İzmir would have been 36.4% higher if the BSE crisis never occurred. The annual individual willingness to pay is $0.5224 per year to avoid consuming BSE contaminated meat.

Comparison Of Heavy Metal Levels Of Grey Mullet (Mugil Cephalus L.) And Sea Bream (Sparus Aurata L.) Caught In İskenderun Bay (Turkey), Ayşe Bahar Yilmaz

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

In this study Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn contents were determined in muscle, skin and gonads of two fish species (Mugil cephalus L. and Sparus aurata L.) caught at three stations in the İskenderun Bay of the Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly depending on the type of the tissue, fish species, and location of stations. Generally, M. cephalus showed higher levels of metal concentrations than S. aurata in two of the stations in the inner bay; which might have resulted from the difference in foraging habits of the two species. Cu, Zn, Fe, …

Evaluation Of Bile Salt No. 3, Novobiocin, And Cefixime-Tellurite In Enrichment And/Or Selective Plating Media For Detection Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 From Ground Beef, Abamüslüm Güven, Murat Gülmez

Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences

Efficacy of commonly used selective supplements for detection of E. coli O157:H7 from ground beef was evaluated for suppression of sorbitol positive flora while supporting recovery of sorbitol negative flora. Selectivity of bile free modified E. coli broth (b-mEC) was not improved by the single addition of bile salts no. 3 (1.12 mg/ml), novobiocin (20 µg/ml), cefixime (0.05 µg/ml)-tellurite (2.5 µg/ml), or their combinations. The sorbitol positive flora was more resistant to the selective agents than sorbitol negatives. Sorbitol MacConkey agar and E. coli O157:H7 agar had almost equal selectivity. Adding cefixime (0.05 µg/ml)-tellurite (2.5 µg/ml) to the selective plating …