Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C And Thiamine For The Treatment Of Severe Sepsis And Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study, Paul E. Marik, Vikramjit Khangoora, Racquel Rivera, Michael H. Hooper, John Catravas

Bioelectrics Publications

BACKGROUND: The global burden of sepsis is estimated as 15 to 19 million cases annually with a mortality rate approaching 60% in low income countries.

METHODS: In this retrospective before-after clinical study, we compared the outcome and clinical course of consecutive septic patients treated with intravenous vitamin C, hydrocortisone and thiamine during a 7-month period (treatment group) compared to a control group treated in our ICU during the preceding 7 months. The primary outcome was hospital survival. A propensity score was generated to adjust the primary outcome.

FINDINGS: There were 47 patients in both treatment and control groups with no …

The Effects Of Amixicile, A Pyruvate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase Inhibitor, On Oral Treponemes, Lucas A. Reed

Theses and Dissertations

Periodontal disease (PD) is a polymicrobial infection characterized by inflammation of the gingiva, alveolar bone resorption, and tooth loss (edentulism). Treponema denticola along with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia are among the “Red Complex” and are main etiological agents in PD. Treponemes are a member of the Spirochaeta phylum and are obligate anaerobes, that express pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR). The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and reduced ferredoxin. Amixicile is a novel bacteriostatic derivative of nitazoxanide and an inhibitor of PFOR. In light of the fact that Treponemes express PFOR, this study was conducted to investigate the …

Investigation Of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum And Anaplasma Marginale Adhesin-Host Cell Interactions, Kathryn S. Hebert

Theses and Dissertations

Anaplasma phagocytophilum and A. marginale are the etiologic agents of bovine anaplasmosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. As obligate intracellular pathogens, binding and entry of host cells is a prerequisite for survival. The molecular events associated with these processes are poorly understood. Identifying the adhesins mediating binding, delineating their key functional domains, and determining the molecular determinants to which they bind not only benefits better understanding of Anaplasma spp. pathobiology, but could also benefit the development of novel approaches for protecting against infection. We previously demonstrated that A. phagocytophilum outer membrane protein A (ApOmpA) is critical for bacterial binding and …

Genotoxic Effects Of Magnesium Deficiency In The Cardiovascular System And Their Relationships To Cardiovascular Diseases And Atherogenesis, Burton M. Altura, Nilank C. Shah, Gatha J. Shah, Bella T. Altura

The School of Health Sciences Publications and Research

The authors present evidence for a novel, new hypothesis whereby magnesium deficiency (MgD) acts as a genotoxic agent which probably causes numerous, hertofore, unrecognized consequences, even over a short-term, on the physiological, molecular and biochemical machinery of cardiovascular tissues and cells. The end result of these genotoxic effects of MgD probably plays important roles in the etiology and generation of diverse cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and strokes via alterations in the epigenome of cardiovascular tissues and cells. The importance of adequate water-borne and dietary levels of Mg is emphasized.

The Expression Of Platelet-Activating Factor Is Induced By Low Extracellular Mg2+ In Aortic, Cerebral And Neonatal Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle; Cross Talk With Ceramide Production, Nf–Kb And Proto-Oncogenes: Possible Links To Atherogenesis And Sudden Cardiac Death In Children And Infants, And Aging: Hypothesis, Review And Viewpoint, Burton M. Altura, Wenyan Li, Aimin Zhang, Tao Zheng, Nilank C. Shah, Gatha J. Shah, Bella T. Altura

The School of Health Sciences Publications and Research

An attempt is made, herein, to reconcile, and integrate, various phenomena associated with magnesium deficiency (MgD) in cardiovascular health, disease, and aging as well as reasons for the high incidence of sudden cardiac death in infants and young adults. With new experiments, we demonstrate, for the first time, that very low concentrations of platelet-activating factor (PAF), when added to primary cultured cerebral, neonatal coronary, and aortic vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells (from three different mammals) promote rapid rises in free intracellular Ca2+ ions and a significant, concomitant reduction in free intracellular Mg2+ ions; these actions of PAF being curtailed with …

Magnesium Deficiency Results In Oxidation And Fragmentation Of Dna, Down Regulation Of Telomerase Activity, And Ceramide Release In Cardiovascular Tissues And Cells: Potential Relationship To Atherogenesis, Cardiovascular Diseases And Aging, Burton M. Altura, Nilank C. Shah, Gatha J. Shah, Jose Luis Perez-Albela, Bella T. Altura

The School of Health Sciences Publications and Research

The authors discuss the potential relationship between magnesium, cardiovascular diseases, and aging.

Potential Roles Of Magnesium Deficiency In Inflammation And Atherogenesis: Importance And Cross-Talk Of Platelet-Activating Factor And Ceramide, Burton M. Altura, Asefa Gebrewold, Nilank C. Shah, Gatha J. Shah, Bella T. Altura

The School of Health Sciences Publications and Research

Epidemiologic studies in North America and Europe have shown that people consuming Western-type diets are low in magnesium (Mg) content (i.e., < 30 - 65% of the RDA for Mg); most such diets in the USA show that 60 - 80% of Americans are consuming only 185 - 235 mg/day of Mg. Low Mg content in areas of soft-water, and Mg-poor soil, is associated with high incidences of ischemic heart disease (IHD), coronary artery disease, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). It is clear that the leading underlying cause of death worldwide is atherosclerosis. Importantly, both animal and human studies have shown an inverse relationship between dietary intake of Mg and atherosclerosis. The myocardial level of Mg has consistently been observed to be lower in subjects dying from IHD and SCD in soft-water areas than those in hard-water areas. Over the past 20 years, our laboratories, using several types of primary cultured vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells, and myocardial cells, demonstrated that declining levels of extracellular Mg ([Mg2+]0) activated several enzymatic pathways to produce increases in cellular sphingolipids, particularly ceramides which are known to exert numerous types of cardiovascular manifestations including inflammatory effects; the latter play important roles in atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. Approximately 20 years ago, we reported that low [Mg2+]0 caused formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) as well as other types of PAF-like molecules and suggested that these molecules might be causative agents in low Mg2+- induced IHD and SCD. Herein, we review results and data from our labs which strongly support roles for ceramides, PAF and PAF-like lipids in low [Mg2+]0-induced IHD and SCD.

Sudden Cardiac Death In Infants, Children And Young Adults: Possible Roles Of Dietary Magnesium Intake And Generation Of Platelet-Activating Factor In Coronary Arteries, Burton M. Altura, Wenyan Li, Aimin Zhang, Tao Zheng, Nilank C. Shah, Gatha J. Shah, Bella T. Altura

The School of Health Sciences Publications and Research

Magnesium (Mg) is a co-factor for more than 500 enzymes, and is the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium. It is vital in numerous physiological, cellular and biochemical functions and systems necessary for life. Approximately 35 years ago, our laboratory suggested that a progressive, dietary deficiency and/or metabolic induced loss of Mg from the body, beginning early in life, particularly during development of the coronary arteries, could lead to coronary arterial vasospasm, ischemic heart disease, and sudden-cardiac death (SCD). Herein, we review evidence for a brand-new, novel hypothesis which combines knowledge suggesting a combined role for hypomagnesemia and platelet-activating …

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring Vs. Exercise Tolerance Testing: Diagnoses And Risk Stratification Of Ascvd, Brittany Anundson

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

• Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is highly prevalent in today’s society and contributes to high rates of mortality involved with heart disease.

• The initial assessment of ASCVD and risk stratification concerning the development of an acute coronary event can be performed in a number of ways.

• Current American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines recommend exercise stress testing (ETT) as the initial, noninvasive evaluation of choice.

• However, the accuracy of this test is highly dependent on the patient’s endurance, body mass index, and artifact, making analyzation difficult.

• Non-contrast cardiac computed tomography (CT) with coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring …

Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors Versus Warfarin In Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: Efficacy, Safety, Cost, And Reversibility, Cory D. Jacobs

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Atrial fibrillation is a common cause for stroke. Vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin are an effective prophylactic medication to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin, however, has a narrow therapeutic index, reacts with certain foods, increases bleeding risks, and requires frequent monitoring. New medications have been developed to prevent clot formation while avoiding the negative effects of warfarin. The purpose of this study was to compare direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) versus warfarin in stroke prevention, safety, and cost.

The review of literature analyzed studies comparing warfarin and direct factor Xa inhibitors in patients …

Pcsk9 Inhibitors: A Review Of The Efficacy, Safety And Current Literature Recommendations, Lacey L. Jandrin

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed counties. It is estimated that 60 million Americans have LDL-C levels > 160 mg/dl. Only about 1/3 of these patients meet treated LDL cholesterol goals of < 70 mg/dl indicating a need for greater control. High dose statins have been the mainstay in treatment of dyslipidemia, however, up to 20% of patients are statin intolerant indicating a need for secondary treatment strategies. This lead to the development of monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. PCSK9 inhibitors result in decreased destruction of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) which leads to an increase in the transport of LDL-C to its destruction effectively reducing LDL-C levels in the blood. The purpose of this study is to analyze the literature available on the efficacy and safety of new PCSK9 inhibitors. The results of this literature review indicated that PCSK9 inhibitors effectively lowered LDL-C by an average of approximately 50%. The evidence reviewed by this analysis indicate that 70% of patients treated with PCSK9 inhibitors met LDL-C goals. The findings also indicate that the side effects associated with this new class of medications are comparable to current side effects seen with traditional cholesterol lowering agents. The largest side effect seen in up to 10% of patients were injection site reactions and did not require discontinuation of the medication. The results of this analysis indicate that PCSK9 inhibitors may be of benefit in patients who are statin intolerant, do not meet LDL-C goals on traditional statin therapy or have familial hypercholesterolemia. Education in use of injectables, cost and insurance coverage and dosing schedule are likely to be areas of continued research and may affect use of this new class of cholesterol lowering agents.

Does Adherence To A Plant-Based Diet Cause A Statistically Significant Decrease In The Risk Of Cardiovascular Events?, Amber H. Johnson

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

• One of the current problems in many affluent societies is the straightforward access to convenience and fast foods. Although these selections have suitability for today’s fast-paced world, overall nutritional value becomes the martyr of such practices. It is a logical thought that there could be a correlation between this nutritional pattern and the ever-increasing presence of obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, and other conditions carrying a proverbial death sentence.

• The intent of this review of the literature was to determine the effect a plant-based diet versus an omnivorous diet would have on adults, …

Whole Body Cryotherapy Vs. Cold Water Immersion, Brett M. Johnson

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

In this country a significant percentage of the population present to clinics with generalized musculoskeletal disorders related to pain. More than one-quarter of Americans (26%) age 20 years and over, or an estimated 76.5 million Americans report a problem with general musculoskeletal disorders related to pain that persisted for more than 24 hours in duration. The treatment for various musculoskeletal disorders related to pain are anti-inflammatory agents or opioid analgesics. Another form of anti-inflammatory /analgesia for such ailments is cold therapy.

The purpose of this literature review is to compare Whole Body Cryotherapy (WBCt) to Cold Water Immersion (CWI) in …

Impact Of Increasing Glp-1 On Markers Of Inflammation, Glucose Control And Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Kristina Sandstedt

Physician Assistant Scholarly Project Posters

There is a strong established relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Much of the latest research studies have identified a link between the inflammatory processes and the pathogenesis of both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Specific inflammatory markers include: Interleukins 1,6,18; C-reactive protein, Fibrinogen, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, PAI-I and cell adhesion molecules. As a result, there has been an emphasis on identifying therapeutic approaches that would improve both markers of inflammation and glucose control. The endocrine hormones known as incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropicpolypeptide (GIP), are produced in the gastrointestinal tract following ingestion of a meal. In individuals with …

Feasibility Of Integrating Tripterygium Wilfordii Into Modern Cancer Therapy For Increased Efficacy With Minimal Toxicity, Andy Vo

AUCTUS: The Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Scholarship

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S., and millions of novel cancer cases are being diagnosed each year. While chemotherapy and ionizing radiation are effective treatments against these malignant tumors, the adverse effects that accompany such treatments are devastating. In order to find alternative treatment methods with less side effects, we turn to Eastern herbal medicine. Recent scientific research has found that Tripterygium wilfordii, an herbal medicine traditionally used to treat inflammation in China, contains compounds (triptolide and celastrol) that prevent the growth of solid tumors, induce apoptosis, and prevent metastasis of developed tumors. Investigations on …

Sepsis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Classification, Biomarkers And Management, Noah Pirozzi, Nima Rejali, Matthew Brennan, Anuj Vohra, Trevor Mcginley, Murali G. Krishna

Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine (Middletown) Publications and Research

Every physician has been trained early in their careers on how to recognize and manage sepsis. Although sepsis has been one of the most researched ailments in medicine, it also remains one of the deadliest diseases in the face of recent advances. In this current article, we review the diagnostic and management criteria for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and Multi Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS). We then examine the implications of the “surviving sepsis” campaign as well as explore the philosophy of Early Goal Directed Therapy (EGDT) and its role in the modern day management …

Is The High Frequency Of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac And Lung Surgeries Related To Hypomagnesemia And Releases Of Ceramides And Platelet-Activating Factor?, Burton M. Altura, Nilank C. Shah, Gatha J. Shah, Aimin Zhang, Wenyan Li, Bella T. Altura

Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine (Middletown) Publications and Research

The authors discuss the possible role of hypomagnesemia, ceramides and platelet-activating factor in the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac and lung surgeries.

Diabetes Update: Your Guide To The Latest Ada Standards, Eric Johnson, Florence Warren, Neil Skolnik, Jay H. Shubrook

Faculty Publications & Research of the TUC College of Osteopathic Medicine

The authors highlight the latest changes in the ADA standards and review recommendations of particular relevance for family physicians.

Caspase-12, Rheumatoid Arthritis, And The Dog That Didn’T Bark, Evan Hermel

Faculty Publications & Research of the TUC College of Osteopathic Medicine

CASPASE-12 (CASP12) has an anti-inflammatory function during infection. To determine and if CASP12 could protect against inflammatory disease, we investigated the distribution of CASP12 alleles in African-Americans (AA) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CASP12 homozygous patients had lower baseline joint narrowing and total disease scores. However, there was no significant difference for distribution of CASP12 genotypes between AA controls and patients with RA, or any other clinical criteria for this disease. CASP12 homozygosity appears to be, at best a subtle protective factor for some aspects of RA in AA patients. This raises an intriguing issue as to how this protein would …

Relief Of Cervicogenic Headaches After Single-Level And Multilevel Anterior Cervical Diskectomy: A 5-Year Post Hoc Analysis, Jonathan J. Liu, Gilbert Cadena, Ripul R. Panchal, Rudolph J. Schrot, Kee D. Kim

Faculty Publications & Research of the TUC College of Osteopathic Medicine

Study Design Prospective study.

Objective Because single-level disk arthroplasty or arthrodesis in the lower subaxial spine improves headaches after surgery, we studied whether this effect may be better appreciated after two-level arthroplasty.

Methods We performed an independent post hoc analysis of two concurrent prospective randomized investigational device exemption trials for cervical spondylosis, one for single-level treatment and the other for two adjacent-level treatments.

Results For the one-level study, baseline mean headache scores significantly improved at 60 months for both the cervical disk arthroplasty (CDA) and anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) groups (p < 0.0001). However, mean improvement in headache scores was not statistically different between the investigational and control groups from 6 months through 60 months. For the two-level study, baseline mean headache scores significantly improved at 60 months for both the CDA and ACDF groups (p < 0.0001). The CDA group demonstrated greater improvement from baseline at all points; this difference was statistically significant at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months but not at 18 and 60 months.

Conclusion Both CDA and ACDF at either …

Caspase-12 And Lupus: The Curious Case Of The Dog That Didn’T Bark, Evan Hermel

Faculty Publications & Research of the TUC College of Osteopathic Medicine

CASPASE-12 (CASP12) has an anti-inflammatory function during infection, and is a risk factor for sepsis in African-Americans (AA). To determine if CASP12 could be protective for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in AA, we genotyped AA SLE patients and controls. We found that, at best, there was a weak association between CASP12 genotype with the absence of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in SLE patients. No effect was seen upon serum interleukin-1 beta levels, nor was any other protective effect noted for the CASP12 genotype, whether upon association with SLE, or any of the 11 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. We concluded that …

Marijuana Compounds: A Nonconventional Approach To Parkinson’S Disease Therapy, Mariana Babayeva, Haregewein Assefa, Paramita Basu, Sanjeda Chumki, Zvi G. Loewy

Touro College of Pharmacy (New York) Publications and Research

Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the second most common neurological illness in United States. Neurologically, it is characterized by the selective degeneration of a unique population of cells, the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. The current treatment is symptomatic and mainly involves replacement of dopamine deficiency.This therapy improves only motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and is associated with a number of adverse effects including dyskinesia. Therefore, there is unmet need for more comprehensive approach in the management of PD. Cannabis and related compounds have created significant research interest as a promising therapy in neurodegenerative and movement disorders. In this review …

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Outer Membrane Vesicles Triggered By Human Mucosal Fluid And Lysozyme Can Prime Host Tissue Surfaces For Bacterial Adhesion, Matteo M. E. Metruccio, David J. Evans, Manal M. Gabriel, Jagath L. Kadurugamuwa, Suzanne M. J. Fleiszig

Faculty Publications & Research of the TUC College of Pharmacy

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality that often targets epithelial surfaces. Host immunocompromise, or the presence of indwelling medical devices, including contact lenses, can predispose to infection. While medical devices are known to accumulate bacterial biofilms, it is not well understood why resistant epithelial surfaces become susceptible to P. aeruginosa. Many bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in response to stress that can fuse with host cells to alter their function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mucosal fluid can trigger OMV release to compromise an epithelial barrier. This was tested using …

Isavuconazole In The Treatment Of Invasive Aspergillosis And Mucormycosis Infections, Monica A. Donnelley, Elizabeth S. Zhu, George R. Thompson Iii

Faculty Publications & Research of the TUC College of Pharmacy

We have a limited arsenal with which to treat invasive fungal infections caused by Aspergillus and Mucorales. The morbidity and mortality for both pathogens remains high. A triazole antifungal, isavuconazole, was recently granted approval by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. A randomized double-blind comparison trial for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis found isavuconazole noninferior to voriconazole. A separate, open-label study evaluating the efficacy of isavuconazole in the treatment of mucormycosis found comparable response rates to amphotericin B and posaconazole treated historical controls. The prodrug isavuconazonium sulfate …

Japanese Encephalitis: Assessing Disease Risk Due To Landscape Factors At Multiple Scales, Julia E. Metelka

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Japanese Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. In many Asian countries, the geographical distribution of JE is dependent on a variety of human-environment interactions that can be conceptualized as a complex social-ecological system. The JE transmission cycle is influenced by a few primary human-landscape factors; the abundance and the spatial configuration of rice paddy fields (which provide habitat for the vector), the distribution of pig farms (which position the virus' amplifying host), and the location of a susceptible human population. Our models integrate population dynamics, landscape characteristics, and weather variables that …

Assessment Of The Knowledge And Skills Of School Personnel To Respond To Diabetic Emergencies In Georgia Public Schools, Alesha Wright

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Diabetes is a common chronic disease that affects children in the United States. As children with diabetes attend school, the ability to appropriately manage their diabetes is essential to preventing life-threatening health complications. The purpose of the study was to assess school personnel’s knowledge of diabetes and perceived self-competence in performing diabetes management skills in response to a diabetic emergency. For the present study, a diabetic emergency was operationalized to include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or diabetic ketoacidosis. A cross-sectional survey design, utilizing a fifty-two item self-administered questionnaire that accentuated the causes and symptoms of diabetes, definition of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and …

Mumps Myocarditis: A Forgotten Disease?, Sheraz Hussain, Mohammad Faizan Zahid, Arshalooz J. Rahman, Mehnaz A. Atiq, S. H. Ibrahim

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Mumps is an acute viral illness that follows a self-limiting course but up to 10% of cases have a complicated course with the involvement of other organ systems. Myocarditis is reported as a complication but the incidence has greatly fallen ever since the development of the mumps vaccine. A child presented to our department with parotid swelling and fever. Persistent tachycardia with irregular pulse led to further cardiac work up which showed decreased ejection fraction and raised serum cardiac enzymes, indicating myocardial damage. With ionotropic agents and supportive care, there was complete normalization of ejection fraction and serum cardiac enzyme …

Is Acupuncture Effective In Reducing The Pain Intensity Due To Primary Dysmenorrhea?, Allison Eichenlaub

PCOM Physician Assistant Studies Student Scholarship

OBJECTIVE: the objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not acupuncture is effective in reducing the pain intensity due to primary dysmenorrhea in women ages 15 to 35.

STUDY DESIGN: Review of three randomized control trials (RCTs) written in English, one of which was published in 2011 and two in 2013.

DATA SOURCES: Three non-blind randomized control trials published in peer reviewed journals found via PubMed.

OUTCOME MEASURED: Pain intensity due to primary dysmenorrhea was measured using visual analog scale (VAS), Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS), and Cox Retrospective Symptom Scale (RSS COX2 – average …

Mechanism Of Fecal Bacteriotherapy In Treating Clostridium Difficile Infection And Gi Tract Disorders, Rivka Steinberg

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Clostridium difficile infection, an increasingly prevalent and virulent condition, is often resistant to treatment. Standard antibiotic therapy is rarely efficient when used to treat recurrent C. difficile infection. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a safe, effective and inexpensive treatment that has a cure rate of about 90%, according to clinical trials and reports. This approach may also be applicable in treating ulcerative colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease, on the basis of the restoration of flora imbalances. Additionally, recent data suggests that a disproportion in composition of the gut microbiome may contribute to obesity. FMT, may restore a healthy …

Effects Of Moderate Intake Of Alcohol On Coronary Heart Disease, Eli Derdik

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

The french paradox is caused by an inconsistency with scientific experimentation: The French have a very high intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, which is associated with coronary heart disease, yet they have un-commensurately low levels of deaths due to this disease. It has been proposed that alcohol, as a part of the French diet, is the factor that helps decrease the risk of heart disease in the French population by 20-30%. Research has been gathered from many medical journals to create a larger and more accurate perspective to determine if alcohol has any effect on coronary heart disease. Experiments …